(From specio, xi, ctum, see, of which the frequentative is specto) aspicio, exi, ectum, look on; conspicio, the same; despicio, look down, despise; dispicio and perspicio, understand; inspicio, look into; respicio, look back; suspicio, look

up, reverence.

Fluo, fluxi, fluctum, flow.

Affluo, flow in; confluo, flow together; effluo, flow out; interfluo, flow between.

Struo, struxi, structum, build, pile.

Construo and exstruo, build up; destruo, pull down; instruo, set in order.

Vivo, vixi, victum, live.

[§ 185.] Other Irregularities.

Fodio, födi, fossum, dig.

Effodio, dig out; confodio and perfodio, dig, pierce through; suffodio, undermine.

Fugio, fugi, fugitum, flee.

Aufugio and effugio, flee away, escape; confugio and perfugio, take refuge.

Cupio, -ivi, -itum, desire.

Discupio, percupio, strengthen the meaning. Concupio only in the participle concupiens, otherwise concupisco.

Răpio, rapui, raptum, rob, snatch.

Arripio, arripui, arreptum, seize; abripio and eripio, snatch away; deripio, plunder; surripio, steal clandestinely.

Părio, peperi, partum, bring forth. (But the particip. fut. act. pariturus.) Lucretius has pariri.

Quatio (quassi is not found), quassum, shake.

Concutio, ussi, ussum, shake violently; discutio, shake asunder; excutio, shake out, off (fig. examine); incutio, drive into; percutio, strike; repercutio, rebound.

Săpio, ivi and ui, (no supine,) am wise.

Desipio (without perfect), am foolish; resipio, have a taste of, or become wise again.

(From the obsolete present coepio,) coepi and coeptus sum, coeptum, (coepere,) have begun. See § 221.

CHAP. XLVII.

[§ 186.] 2. VERBS IN DO AND TO.

The following are regular:

Claudo, clausi, clausum, claudere, close.

Concludo, shut up, conclude; excludo and secludo, shut out; includo; shut in, are all derived from a form cludo which is still in use.

Divido, divisi, divisum, divide.

Laedo, injure.

Allido, strike against; illido, strike upon; collido, strike together; elido, strike out.

Ludo, sport.

Collūdo, play with; alludo, play upon; eludo, deludo, and illudo, ridicule. Plaudo, si, sum, clap.

Applaudo, applaud. The other compounds (with a different pronunciation) have -ōdo, -ōsi, -ōsum; as explodo, explode; complodo, clap the hands; supplodo, stamp with the feet.

Rado, shave, scrape; so in abrādo, circumrādo, derādo, erādo; corrado, scrape together.

Rōdo, gnaw.

Abrōdo and derodo, gnaw off; arrodo, nibble; circumrodo, nibble all round; perrodo, gnaw through.

Trudo, thrust, with its compounds: detrudo, thrust down; extrudo, thrust out; protrudo, thrust forwards.

Vado (no perfect or supine), go.

But evādo, evasi, evasum, escape; invado, attack; pervado, go through.

[§ 187.] The following are irregular:

a) With a Reduplication in the Perfect.

Cădo, cecidi, cāsum, fall.

Of the compounds, these have a supine: incido, incidi, incāsum, fall in or upon; occido, set; recido, fall back. The rest have none: concido, sink together; decido, fall down; excido, fall out of; accidit, it happens (used most commonly of a misfortune).

Caedo, cecidi, caesum, cut.

Abscido, abscidi, abscisum, cut off; concido, cut to pieces; incido, cut into; occido, kill; recido, cut away. So decido, excido, praecido, and

others.

Pedo, pepēdi, (peditum,) Téρdeoa.

Pendo, pependi, pensum, weigh.

Appendo, appendi, appensum, weigh out to; expendo, spend, also consider, like perpendo; suspendo, hang from; dependo, pay; impendo, employ upon or in something. See § 179.

Tendo, tetendi, tensum and tentum, stretch.

Extendo, ostendo, protendo, and retendo, have both supines; but ex- and protentum are more frequent; but ostensum. Retentus is found only in Ovid, Metam. iii. 166., retensus only in Phaedrus, iii. 14. 5. Detendo has detensus, in Caes. B. C. iii. 85. ; this participle does not elsewhere occur. The other compounds have only tum in the supine: attendo (sc. animum), attend; contendo (sc. me), strive; distendo, separate, or enlarge by stretching; intendo, strain; obtendo and praetendo, commonly used in the figurative sense of alleging; subtendo, stretch beneath.

Tundo, tutudi, tunsum and tūsum, beat, pound.

The compounds have only tūsum; contundo, contudi, contusum, pound small; extundo, (figurative) elaborate; obtundo and retundo, blunt.

Credo, credidi, creditum, believe.

Accredo, accredĭdi, give credit to.

The compounds of do, except those mentioned in § 171.

Condo, condidi, conditum, build, conceal; abdo, abdidi, hide. So addo, add; dedo, give up; edo, give out, publish; perdo, ruin, lose; reddo, give back, render, with an adjective of quality; trado, deliver; vendo, sell. (The passive vendi, except the participles venditus and vendendus, is rare, and occurs only in late writers; venire is used instead. See § 215. But abscondo appears in the perfect more frequently without the reduplication, abscondi, than with it, abscondidi.)

