Quam-constraverunt.] 'Which, that it might not drift with the current, they moored to numerous stout cables at a higher spot on the bank, and floored like a bridge with a surface of soil.' Secunda aqua, 'the down-flowing water,' 'the current.' Plures should never be translated 'several,' if it can be avoided: here it has the usual comparative force, unusually numerous.' modum, used as equivalent to an adverb.

8. In minorem adplicatam, sc. ratem.]

raft which was moored to it.'

In

On to the smaller

10. Continenti agrees with rate understood. So long as they were driven on the fixed raft, just as on a bridge.'

.

8. Pondere ipso stabiles.] Steadied by their mere weight.' After they had thrown their drivers they made their way to land by feeling for a bottom with their feet. Of course, elephants

can swim, and I can see no necessity for supposing Livy not to have known this. Others, however, take stabiles to mean 'keeping to the bottom,' the elephants being supposed to have walked along the bed of the river.

XXIX. 1. Miserat speculatum.] Had sent to observe.' After verbs of motion the supine in -um is used.

Quid pararent.]

What they were setting about.'

2. Ut ante dictum est.] This clause belongs only to missi. See above, 26. 5.

Pro is used here to express comparison or proportion. A battle is delivered more furious than in keeping with the number of combatants.'

3. Amplius ducenti.] More than two hundred.' The use of the nominative after a comparative adverb, where we should expect the ablative, must be explained on the same principle as ad in ad mille octingenti, 22. 3.

4. Haud belongs only to incruentam: foreshadowed a victory, not assuredly bloodless, and one of bewildering conflict.'

5. Nec S.-et Hannibalem.] When nec is opposed to et in this way, it is best to omit nec in translation, and render et by while.' Scipio could not make up his mind;' lit., ‘a decision could not stand firm with Scipio.'

6. Hannibalem is governed by avertit. To preserve the order of the Latin in translation it is necessary to turn avertit into the passive with 'by.' 'And Hannibal, while hesitating whether, &c., was turned from an immediate engagement by the arrival,' &c.

Integro bello.] It is easier to explain than to translate integro here: integer originally means that which is untouched, and by an untouched war we may understand a war of which all the resources were held in reserve, nothing having been done to exhaust any force or power.

Superioris belli.] The First Punic War.

XXX. 1. Ire.] The inf. depends upon pergere, which again depends in the inf. on sententia stetit.

Contio, contr. from conventio, was a general muster of the whole army.

2. Duo maria.] These were the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. New Carthage was the chief town on the Mediterranean seaboard, and Gades on the Atlantic.

Carthaginiensium essent.] Were of the Carthaginians,' i.e. were in the power of the C.'

3. Indignatos, &c.] Then, indignant at the demand of the Roman people that all who had besieged Saguntum should be surrendered to it as if for a crime, they had crossed the Ebro.' Nora was the most comprehensive term in Roman law for every kind of delictum, or trespass committed by a slave or filiusfamilias, for which a paterfamilias could be held responsible. The father or the master might either pay damages to the injured person, or surrender the offender to him. The surrender of the offender was expressed by the phrase noxe dare or dedere.

4. Ab occasu solis ad exortus.] 'When they set before them a march from the setting of the sun to his rise.' H. means that they had started on the supposition that they were engaged on a wild enterprise, and therefore it is unreasonable of them to flinch from actual dangers, that must be less than they expected.

6. Montium altitudines.] 'Mountain steeps.' Fingerent altiores P. jugis.] higher than the peaks of the P."

Let them even fancy them

7. Pervias paucis esse, &c.] 'That they are a thoroughfare for men few together; and for armies -?' He does not finish the question, but the conclusion would be apparent to his hearers are they impassable?' He argues that if a few men with limited resources could cross the Alps, an army with its many resources ought to find no insuperable difficulties.

8. Sed advenas, &c.] But that, as intrusive settlers in Italy, they had often safely crossed these very Alps,' &c.

11. Cepisse quondam Gallos ea, &c.] That Gauls had formerly taken the very places of which Phoenicians despaired that they could be approached.' Cepisse is emphatically opposed to adiri, and Gallos to Panus. Panus, the singular, here stands collectively for the Phoenician army. The Gauls took the Capitol, and occupied it for seven months B.C. 390. The anniversary of the battle of the Allia, in which a large part of the flower of the Roman people was destroyed, was ever a black-letter day at Rome.

