6. Adsitis depends on edico. The constr. with an acc. and inf. is equally common.

And because they foresaw an

7. Longius desiderium.] absence still longer for the future.'

In futurum depends on

longius, and expresses the duration of the absence.

8. Inter labores jam exhaustos.] ‘Amid the hardships already surmounted.' 'Exhaurire' means lit. to bale out water. The soldiers, therefore, are thought of as engaged in a ceaseless struggle to lighten a ship that has sprung a leak.

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9. Si cetera prospera evenissent.] In the event of the sequel ending prosperously. The fates that were yet to happen are called the residue,' in reference to the former events, for which H. was then paying his acknowledgments. The pluperf. is used because the events to which the verb refers would be already in the past when the vows would be paid.

10. Ab Sicilia.] From the quarter of Sicily.'

11. Levium armis.] 'Lightly armed,' lit. 'light in their arms. These men probably threw something corresponding to the hasta velitaris of the Romans, a dart about three feet in length, and about as thick as a finger.

Stipendia facerent.] Lit. 'would make their wages,' i.e. 'would serve.'

12. Cetratos.] 'Target-men.' The cetra was a small round shield made of the hide of a quadruped. It was in use in Britain, so that it was probably very like the target of the Scottish highlanders.

Funditores Baleares.] The slingers of the Balearic Isles were famous for their skill with the sling, being able to bring down birds on the wing. Their slings were made of a tough sort of rush; they threw both stones and leaden bullets.

13. Carthagini præsidio esse.] An instance of the double dative after esse, lit. 'to be for a protection to Carthage.'

XXII. 1. Viro impigro.] 'A dashing soldier.'

3. Ad mille octingenti.] 'About 1800.' The young reader might expect octingentos after ad; but ad is said to be used here adverbially. The real explanation probably is, that originally the form used was fuller, and that ad governed hunc numerum or some similar words.

4. Quia-poterat.] Because it might be taken for granted that by the branch of the service by which they had conquered the Romans would then also conduct their operations.' 'Had conquered' in the First Punic War.

Remigio.] A crew.' Out of the 50 ships of war, only 32 were fully manned.

5. Inde profectus.] Everything being ready, and the season sufficiently advanced, for it was now late in May, he set out on his march for the Iberus.' (Arnold, iii. 59.)

6. Proinde sequeretur.] 'So come, let him follow.' Proinde is used to express strong encouragement. Sequeretur: commands in oblique narration are put in the subjunctive.

7. Cura.]Curiosity.'

Temperare oculis.] To govern his eyes:' he could not help looking back. Temperare governs a dative.

8. Eum vidisse, &c.] That he saw gliding behind him a serpent of monstrous girth, amid the general crash of trees and orchards, and a hurricane following behind, with a roar of heaven.' Cum is used here to signify the general accompaniments of the vision, like úró in Greek: 'to the accompaniment of.'

9. Quidve prodigii esset.] What was the prodigy?' Quid often takes a gen. in Latin, where we use a word in agreement with it: e.g. quid novi? what news?' This and other similar. details of H.'s career were preserved for us by Silenus, a Sicilian Greek, who lived at his table.

XXIII. 1. Præmissis qui conciliarent.] ' Having sent forward persons to win over,' &c.

2. Subjecta P. montibus.] Lying under the P.' We learn from Polybius that H. did not effect the conquest of this SubPyrenæan district without heavy losses, as time was short, and he was forced to carry the strongholds by assault .But many of the tribes were well affected to Rome, as were the two Greek colonies of Rhoda and Emporia on the coast, so that it was a military necessity to prevent the Romans making this a basis of operations.

Fauces.] The gorges.'

4. Motos eos motos esse.

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5. Anceps erat.] 'Was an uncertain step.'

'These detach

ments, together with the heavy loss sustained in the field, reduced the force with which H. entered Gaul to no more than 50,000 foot and 9,000 horse.' (Arnold, iii. 62.)

XXIV. 1. Ad oppidum Iliberri.] If the reading here is correct, Iliberri is here indeclinable, though we have it just below declinable.

2. Metu-consternati.] 'Goaded to arms by their terror of subjection.' Consternati means driven by a panic:' cf. dilectus acerbitate consternati, 11, 13.

