Placentia, e, f. Now Piacenza, a city of Gallia Cispadana, on the Po, just below the confluence with the Trebia. A R. colony was founded there B.C. 219, after the Gaulish war, which gave great offence to the Boii. They drove the triumvirs to Modena (25). It was the Roman head-quarters before the battle of the Trebia (48), and after (56).

Paninus, a, um, adj. Pennine, applied both to a peak in the Pennine Alps and to a god supposed to inhabit it. Livy rightly says the derivation has nothing to do with Panus (38). Panus, a um, adj. Phoenician, the red or dusky people. Panus sometimes stands for H. (45), but more often for the Carthaginians. See Carthago.

Pomponius, i. m. Sextus Pomponius, legate of Sempronius B.C. 218 and left by him in part command of Sicily (51). Publius, i, m. A Roman prænomen.

Punicus, a, um, adj. = Pœnus, Phoenician.

Pyrenæi, orum, m. adj., sc. Montes. The Pyrenees, the lofty chain of mountains dividing Spain from Gaul. It was the source of the Iberus and other rivers. The passage seems to have offered no serious impediment to H. (23, 24).

Q., abbreviation for Quintus.

Q

R

Rhodănus, i, m., the Rhone, rises in Switzerland, and falls into the Mediterranean after a course of 500 miles. Its principal tributaries are the Arar, the Isara, and the Druentia. H. crossed the Rhone at a point above Arles. His passage was opposed by the Gauls on the left bank, but Hanno having crossed at a higher point turned their flank. The Spaniards swam across, the C. crossed on rafts, the elephants were towed across on large flats (27, 28).

The

Roma, æ, f. Rome, on the Tiber, about fifteen miles from its mouth. At the date of this book, Rome had few of those glories of architecture with which we associate it. The people had indeed shown wonderful energy in repairing the injuries inflicted by the Gauls after their capture of the city B.C. 390. Capitol was replaced by a massive structure which was the wonder even of the Augustan age. The city itself exhibited indelible marks of the haste with which it was reconstructed. But Rome had been too keenly absorbed in extending her dominion in Italy, and in her struggles with Pyrrhus and the C. in the First Punic War, to attend to her architecture. The student must therefore think of Rome, not as the magnificent city of the empire, but as the seat of a military aristocracy, with Italy for a vast recruiting-ground.

Ruscino, onis, m. A city of the Volcæ in Gallia Narbonensis. A conference of Gallic tribes was held there when H. had crossed the Pyrenees. The chiefs won over by H. do not oppose his march past Ruscino (24).

Rutuli, orum, m. The Rutulians, a people of ancient Italy, settled on the coast of Latium. They were said to have taken part in colonising Saguntum (7).

Saguntinus, a, um, adj. Of or belonging to Saguntum: Saguntine.

Săguntum, i, n. A town of the Edetani in Hispania Tarraconensis. It was founded from Zacynthus, of which the name is another form, with a contingent from Rutulian Ardea (7) Saguntum was made a neutral town between Carthage and Rome (2). Being menaced by H., it sends ambassadors to Rome B.C. 219, but meantime is actually attacked (6). Its strong position enabled it to resist obstinately (7, 8); it raised inner lines of defence (11); it was taken after eight months, and put to the sword; an immense booty was sent to Carthage (14, 15).

Saluves, ium, m., or Salyi, or Salluvii. The Saluves, a Ligurian people of Gallia; their country was hilly. P. Cornelius sailed along their coast (26).

Sardi, orum, m. The inhabitants of Sardinia; the Sardinians. Sardinia, æ, f. One of the largest islands in the Mediterranean. At a very early period it was colonised by the C., whose civilisation took deep root there. In the First Punic War the R. obtained no footing there, but during the Mercenary War in Africa the C. mercenaries in Sardinia revolted. Rome stepped in, and forced Carthage to abandon all claim to Sardinia, B.C. 238 (2). But the natives were still unsubdued, and it was only after several campaigns that they were even nominally reduced to submission, B.C. 235. Livy alludes to these campaigns (16). Scipio, onis, m. Scipio.

1. P. Cornelius Scipio Asina was, according to some accounts, one of the triumvirs for settling the colony of Placentia upon whom the Boii made an attack (25). He was consul B.C. 221, and obtained a triumph for a campaign against the Istri.