Proinde.] Cf. proinde sequeretur, 22. 6.

XXXI. 1. Curare corpus means the same as curare cutem in Horace, to take care of oneself, especially in the way of eating and drinking. Cf. Hor. Epp. I. 2. 29, in cute curanda plus @quo operata juventus; Epp. I. 4. 15, me pinguem et nitidum bene curata cute vises. Cf. alsc, assiduo curata cuticula sole, Pers. iv. 18.

2. Mediterranea Galliæ.] The midlands of Gaul.' H. continued to march north up the left bank of the Rhone.

3. Non erat in animo manus conserere.] Lit., 'it was not in

bis mind to join hands'='it was not his intention to cross swords.' Quartis castris, 'the fourth day's march.'

5. Jam inde.] Already from that time.'

7. Ad H. rejecta esset.] Had been referred to H.' Rejicere ad aliquem is to refer a matter to some officer or authorised body. The re has the same force as ava in àvadéofiv.

8. In return for that service he was assisted with supplies and provision of all things, above all clothing'-' especially shoes, which were found very useful in the subsequent march.' (Arnold, iii. 69.)

9. Non recta, &c.] 'He did not shape his march by the direct route.' 'It does not appear whether the Carthaginians ascended the left bank of the Isère, or the right bank. I believe, however, that Hannibal crossed the Isère and continued to ascend the Rhone; and that afterwards, striking off to the right across the plains of Dauphiné, he reached what Polybius calls the first ascent of the Alps.' (Arnold, iii. 70.)

Haud usquam impedita via.] 'His advance being nowhere checked.'

10. Aquæ vim ingentem.] A huge volume of water.' Vis here means 'quantity' or 'abundance;' so magna vis hominum, 'a strong body of men;' canum vis, a pack of hounds.'

=

Navium patiens.] Lit., 'tolerant of ships' navigable.' 11. Pluribus.] Here again there is no necessity to translate 'several' pluribus alveis means 'more channels than one.' Neque iisdem, and those shifting.'

Nova vada novosque gurgites.] These words are governed by volvens, though this, by its position near to sara, has rather a different force in respect to its two objects. 'Continually forming new shallows and new pools, and besides bringing down shingle.'

XXXII. 1. Movit governs castra understood.

Quadrato agmine.] In close column:' see note on effusum agmen 25.8.

2. Occursurus.] 'Intending to meet,' 'making sure of meeting.' 'If Hannibal could not be followed now, he might easily be met on his first arrival in Italy; from the mouth of the Rhone to Pisa was the chord of a circle, while Hannibal was going to make a long circuit.' (Arnold, iii. 67.)

3. Nuda auxiliis.] Deprived of troops.' Auxiliis, the ablative after nuda, signifying deprivation.

6. Campestri maxime itinere.] By a route for the most part on the flat.'

Cum bona pace.] See note, 24. 5. Thus far the Gaulish chief who had accompanied H. had been able to exert his influence over the lowland tribes sufficiently to make them respect H.'s safe conduct.

7. In majus.] 'Towards' or 'in the direction of' what is greater, sc. than the actual fact. Vero is, of course, dependent on majus. By which things that are vague are usually con strued to be greater than the fact,' i.e. ' are exaggerated.'

Torrida frigore.] Tingling with cold.' The effects of extreme cold are similar to those of heat in their impressions on the senses. Similarly in Greek kalew is used of the effect of cold.

8. Erigentibus agmen.] Leading their columns upwards.' Erigentibus is probably governed in the dative by imminentes. Valles occultiores.] The narrower gorges,' i.e. the valleys in which the opposite sides come closer together, as they approach the central chain of mountains.

9. Consistere signa jussit.] Ordered a general halt.' The signa being the standards carried by the cohorts, a command passed along the columns for each leading company to halt would be a command for a general halt.

Inter confragosa omnia præruptaque.] This phrase explains quam extentissima, 'as open as possible amid everything broken and precipitous,' i.e. 'where everything was broken,' &c.