Ruscinonem.] Acc. of place, to which:' 'assemble at

Ruscino.'

3. Colloqui semetipsum, &c.] The accusatives with the inf. depend on some verb of telling understood with oratores, or implied in it. Observe how the clauses vary according as the message expresses what H. would do, or what he wanted the Gauls to do.

4. Accepturum se lætum.] 'That he would willingly welcome them to his camp.' In Latin we have an adj. where in English we use an adverb. In Greek ěкwv is similarly used.

Si per Gallos liceat.] Lit. 'if it is permitted to him as far as concerns the Gauls;' if the Gauls acquiesce in that behalf.' Cf. licueritne per fœdus fieri, 18.7.

5. Cum bona pace.] With good, i.e. real, peace,' ='with safe conduct.' Transmiserunt: forwarded.'

XXV. 1. Perinde ac si.] 'Exactly as if.' Perinde is probably only another form of proinde.

2. Sollicitatis I.] The I. having been instigated,' viz. by the Boii; 'having instigated the I.'

Colonias: triumviri.] The object of these colonies was at once to check the tribes who had been conquered, and to repress hostile incursions. No colony was ever founded without a bill being passed to that effect, either in the senate or the comitia. When a law was passed for founding a colony, persons were appointed to superintend its formation (coloniam deducere). These commissioners varied in number, but three seems to have been a common number (triumviri), of whom one was usually a person of some consequence. Here, for example, the head of the commission was C. Lutatius Catulus, an ex-consul. The office was apparently a profitable one, so that colonies were often founded as much in order to find places for political partisans as from any real necessity. The colonists had usually assigned to them a third of the land belonging to the inhabitants, who continued to live amongst them, though apart and in a dependent position.

Egre patiebantur.] Endured reluctantly,' 'resented.'

3. Agrestis multitudo.] The farming population.'

4. Annales.] The year-books,' of which the most important were the annales Maximi, kept by the pontifex maximus. 6. Pigerrima eadem.] And at the same time very clumsy.' Cf. equitum peditumque idem primus erat, 4.8. Militaria

opera, siege works, or batteries for reducing the town.

7. Jus gentium.] See note, 10.6.

Violata fide.]But in violation of the promise which had been given for that occasion."

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Negantibus, &c.] The Gauls declaring that they would not release them unless their hostages were restored to them.' Eos is governed by dimissuros, the acc. to which is se understood.

8. Agmen effusum.] 'A loose straggling column.' L. Manlius had left too much distance between the various regiments of the battalion. He ought to have kept them together in close compact bodies, when an army was said agmine quadrato incedere.

10. Castra communita.] 'A camp was intrenched.' The defences of a Roman camp consisted of a ditch, the earth from which was thrown inward, and formed, along with turf and stones, into a mound, on the summit of which a strong palisade of wooden stakes was fixed, forming the rampart. The depth of the ditch and the height and breadth of the agger were usually fixed; but under exceptional circumstances they varied.

12. Signa.] While the standard of the legion was properly called aquila, those of the cohorts were, in a special sense of the term, called signa.

13. Ut.] When ut is used as an adverb of time, it usually marks an occurrence immediately preceding the main action; as soon as.'

Munimento ad tempus.]
14. Commeatibus fluminis.]

A

temporary fortification.
Supplies by the river.'

XXVI. 1. Tumultus.] For the technical use of tumultus in reference to alarms of invasion from Gallia Cisalpina, see note, 16.4.

3. In locum-nova.] 'Having drafted a new legion to supply the place of the one that had been sent with the prætor.' The force of the trans is not quite clear, but perhaps Livy means that Scipio retained the number of the legion which he was originally to have commanded, but filled it up with men who had been intended for some other legion. This might perhaps account for the fact that we find several legions bearing the same number; thus there were four called prima, five called secunda, five called tertia. And on the other hand certain numbers disappear altogether.

5. Ut.] As in the preceding chapter, ut means more than 'when; it is used to show the promptitude with which Scipio acted on his information. But as soon as ever he understands that he, viz. H., is thinking about the passage of the Rhone also, he sends forward,' &c.

Jactatione maritima.]

Sea-sickness.'