[§ 188.] b) Making di in the Perfect, and sum in the

Supine.

Accendo, incendo, succendo, -cendi, -censum, light, kindle.

Cudo, forge.

Excudo and procūdo, fashion, hammer out.

Defendo, defend, ward off.

Edo, eat. See § 212.

Exedo and comědo, -ēdi, -ēsum, (but also comestus,) consume. Ibid.

Mando (perfect very rare), chew.

Offendo, offend.

Prehendo, seize; in early times frequently contracted into prendo.

Apprehendo, comprehendo, lay hold of, (figurative) understand; deprehendo, detect, seize in the fact; reprehendo, blame.

Scando, climb.

Ascendo and escendo, climb up; descendo, descend; conscendo and inscendo, mount, embark.

Strido (also strideo), strīdi (no supine), grate, make a harsh noise.

Fundo, fudi, fūsum, pour.

Diffundo, pour out, spread abroad; offundo, pour over; profundo, waste; affundo, confundo, effundo, infundo.

[$ 189.] c) Other Irregularities, especially that of a double s in the Supine.

Cedo, cessi, cessum, yield, go.

Abscedo, go away; accedo, go to; antecedo, surpass; concedo, give way; decedo, go away; discedo, separate myself; excedo, go out; incedo, march; intercedo, come between, interpose; recedo, retreat; succedo, come into one's place.

Findo, fidi, fissum, split.

Diffindo, diffidi, split asunder.

Scindo, scidi, scissum, cut.

Conscindo, conscidi, conscissum, tear to pieces; e. g. vestem, epistolam; discindo, interscindo (e. g. pontem), perscindo, and proscindo have similar meanings. Rescindo, annul. Respecting the forms of abscindo, cut off, and exscindo, destroy, there is considerable doubt. According to Gronovius on Livy, xliv. 5., and Drakenborch on Silius Ital. xv. 473., two analogous formations are now generally distinguished: abscindo, abscidi, abscissum, and exscindo, excidi, excissum; and abscissum and excissum are said to occur where the present is abscindo, exscindo; but abscisum and excisum, where abscido and excido are derived from caedo. But this supposition is contradicted by usage; for we find, e. g., urbes excise, although exscindere urbem is a frequent expression; and all the MSS. of Horace, Serm. ii. 3. 303., have caput abscisum, although we may say abscindere caput. In short, our opinion is that the forms abscissum and exscissum do not exist at all, because, in pronunciation, they are the same as abscisum and excisum, from abscidere and excidere, whose signification is not very different; and, moreover, that the perfect exscidi also is not founded on

any authority, since the s by which it is distinguished is not heard in pronunciation, and is better not introduced in writing. Respecting the pronunciation and orthography, see § 6. and Chap. LXVI. Thus there remain only abscindo, abscidi, abscindere, and excindo, excindere.

Frendo (the perfect does not occur), fressum and fresum, gnash with the teeth; also frendeo, frendere.

Měto, messui, messum, cut, reap.

Deměto, cut off. The perfects messui and demessui are not common; in the sense of reaping, messem feci is more commonly used.

Mitto, misi, missum, send.

Admitto, admit, commit; amitto, lose; committo, intrust, commit a fault; demitto and dimitto, dismiss; emitto, send forth; immitto, send in, against; intermitto, omit; omitto and praetermitto, leave out; permitto, permit; promitto, promise; remitto, send back; submitto, send up, send aid.

Pando, pandi, passum (pansum rare), spread abroad.

Expando has expansum and expassum; dispando only dispansum.

Pěto, petivi (in poetry, especially in compounds, petii), petitum, ask, seek.

Appěto and expěto, strive for; oppeto, encounter; repeto, repeat, seek again; competo, meet together, correspond.

Sido (the perfect and supine usually from sedeo), sit down.

The compounds, too, usually take the perfect and supine from sedeo: consido, consēdi, consessum; so assido, seat myself beside; subsido, sink; insido, sit upon; desido and resido, seat myself down. But the form sidi cannot be entirely denied, either in the simple verb or its compounds.

Sisto, stiti (obsolete), stătum, stop (whence stătus), but sisto, in a neutral sense, makes the perfect and supine from

stare.

The compounds are all intransitive, and have stiti, stĭtum; subsisto, substiti, substitum, stand still; absisto (no supine) and desisto, desist; assisto, place myself beside; consisto, halt, consist; existo, come forth (perf. exist); insisto, tread upon; obsisto and resisto, resist; persisto, persist. Those compounded with dissyllabic prepositions may make the perfect in steti, e. g. circumstěti in Suet. Caes. 82.; Tacit. Ann. xiii. 52.

Sterto, stertui, (no supine,) snore the perf. sterti rests on the authority of the old reading in Ov. Her. viii. 21.

Verto, verti, versum, turn.

Adverto and converto, turn towards; animadverto (animum adverto), turn attention to; averto, turn from; everto, destroy; perverto and subverto,

overturn.

Deverto, turn in to a house of entertainment; praeverto, anticipate; and