10. Abhorrentes.] 'Differing.'

In sua quemque dilabi tecta.] 'That they all dispersed to their respective huts.'

Ut ex aperto-facturus.] 'As though Lent on making a rush through the narrows openly and by day!' The natives occupied all such points as commanded the road, which, as usual, was a sort of terrace cut in the mountain side, overhanging the valley whereby it penetrated to the central ridge.' (Arnold, iii. 71.)

11. Simulando.] The gerund governing aliud. 'Having spent the day in making a feint of something else,' &c.

6

Ubi primum sensit.] As soon as ever he understood,' i.e. was informed by his Gaulish allies.

12. Pluribus-factis.] Having lighted fires out of all proportion to the number of those left behind, to make a show.' Cf. atrocius quam pro numero pugnantium, 29. 2.

13. Cum expeditis, acerrimo quoque viro.] With light troops, all the most active men'='all the most active men in the light brigades.' For the constr. cf. pauci ac ferme optimus quisque, 4. 1.

XXXIII. 2. Quum repente-hostes.] 'When suddenly they notice the enemy, some, having occupied their own position, commanding them overhead, and that some are passing through the defile.'

3. Suoque-agmen.] And that the column of itself was disordered by its own struggles.' Ipsum, i.e. without any attack on their part.

4. Quidquid adjecissent-rati.] Judging that whatever extra alarm-i.e. however slight they should cause would be ample for their annihilation.' The extra comes from the ad in composition.

Perversis rupibus decurrunt.] 'Charge down the broken

rocks.'

Juxta invia ac devia adsueti.] Lit., being familiarised before places impassable and trackless' = 'being at home where there was no path or track.' 'The natives, finding their positions occupied by the enemy, at first looked on quietly, and offered no

disturbance to the march. But when they saw the long narrow line of the Carthaginian army winding along the steep mountain side, and the cavalry and baggage cattle struggling at every step with the difficulties of the road, the temptation to plunder was too strong to be resisted; and from many points of the mountains above the road they rushed down upon the Carthaginians.' (Arnold, iii. 71.)

6. Infestum agmen faciebant.] unsafe.'

7. Turba.]

The confusion.''

Began to make the advance

In immensum altitudinis.] Into an immensity of depth '= into a sheer abyss.'

6

Ruine maxime modo.] 'Exactly like a ruinous heap,' as we might say colloquially, for all the world as if they had been shot.'

8. Continuit.] Held back,' 'checked.' Suos, the expediti of 32. 13.

9. Periculumque esse, &c.] And that there was a risk that he might bring his army through, stripped of their baggage, and so safe to no purpose.'

10. Per otium.] In tranquillity.' Per is used to indicate the manner or state, when it is translated 'in' or 'by:' per iram, in anger.'

'At last, the barbarians being quite beaten off, the army wound its way out of the defile in safety, and rested in the wide and rich valley which extends from the lake of Bourget, with scarcely a perceptible change of level, to the Isère at Montmeillan. Resuming his march, he proceeded for three days up the valley of the Isère, on the right bank, without encountering any difficulty.' (Arnold, iii 72.)

11. Captivum, -i, n.] Things captured in war,' "booty.'

Nec montanis impediebantur.] They were neither obstructed by the mountaineers.' Unless we say that montanis is understood instrumentally rather than personally, we have here an 'nstance of an ablative of agent without ab. Cf. curtatus inæquali tonsore, Hor. Epp. I. 1. 94.

XXXIV. 1. Frequentem cultoribus.] 'Abounding in settlers,' 'densely peopled.'

Ut inter montanos.] As amongst mountaineers' = ' I mean for mountaineers.'

2. Magno natu.] Of great age.'

Malle is the principal verb in the infinitive sentence: 'setting forth how, having been taught by the adversities of others a wholesome lesson, they preferred to try the friendship to the vengeance of the Phoenicians.'

3. Acciperet.] Here the sentence changes from narrating what the legates offered to do themselves to what they asked H. to do they begged that he would receive,' &c.

4. Commeatu usus.] Having availed himself of the sup plies.'

Composito agmine.]

With the column at attention.'