Ducibus Massiliensibus.] Abl. absolute: 'Massiliots being the guides'' under the guidance of Massiliots.'

6. Autem.] The clause is parenthetical, autem being often used to introduce a parenthesis. It is here translated now,' but the translation that is most exact would be 'by the by.' In fact, by the by' very well represents the original force of 'autem,' as a word not of opposition but of loose connexion.

7. Eorum ipsorum: i.e. of the Volcæ. Quos sua sedes tenuerant: whom their own homes had tempted to remain.'

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Simul donis, simul et ipsi.] The two ideas brought together are the outside influence of money presents, and the voluntary desire they felt to be relieved of his presence. And at the same time they naturally desired that his army should be transported, and that their own district should be lightened as early as possible from the burden of so numerous a force of men.'

9. Lintrium, &c.] 'Skiffs roughly put together for local use.' Singulis: i.e. one tree made one canoe.

9. Alveos-faciebant.] Began to fashion carelessly clumsy troughs, to take across them and their goods, caring for nothing, provided that they could float and carry a load,' Dum, when it means provided that,' governs a subjunctive.

Quibus transveherent.] Lit., ' in which they might carry across. XXVII. 1. Ad trajiciendum.] For crossing:' the gerund being used here absolutely.

Ex adverso hostes.] The enemy on the opposite side.' Ex signifies the quarter in which the enemy were.

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2. Quos ut everteret.] And in order to dislodge them.' Vigilia.] The Romans divided the night into four watches. Adverso-jubet.] Orders him to make one day's march up the river.' Adverso flumine, the river being against him,' i.e. running in a direction 'the opposite from his. Iter, cognate ace. after ire.

3. Quum opus facto sit.] Lit., when there should be need

of action,' i.e. ' when the time for action comes.' abl. depending on opus.

Facto, in the

4. inde-ostendere.] That, about 25 miles higher up, the river flowed round an eyot, and afforded a crossing-place of greater width, where it began to divide, and therefore of a less deep channel.' Insule, the dat. after circumfusum: the

constr. is the same as with circumdare in murum urbi circumdat.

5. Sine ulla mole.] 'Without any fashion.

Opportune.]

Punctually.'

7. Ne tempori deesset.] 'Lest he should miss the opportunity.' Desum, with a dative, to be wanting,'' to fail.'

8. The infantry had their skiffs ready packed and prepared a line of boats, for breaking the force of the current of the river, conveying over the horse soldiers almost alongside their horses who were swimming, at a place higher up, secured smooth water for the skiffs crossing below.' The cavalry put some of the horses, ready saddled and bridled, on board a long line of flat boats; from the stern of these boats were a number of ropes to which other horses were attached. Then at the proper time the boats all push out together, so as to form something like a very long and broad raft. This would, to a considerable extent, divert the current of the stream, so that the skiffs below would encounter much less resistance from it.

9. Ut equiti usui essent.] That they might be available for the cavalry.' An instance of a double dative after sum; lit., that they might be for an advantage to the cavalry.'

XXVIII. 2. Cum ingenti sono, &c.] Cum here, as in cum fragore cæli (22. 8.), means 'to the accompaniment of.'

Vario is explained by the two following sentences, et qui-et qui. The confused shouting of soldiers and boatmen, both those who were straining to make head against the current of the river, and those,' &c.

4. Utroque.] In both directions.' Vim facere, 'to show fight.'

Tumultus.]

'Demonstrations.'

5. Elephantorum, &c.] I believe that the contrivances for carrying over the elephants were different; at any rate the tradition of the achievement varies.'

Refugientem nantem.] If the passage is not corrupt, these participles go together: 'retreating swimming,' 'swimming away from him.' Rectore, the driver.'

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Timentem altitudinem may mean 'although afraid of the depth; but it is more forcible to understand timentem as not merely being afraid,' but showing fear:' it might then mean 'sounding his depth.' Drew on the herd till, while each was sounding his depth, the bottom failed him.'

6. Constat trajectos.
Ad fidem pronius.]

to credibility.'

Sc. eos trajectos esse.

Easier to believe:' lit., ' leaning more

7. Ducentos pedes, in the acc. after the adj. of measure, longam.

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