[$ 196.] c) Perfect si, Supine sum.

Mergo, mersi, mersum, dip.

Emergo, demergo, and immergo, submergo.

Spargo, sparsi, sparsum, scatter.

Aspergo, conspergo, and respergo, -ersi, -ersum, Lesprinkle; expergo, sprinkle abroad.

Tergo, tersi, tersum, wipe. (See above, § 177.)

Vergo, vergere, incline towards, without perfect and supine.

CHAP. L.

[§ 197.] 5. VERBS WHICH HAVE L, M, N, R, BEFORE 0.

Regular verbs in mo.

Como, compsi, comptum, comere, adorn.

Demo, take away.

Promo, bring out.

Depromo, expromo, the same in signification.

Sumo, take.

Absumo and consumo, consume; assumo, desumo.

Temno, temnere, despise (poetical).

Contemno, contempsi, contemptum, the same meaning.

Irregular.

[§ 198.] a) Conjugated according to the Analogy of the Second Conjugation.

Alo, alui, alitum (or altum), alere, nourish.

Altus occurs in Cicero and Sallust; afterwards alitus becomes the common form, as in Livy and Val. Maximus.

Planc. 33.

See Garatoni on Cic. p.

Colo, colui, cultum, till.

Excolo and percolo strengthen the meaning; incolo, inhabit a country.

Consulo, consului, consultum, ask advice.

Molo, molui, molitum, grind.

Occulo, occului, occultum, conceal.

Fremo, fremui, fremitum, murmur.
Adfremo, confremo.

Gěmo, gemui, gemitum, groan.

Congemo (congemisco), ingěmo (ingemisco), ui, no supine, lament.

Tremo, tremui (no supine), tremble.

Contremo strengthens the meaning.

Vomo, vomui, vomitum, vomit.

Evomo, revomo.

Gigno, beget, has (from the obsolete gěno), genui, genitum.
Ingigno, implant; progigno, bring forth.

Pōno, posui (posivi obs.), põsitum, place.

Antepono, prefer; appono, place by; compono, arrange; depono, lay down; dispono, set out, or in order; expono, explain; oppono, oppose; postpono, to place after; praepono, prefer; sepono, set on one side. Respecting the short o in the perfect and supine see § 18. 3.

(From the obsolete cello)

Antecello, excello, praecello, ui, (without supine,) surpass; but percello, perculi, perculsum, strike down.

[$ 199.] b) Forming the Perfect with Reduplication.

Căno, cecini, cantum, canere, sing.

Succino, succinui, succentum, sing to; so occino (or occano), sing, sound against; concino, ui, harmonize, or, in an active sense, begin a song, without supine, but the substantive concentus is derived from it. Of accino, intercino, and recino (or recano), no perfect or supine is found; but from accino we have the substantive accentus.

Curro, cucurri, cursum, run.

The compounds, accurro, decurro, excurro, incurro, percurro, praecurro, and others, sometimes retain, but more frequently drop the reduplication in the perfect.

Fallo, fefelli, falsum, cheat.

Refello, refelli, (no supine,) refute.

Pello, pepuli, pulsum, drive away.

Appello, appuli, appulsum, come to land. In the same way are conjugated,

compello, urge, compel; depello, propello, repello, drive away; expello, drive out; impello and perpello, urge on.

[$ 200.] c) Making vi in the Perfect.

Cerno, crevi, cretum, separate, see, perceive. In the sense of seeing, perceiving, the verb has neither perfect nor supine. The perfect crevi is used in juristical language in the sense of decrevi, and in the phrase hereditatem cernere for hereditatem adire.

Compounds: Decerno, decrevi, decretum, decree; so discerno, excerno, secerno, separate, distinguish.

Lina, levi (or livi), litum, smear.

Collino, illino, perlino, oblino (participle oblitus, not to be confounded with oblitus from obliviscor), perlino, besmear. There is also a regular verb, of the fourth conjugation, of the same meaning, from which the compounds allinio, circumlinio, illinio, and others used by later writers, are derived.

Sino, sivi, situm, allow. In the perfect subjunctive we find sirim, siris, sirit, along with siverit. (Situs, situated, is perhaps derived from this verb).

Desino, desivi and desii (at least desit for desiit in Martial, see § 160. note, for desierunt is no proof), desitum, cease. (Desitus est is also used as a perfect with the infin. passive, like coeptus est. See § 221.)