2. P. Cornelius Scipio, consul B.C. 218, obtained Spain as his province, for the defence of which he received two R. legions with cavalry, besides allies, and sixty ships of war (17). He sailed for Massilia, thinking to arrive there before H. had crossed the Pyrenees. While he was recruiting his men, who had suffered from the voyage, and reconnoitring, H. reached the Rhone in safety (26). In fact, when Scipio reached H.'s camp on the left bank, the invaders had three days' start of him. P. Scipio, therefore, sent his brother, Cnæus Scipio, with the best part of his troops, to keep Hasdrubal in check in Spain, while he himself returned to defend Italy. Arnold (vol. iii. p. 68) says that if P. Scipio had not sent his army to Spain at this critical moment, his son, in all probability, would never have won the battle of Zama' (32). He lands at Pisa, crosses the Apennines, and takes command of the forces with the two prætors, crosses the Po, and advances to the Ticinus (39). He throws a bridge over the Ticinus, and sends out a reconnoitring party. These fall in with the Numidian cavalry on ground most favourable for equestrian

operations; the engagement becoming general, the R. are decisively defeated. The consul himself is wounded, and only saved by his son, or, as others say, a Ligurian slave (46). The following night Scipio destroys the bridges, and takes up his quarters at Placentia (47). This position he again changes for a still more advantageous one on the hilly ground near the Trebia (48). On the arrival of Sempronius, eager for fighting, Scipio offered strenuous opposition to an engagement on the Trebia (53). In the next year Publius joined his brother Cnæus in Spain, where they remained till their death, B.C. 211. Livy speaks as if their campaigns in Spain had been a series of glorious successes, but the absence of any result shows that they just held their footing.

3. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, brother of the preceding Scipio, whose legate he was, B.C. 218, and by whom he was des patched against Hasdrubal (32). He landed at Emporia, and immediately afterwards, according to Livy, gained an important success over Hanno, which put him in possession of the C. camp at Scissis and all its treasures. His popular manners are said to have had a great effect in rallying the Spaniards round him (60). As I have stated in the previous article, we cannot place any reliance on Livy's account of his six subsequent years' campaigning in Spain, but he is said to have defeated the Carthaginian fleet at the mouth of the Hiberus, B.C. 217, and to have recovered Saguntum. He fell fighting against the three C. lieutenants, twenty-nine days after his brother's death. He had previously been consul, and carried on war against the Insubrians, B.C. 222.

4. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, the son of P. Cornelius Scipio, is not mentioned by name, but is referred to as having saved his father's life at the battle of the Ticinus (46). At this time he was only seventeen years old, but, as Livy says, 'he will be the young soldier who is famous for the glorious conclusion of this war, and who was called Africanus for his splendid victory over H. and the Phoenicians.'

Scissis, is, f. A town not far from the Iberus, captured by Cn. Scipio (60).

Seduni, orum, adj. A people in the valley of the Upper Rhone (38).

Sempronius, i, m.

See Longus.

Serranus, i, m. C. Atilius Serranus, prætor, B.C. 218, sent to assist L. Manlius Vulso, who was hard pressed by the Boii (25). He resigned his command to P. Scipio, when the latter returned from the Rhone (39). He took part in the supplicatio at Rome in the winter of B.C. 218 (62).

Servilius, i, m. See Geminus.

Servilius, i, m. C. Servilius, one of the triumvirs sent to settle the new colony of Placentia; attacked by the Boii (25); said to have been taken prisoner and held in captivity for fifteen years. Sextus, i, m. A Roman prænomen.

Sicilia, æ, f. One of the largest islands in the Mediterranean, divided from Italy by the Fretum Siculum, or Straits of Messina. Its fertility is unsurpassed, and as a R. province it became

the great granary of Rome. After maintaining a footing over more or less extensive parts of the island against the Greek colonies, the C. were finally expelled by the R., B.C. 241. Sicily then became the first R. provincia, i.e. a transmarine government under the prætorian administration. During the early part of the Second Punic War Sicily played an unimportant part. A C. expedition was sent there B.C. 218, but did nothing (49, 50).

Syracusanus, i, adj. Of or belonging to Syracuse; Syracusan. Syracuse, arum, f. Syracuse, the most powerful of all the Greek cities in Sicily, on the E. coast between Catana and Cape Pachynus. At this time it was under Hiero, one of the most enlightened of all its governors. His policy was to remain steadily friendly to Rome, and thus the city rose to great prosperity. Hiero also beautified the city with many splendid temples, gymnasia, &c.

