I

Ibērus, i, m. Now the Ebro, one of the chief rivers of Spain, draining the N.E. portion of the peninsula. It rises in the mountains of the Cantabri, and runs into the Mediterranean after a course of 340 miles. It was fixed as a boundary to the C. empire by Hasdrubal (2). H. crossed it with 90,000 foot and 12,000 horse, B.C. 218 (23).

Ilergetes, um, m. A tribe in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the N. bank of the Iberus. They submitted to H. on his march to the Pyrenees (23), but went over to Cn. Scipio and were chastised by Hasdrubal (61.

Iliberris, is, m. A town in Gallia Aquitania. The first station that H. reached after passing through the Eastern Pyrenees was Iliberris (24).

Illyrii, orum, m. The Illyrians. The various trbies of the Illyrian nation occupied the whole E. coast of the Adriatic, but their extent inland at this period is hardly ascertained. They were probably Sclavonic. They were courageous pirates, and plundered even in Peloponnesus. Teuta, their queen, put two R. ambassadors to death, B.C. 229, for which she was chastised by a R. fleet.

Insubres, ium, m. The Insubrians, a Celtic nation in Cisalpine Italy. When H. descended the Alps, he found the Insubrians at war with their neighbours the Taurini, but he was too much exhausted to seize the opportunity of intervening (39).

Insula, e, f. An island at the confluence of the Rhodanus and the Isara. It lay in the territory of the Allobroges, four days' march up the river Rhone from where H. had crossed it. He settled a dispute between two brothers claiming the crown (31).

Isăra, æ, f. The Isère, one of the chief branches of the Rhone. It rises in the Pennine Alps, flows past Grenoble, and runs into the Rhone above Valentia (31).

Istri, orum, m. The Istri. They were on a peninsula at the very head of the Adriatic, to the east of the country of the Veneti, and lived by piracy. M. Minucius Rufus was sent against them B.C. 221, and defeated them, though not without serious loss on his own side. Allusion to this expedition (16).

Italia, æ, f. Italy. In Livy, Book xxi., Italia does not apply to the whole peninsula from the Alps to Sicily, which we understand by Italy. Italia included neither Gallia Cisalpina nor Liguria. The conquest of Italia, i.e. Italy proper, had engaged the Romans from B.C. 509-264, the Volsinians being the last to submit. It was fortunate for Rome that she had enjoyed nearly half a century of peace at home before the Second Punic War, and had had time to consolidate her empire, especially by means of the colonie Latine. These are justly regarded by Livy as one of the main supports of the Republic during the war with H. The great natural feature of Italy is the range of the Apennines, which determines its physical configuration. The principal rivers of Italy are the Padus, with ten tributaries on its N. bank, and eight on its S. The rivers of Central Italy all take their rise in the Apennines: the most important are the Arnus, and the

Tiberis with its tributaries, the Clanis, the Nar, and the Anio. South of the Tiber are the Liris, the Volturnus, and the Silarus.

Juno, onis, f. the marriage tie. Lanuvium (62).

J

The Queen of Heaven, the great guardian of
Her worship was of great importance at

Jupiter, Jovis, m. The Ruler of Heaven. From the Capitol he protected the Roman city and the whole district. The consuls worshipped him on entering office; the returning general first thanked him; the victorious general celebrated his triumph. The Feriæ Latinæ were kept to him under the name of Jupiter Latiaris (63).

L., abbreviated for Lucius.

L

Lacetania, æ, f. The country of the Lacetani, a small people of Hispania Tarraconensis, at the S. foot of the Pyrenees; they were reduced by Hannibal (23).

Lānŭvium, i, n. An ancient and important city of Latium, 20 miles from Rome, on the Alban Hills. It had a celebrated temple to Juno Sospita, which had such sanctity that, after the Latin War B.C. 338, the Romans stipulated for free participation with the Lanuvians in her worship. Even when a temple was erected to her at Rome under the same denomination, the consuls annually repaired to Lanuvium. In the winter of B.C. 218 prodigies were observed there: a spear rustled, and a crow settled on the temple. To avert the mischiefs portended, an offering of forty pounds of gold was made (62).

Latiaris, e, adj. See Jupiter.

Latinus, a, um, adj. Of or belonging to Latium. After their great defeat by Furins Camillus, B.C. 338, the Latins disappeared as a nation from history, and became thoroughly blended with the R. people.

