Oxford

HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

PRIMITIVE CULTURE:

RESEARCHES INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY,

RELIGION, LANGUAGE, ART, AND CUSTOM.

BY

EDWARD B. TYLOR, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,

READER IN ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD,

AUTHOR OF

RESEARCHES INTO THE EARLY HISTORY OF MANKIND,' etc.

'Ce n'est pas dans les possibilités, c'est dans l'homme même qu'il faut étudier l'homme?
il ne s'agit pas d'imaginer ce qu'il auroit pû ou dû faire, mais de regarder ce qu'il fait,'
-DE BROSSES.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

THIRD EDITION, REVISED.

LONDON:

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

1891

[Rights of Translation and Reproduction reserved ]

CONTENTS

OF

THE SECOND VOLUME.

CHAPTER XII.

ANIMISM (continued).

PAGE

Doctrine of Soul's Existence after Death; its main divisions, Trans-

migration and Future Life-Transmigration of Souls: re-birth

in Human and Animal Bodies, transference to Plants and Objects

-Resurrection of Body scarcely held in savage religion-Future

Life a general if not universal doctrine of low races-Con-

tinued existence, rather than Immortality; second death of

Soul-Ghost of Dead remains on earth, especially if corpse un-

buried; its attachment to bodily remains-Feasts of the Dead. 1

CHAPTER XIII.

ANIMISM (continued).

Journey of the Soul to the Land of the Dead-Visits by the Living

to the Regions of Departed Souls-Connexion of such legends

with myths of Sunset: the Land of the Dead thus imagined as

in the West-Realization of current religious ideas, whether of

savage or civilized theology, in narratives of visits to the Regions

of Souls-Localization of the Future Life-Distant earthly

region Earthly Paradise, Isles of the Blest-Subterranean

Hades or Sheol-Sun, Moon, Stars-Heaven-Historical course of

belief as to such localization-Nature of Future Life-Continu-

ance-theory, apparently original, belongs especially to the lower

races Transitional theories-Retribution-theory, apparently

derived, belongs especially to the higher races-Doctrine of Moral

Retribution as developed in the higher culture-Survey of Doc-

trine of Future State, from savage to civilized stages-Its prac

tical effect on the sentiment and conduct of Mankind

44

CHAPTER XIV.

ANIMISM (continued).

:

PAGE

Animism, expanding from the Doctrine of Souls to the wider

Doctrine of Spirits, becomes a complete Philosophy of Natural

Religion - Definition of Spirits similar to and apparently

modelled on that of Souls-Transition-stage classes of Souls

passing into good and evil Demons-Manes-Worship-Doctrine

of Embodiment of Spirits in human, animal, vegetable, and

inert bodies-Demoniacal Possession and Obsession as causes of

Disease and Oracle-inspiration-Fetishism-Disease-spirits em-

bodied-Ghost attached to remains of Corpse-Fetish produced

by a Spirit embodied in, attached to, or operating through, an

Object-Analogues of Fetish-doctrine in Modern Science-Stock-

and-Stone-Worship-Idolatry-Survival of Animistic Phraseo-

logy in modern Language-Decline of Animistic theory of

Nature

108

CHAPTER XV.

ANIMISM (continued).

Spirits regarded as personal causes of Phenomena of the World-Per-

vading Spirits as good and evil Demons affecting man- -Spirits

manifest in Dreams and Visions: Nightmares; Incubi and

Succubi; Vampires; Visionary Demons-Demons of darkness

repelled by fire-Demons otherwise manifest: seen by animals;

detected by footprints-Spirits conceived and treated as material

-Guardian and Familiar Spirits-Nature-Spirits ; historical

course of the doctrine-Spirits of Volcanos, Whirlpools, Rocks-

Water-Worship: Spirits of Wells, Streams, Lakes, &c.-Tree-

Worship Spirits embodied in or inhabiting Trees; Spirits of

Groves and Forests-Animal-Worship: Animals worshipped,

directly, or as incarnations or representatives of Deities; Totem-

Worship; Serpent-Worship-Species-Deities; their relation to

Archetypal Ideas

CHAPTER XVI.

ANIMISM (continued).

Higher Deities of Polytheism-Human characteristics applied to

Deity-Lords of Spiritual Hierarchy-Polytheism: its course of

development in lower and higher Culture-Principles of its inves-

tigation; classification of Deities according to central concep-

tions of their significance and function-Heaven-god-Rain-god

-Thunder-god-Wind-god-Earth-god-Water-god-Sea-god-

184

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