T

Tagus, i, m. One of the principal rivers in Spain, rising in Celtiberia, and falling into the Atlantic. H. had a tough fight en it with the Carpetani and Olcadian refugees, whom he defeated, B.C. 220 (5).

Tamphilus, i, m. Q. Bæbius Tamphilus, sent B.C. 219 to remonstrate with H., who was besieging Saguntum (6). He proceeded to complain at Carthage (9), whither he was sent with an ultimatum from the senate the next year (18).

Tannētum, i, n. A village in Gallia Cispadana to which L. Manlius retired after his defeat by the Boii, B.C. 218, and where he was besieged by that people (25).

Tarentum, i, n. A Greek city in Calabria; the safety of its port and the trade in purple dye raised it to great commercial prosperity. It came into collision with Rome during the war with Pyrrhus, and was taken by Papirius B.C. 272. The R. chose to consider the appearance of a Carthaginian squadron to assist them in the reduction of T. as a menace to themselves. Seven years afterwards they revived their grievance, to represent themselves as the aggrieved party in the First Punic War. Hanno's allusion (10).

See

Tarraco, onis, m. An ancient city of Spain, between the Iberus and the Pyrenees. It was fortified and enlarged by the Scipios as a fortress against the C. Hasdrubal appeared in its neighbourhood, and cut off some stragglers, B.C. 218 (61).

Taurini, orum, m. A Ligurian tribe, between the E. slopes of the Alps and the left bank of the Upper Padus. H., descending into the plains of Italy, found them at war with the Insubres, turned his arms against them, took their chief city, and put it to the sword (38, 39).

Terentius, i, m. Q. Terentius was sent to recall Flaminius to Rome (63).

Ti., abbreviated for Tiberius.

Tiberis, is, m. The Tiber, the most important river of Central Italy. It rises in the Apennines above Tifernum, and, after a S. and S.W. course of 225 miles, falls into the Tyrrhene Sea.

It is a rapid, turbulent mountain stream, and was subject to very frequent inundations. From Rome to Ostia was 27 miles by the river. Its only important tributaries were the Clanis, Nar, Velinus, and Anio. But the little confluents, the Allia and Cremera, are of more historical celebrity.

Ticīnus, i, m. Now the Ticino, an important N. tributary of the Padus. It rises in Mount St. Gothard, and forms the Lago Maggiore. On the Ticinus the Romans under P. Scipio and the C. under H. first came into real conflict. Scipio had crossed to the right or W. bank by a bridge (45), though the battle was probably fought some distance from the river, as Scipio retreated over the bridge in good order. The battle was a mere engagement of cavalry (46).

Trebia, æ, m. Now the Trebbia, a river which falls into the Padus two miles W. of Placentia. Sempronius defeated by H. on the left bank (54-56).

Tricastini, orum, adj. Livy says they lay to the left of the direct line of H.'s march from the Allobroges to the Alps (31). Tricorii, orum, m. A people between the Rhone and the Alps, through whose country H. pissed.

Turdetani, orum, m. The principal people of Hispania Bætica. They were the most polished of all the Spanish tribes, and had poets and historians. Livy represents them as neighbours of Saguntum (6); but the reading must be wrong, as the two peoples were at least 400 miles distant from each other.

V

Vaccæi, orum, m. An important people in the interior of Hispania Tarraconensis, including the modern towns of Burgos and Valladolid. H. attacked them and burned their chief city B.C. 220 (5).

Valerius, i, m. See Flaccus.

Vārus, i, m. C. Licinius Varus, sent with other legates from the senate to Carthage to deliver the R. ultimatum, B.C. 218 (18).

Veragri, orum, m. Livy places the Veragri among the Alps, and on the road to the pass of the Pennine Alps, or the Great St. Bernard (38).

Vibonensis ager, m. The district about Hipponium, an important Greek city, on the W. coast of Bruttium, on the shores of the bay to which it gave the name. The district was ravaged by a C. fleet B.C. 218 (51).

Victumuli, orum, m. A town of the Insubres, on or near the Ticinus; the site of H.'s camp (45). In the Dict. of Geography this place is confounded with Victumviæ. We know nothing about either place, but they must have been distinct, as they were on opposite sides of the Padus.

Victumviæ, arum, f. A corn dépôt near Placentia; surrendered to H. in the winter of B.C. 218, but was put to the word (57).