Lepidus, i, m. M. Æmilius Lepidus, prætor B.C. 218, when he commanded in Sicily, and defeated the C. fleet off Lilybæum (49-50).

Licinius, i, m.

See Varus.

Libui Galli, orum, m., sometimes called Libici or Libicii. They were a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls who dwelt about the Sesia. Livy mentions that they lay off the natural march of H. (38).

Libyphonices, um, adj. The Libyphoenicians. These were the other Phoenicians in Africa under the sovereignty of Carthage. They included the smaller settlements sent forth from Carthage, and the old Phoenician settlements, such as Hippo and Thapsus. They paid a fixed tribute and furnished a definite contingent to Carthage.

Ligures, um, m. The Ligurians, the inhabitants of Liguria. Liguria was the mountainous and rugged country between the Maritime Alps, the Apennines, and the Trebia. Nothing is known of the nationality of the Ligurians, except that they were neither Celts nor Iberians. During the Second Punic War they

openly sided with H., and, being hardy and courageous soldiers, were valuable auxiliaries. H. went amongst them in the winter of B.C. 218, when they gave up to him two R. quæstors whom they had captured (59). They also furnished a contingent to Hasdrubal, which fought at the Metaurus. They resisted the R. for eighty years.

Lilybaum, i, n. A city of Sicily, situated on a promontory of the same name, which forms the extreme west point of the island, now Capo Boeo. It was fortified by the C. B.C. 397, and rapidly rose to importance. It secured their communications with Sicily. It was famous for the resistance which it offered to Pyrrhus B.C. 276, and for the memorable siege by the R. in the First Punic War. At the peace it passed into R. hands. In B.C. 218 it was the station of the R. fleet under M. Æmilius Lepidus, who defeated a C. squadron that attempted to surprise it (49, 50).

Lipara, æ, f. The island Lipara, now Lipari. It was only the largest of the group of Æolian Islands between Sicily and Italy. Lipara passed from the C. to the R. B.C. 251. In B.C. 218 a considerable C. squadron was wrecked on Lipara and the adjoining island of Vulcano (49).

Livius, i, m. See Macatus.

Longus, i, m. Tib. Sempronius Longus, consul B.C. 218. His province was Africa and Sicily, for which he was allowed two R. legions and other troops, and 160 ships of war, with which he sailed for Sicily (17). Near Messana Hiero met him with news of a C. attack on Lilybæum, to which he escorted him (50). He then sailed to Melita, where Hamilcar son of Gisco, surrenders his garrison of 2,000 men to him; these he sells in Sicily. While cruising off Sicily he is ordered to join Scipio at once. He leaves part of the fleet with the prætor, part with Sextus Pomponius; and sails for Ariminum, and joins his colleague (51). He forced on the battle of the Trebia against the advice of P. Scipio (53). After the battle of the Trebia he goes to Rome to hold the comitia (57). He afterwards commanded in Southern Italy, and defeated Hanno in Lucania B.C. 215.

Luca, æ, f. A city of Etruria, on the frontiers of Liguria. The first mention of it in history is when Sempronius retired upon it after an unsuccessful contest with H. (59).

Lucretius, i, m. Lucius Lucretius, a quaestor who fell into the hands of the Ligurians, and was given up to H. (59).

Lusitania, æ, f. At the time of which Livy writes, Lusitania ought only to have meant the country of the Lusitani, one of the most warlike peoples of Iberia; but Livy probably is thinking of the Roman province of Lusitania. The country of the Lusitani was bleak and rugged (43).

Lutatius, i. m. See Catulus.

M., abbreviated for Marcus.

M

Macatus, i, m. M. Livius Macatus. This must be the M. Livius sent to Carthage B.C 218 (18), not M. Livius Salinator,

as he was accused of unjustly dividing the spoil of the Illyrian war, on which he retired into the country. M. Livius Macatus defended the citadel of Tarentum against H. for five years.

Magalus, i, m. A petty chief of the Boii; visits H. at the Rhone, and offers to guide him (29).

Mago, onis, m. Youngest brother of H., first mentioned at the passage of the Po, which, according to Cœlius, he and his horsemen swam (47). At the Trebia he commanded the picked ambuscade in the reeds, and by his well-timed attack turned the day (54, 55). He held an important command at Cannæ, and in B.C. 215 was sent to support Hasdrubal in Spain. In B.C. 203 he was completely defeated by the Romans in Cisalpine Gaul, and received a wound of which he soon died.

