moval itself, and by the effects of the exposure, in which the Tree has been placed. The great object, in the application of all manure, is, to furnish as much soluble matter as possible to the roots of plants, and that in a slow and gradual manner, in order that it may be entirely consumed in forming their sap, and various organized parts.

This short statement may perhaps in some measure account for the backward condition of Trees standing in the open park, and likewise for the success of the remedy, that has been applied to them. In regard to the superior advantage of the method of laying the compost on the surface, compared with that of digging in any manure among the roots, it is too obvious to require further illustration.

There is only one other point, in the department of Afterwork, which it may be worth while to touch upon, in as far as Open Dispositions of wood are concerned, and that is, the Setting Straight after a certain period. There is nothing that contributes more to the beauty of park-wood, and particularly of removed Trees, than their maintaining the upright position, and their appearing unaffected by the western, and southwestern blasts. Those, who possess grounds on the western coast, will more especially feel the importance of this remark. It is true, that in the compositions of the best masters of landscape, we find Trees sometimes

represented in a heeling position; and such objects are often extremely picturesque, and so found in nature. Kent, as has been already noticed, planted dead Trees in his designs, the better to imitate natural variety: But that is not a taste, which can be safely recommended to the young planter to adopt. Whatever be the pains and care, which we bestow on making our Trees steadfast in the planting, it will sometimes happen, on a large scale of work, and in bleak situations, that a few may have discernibly yielded to the blast, after being a twelvemonth in the ground. It is proper, therefore, in the spring of the second year, to go over the whole, and by means of a long Rope, fixed as near as possible to the top, to bring such as require it to the windward side. The longer the lever, the greater, of course, will be the effect produced.

The speediest way is, to turn out a number of hands, sufficient to command the Tree at once, eight or nine persons at the least; taking care to secure the bark of the stem, by various folds of mat, interposed between it and the turns of the rope. When the Tree has been sufficiently bent down towards the proper quarter, let the Director of the work minutely examine where the ground rents on the lee side, and order an opening to be made at the place, with as little injury as possible to the roots, of a foot or eighteen inches

long, and of half the width. While the Tree is held in the heeling position, heavy masses of greensward are then procured, as large as can be lifted with the spade, and rammed into the opening, firmly treading them in with the foot, or securing them, if needful, with the beater. If this be done in April, before the sap flows abundantly, no damage will be suffered by the bark, and little by the roots. As the position of the Tree is reversed in the planting, and the longest branches, and consequently the longest roots, are turned to the stormy quarter, you will probably have no further trouble with it; although a second revision of its position is always advisable, in the spring of the following year.

Upon the whole, this is a work, which, according to the Preservative system, is so seldom necessary, that the mention of it in this place might seem superfluous. But, in a body of instructions, intended for general use, it is advisable to guard against every contingency. In respect to the Propping or Supporting of Trees with wood, or ropes, or other materials, which, with many planters, forms a principal and important branch of their Afterwork, it is wholly unknown at this place. Indeed, whoever considers the method of securing the roots above delineated, will perceive, that such adventitious and unsightly contrivances are altogether superseded by that method. Du

ring the course of thirty years, as already mentioned, we have never had a Tree blown down, and rarely one displaced from its original position; and it is probably to the undisturbed state of the roots, owing to that circumstance, during the two first years after removal, that our success may in a great measure be attributed.

I will now proceed, in the Second place, to speak of Close Woods and Plantations. The Afterwork applicable to these will not require a long discussion. Much of the Afterwork, that is proper for Single Trees, equally applies to enclosed masses of wood: Besides, the same minuteness of attention, and diversity of labour, are not demanded by the latter, as by the former style of plantation.

In the foregoing three Sections, the method has been pointed out of preparing and planting Close Woods, which, in their handsomest form, consist of Standard or Grove Trees, with Underwood intermixed. Such plantations, having been previously trenched, and manured to a potatoe-crop, are in a state of preparation, far exceeding any that can be obtained for open groups, and still more for detached or single Trees. One advantage above all others they possess, and that is, that the plants, which compose them, form a complete shelter to one another, and thereby create a climate for the plantation, many times milder than that of the

surrounding grounds. Here also a far greater stagnation of air prevails, and consequently, a retention of moisture, proportionally greater than in the open park.

The first thing to be done with these plantations is the same as with single Trees, namely, to go over them carefully, and examine what cover they have upon the roots, and to supply it, if wanting, with earth taken from the intervals. To make up the cover to about ten inches in depth, is at least equal to a foot or fourteen inches, in the open field. It seldom happens, unless the outside plants be very deficient in length of root, that any consolidation by the beater can be wanted; neither is any uncommon accuracy material, in levelling or dressing the surface, unless what is required to preserve the general character of the ground, and to prevent the stagnation of water in any part. In respect to fencing the Trees, nothing needs to be said on that subject; as the plantations being close, that is, composed of Grove and Underwood, necessarily implies an enclosure completely secured against sheep or cattle.

As it is equally important, though not nearly so difficult, to preserve Close or enclosed Plantations from suffering by drought, as open dispositions of wood, Shows must be laid upon the roots in the former, by the middle of May at the latest, and before the summer droughts set in. For this