Maharbal, alis, m. Son of Himilco. He conducted the siege of Saguntum, during a temporary absence of H., so vigorously that H.'s absence was not felt (12). He ravaged the plains of the Po with his cavalry, but was recalled to H. before the battle of Ticinus (45). After Trasimene he surrounded 6,000 Romans. He cut to pieces 4,000 men under C. Centinius. He commanded the right wing at Cannæ, and urged H. to march at once on Rome.

Manlius, i, m.

See Vulso.

Mars, Martis, m. An ancient Roman god, identified with Ares, the Greek god of war. Next to Jupiter, Mars enjoyed the highest honours at Rome. Mars is often used for war in general (1).

Maso, onis, m. C. Papirius Maso was, according to some accounts, one of the commissioners for the colonies of Cremona and Placentia, attacked by the Boii (25)

Massilia, æ, f. A town of Gallia Narbonensis on the coast, E. of the Rhone, now Marseille. It was a Greek colony, founded from Phocea at a remote date. The long friendship of Rome and Massilia began in the Second Punic War. The Massiliots gave a friendly reception to the R. legates (20); they sent word to Rome of H.'s advance (25); they furnished P. Scipio with guides (26).

Mauri, orum, m. The inhabitants of Mauretania, now Morocco; the Moors. Mauretania was washed on the W. by the Atlantic (accolæ Oceani, 22).

Maximus, i, m. Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator. In B.c. 218 he was a legate from the senate to Carthage to demand reparation for H.'s attack on Saguntum (18). In the next year he was appointed dictator, and acted upon the plan of never coming to an engagement with H., thinking so to wear him out. From these tactics he received the name of Cunctator. He was consul five times.

Messana, e, f. Now Messina, a city of Sicily, on the straits of Messina. It was founded very early by pirates from Cumæ, a colony of Chalcis. Its inhabitants were known as Mamertines, and it was their appeal to Rome against Carthage which brought about the First Punic War. Messana was an important post of

the R. throughout that war, and at its close passed under the R. dominion. Hiero was waiting for Sempronius at Messana (49).

Mutina, e, f. Now Modena, an important city of Gallia Cispadana. It originally belonged to the Boii, but probably fell under Rome in the Gaulish war (B.c. 225-222). It was a strongly fortified place, and afforded safe shelter to the colonists of Placentia against the attack of the Boii (25).

N

Numide, arum, m. The inhabitants of Numidia, now Algeria. They were the most dashing cavalry in the world, but cruel and treacherous. They decided the battle of the Ticinus (46), and of the Trebia (54). But later on Masinissa served the Romans effectively in Africa.

Oceanus, i, m. The Atlantic Ocean (22).

Olcades, um, m. The Olcadians, a people of Hispania Bætica, lying to the N. of New Carthage. H. overran their country B.C. 219 (5).

Orētāni, orum, m. The Oretani were a powerful people in the S. of Hispania Tarraconensis. They thought to throw off the C. yoke while H. was besieging Saguntum, but were promptly reduced to obedience (11).

P., abbreviated for Publius.

Р

Pădus, i, m. Now the Po, the largest river in Italy. It rises in the W. Alps, and after a N.E. and E. course of 400 miles falls into the Adriatic. Bounded on the N. by the Alps and on the S. by the Apennines, its basin drains all N. Italy. It receives eighteen important tributaries. Its stream is rapid and turbid, so that it is improbable that Mago swam across (47). The plains between the Po and the Alps were very favourable for cavalry operations (47).

Papirius, i, m. See Maso.

Papus, i, m. Probably one of the legates sent to Carthage B.C. 218 to demand reparation for the attack on Saguntum (18). He was consul B.с. 225, and defeated the Gaulish invaders in Etruria.

Paulus, i, m. L. Æmilius Paulus, one of the generals in the Illyrian war, B.C. 219. He was accused of peculation on his return, but just acquitted. He was one of the legates from the senate to Carthage, B.C. 218 (18). He fell at Cannæ.

Picenum, i, n. A region of Central Italy, between the Adriatic and the Apennines. In the winter of B.C. 218, a shower of stones fell in the region (62). It was repeatedly ravaged during the war.

Pise, arum, f. Now Pisa, a city of Etruria on the Arnus, near its mouth. It was much used as a military port. P. Scipio landed there on his return from the Rhone (39).