Sperno, sprevi, spretum, despise.

Sterno, strāvi, stratum, stretch out on the ground.

Consterno, insterno, spread out (but consterno, as, frighten); prosterno, throw down; substerno, spread under.

Sero, in the sense of sowing, has sēvi, sătum; in that of arranging and connecting together it is said to have serui, sertum, but these forms of the simple verb do not occur, though serta, garlands, is derived from sertum.

The compounds are variously conjugated according to their meaning. Consero and insero make -ui, -ertum, in the sense of joining; -evi, -itum, in the sense of sowing. The following compounds are used only in the sense of joining:- Desero, dissero, exsero, and accordingly make only serui, sertum. That the verbs sero, sevi, and sero, serui, are really the same, is proved by the interchange of inserere and conserere in good authors, of which any dictionary may furnish examples.

Tero, trivi, tritum, rub.

Contero, rub to pieces; attĕro, rub away, injure (perfect also atterui); extero, remove by rubbing.

[$201.] d) Other Irregularities.

Vello, velli, and vulsi (but more frequently velli), vulsum, pluck

out.

The compounds convello, revello, and divello, have only velli in the perfect, but avello and evello have also avulsi and evulsi.

Psallo, psalli, psallere, play on a stringed instrument.
Emo, emi, emptum, buy.

Coěmo, collect by purchase; redimo, purchase back. The signification "take" appears in the compounds adimo, take away; dirimo, divide; eximo, take out; interimo, take away, kill; perimo, destroy.

Premo, pressi, pressum, press.

Comprimo, press together; deprimo, opprimo, supprimo, press down; exprimo, press out.

Gero, gessi, gestum, carry, transact.

Congero, bring together; digero, arrange; ingero, introduce.

Uro, ussi, ustum, burn.

Adūro, kindle; combūro, consume by fire; inuro, burn in, brand; exūro, burn out.

Verro, verri, versum, sweep out.

Quaero, quaesivi, quaesitum, seek.

Another pronunciation of the same word is quaeso. (See § 224.) Acquiro, acquire; conquiro, collect; anquiro, exquiro, inquiro, perquiro, examine; requiro, miss, require.

(Furo), furere, rage (without perfect or supine); insanivi is used as a perfect instead. Even the first person present is not found, though furis and furit are common.

Fĕro, tuli, lātum, ferre, is irregular in several points. See below, § 213.

CHAP. LI.

[§ 202.] 6. VERBS IN SO AND XO.

Depso, depsui, depsitum and depstum knead.

Pinso, pinsui and pinsi, pinsitum and pistum (also pinsum), pound, grind.

Viso, visi, visere, visit. The supine visum belongs to videre, from which visere itself is derived.

Texo, texui, textum, weave.

Compounds frequently with a figurative signification: attero, add; contexo, put together; obtexo, cover; pertexo, carry out; praetexo, add a hem; retexo, to undo that which is woven, destroy.

After the Analogy of the Fourth Conjugation:

Arcesso, or accerso, -īvi, -ītum, summon.

Both modes of writing this word are found in good MSS. and editions; compare Schneider's Elementarlehre, p. 257. foll., and the quotations in Kritz on Sallust, Catil. 40. The infinitive passive arcessiri occurs sometimes, as in Caes. Bell. Gall. v. 11. Oudendorp.

Capesso, undertake.

Facesso, give trouble, especially with negotium and periculum, also equivalent to proficiscor, get off. (facesseris, in Cic. Div. in Q. Caec. 14.) .

Incesso, attack; no supine. Perfect, incessivi: incessi is doubtful (Tac. Hist. iii. 77.), unless we refer to this root, and not to incedo, the frequently occurring phrase, cura, desperatio, &c, incessit animos.

Lacesso, provoke.

[§ 203.] 7. Verbs in sco, either not Inchoatives, or of which the Simple is no longer found.

Cresco, crēvi, crētum, grow.

So also con-, de-, excresco, and without a supine: accresco, incresco, grow up, and succresco, grow up gradually.

Nosco, novi, notum, become acquainted with. The original form is gnosco (Greek yуvóσw), and the g reappears in the compounds, if possible.

The perfect novi takes the signification of the present, "I know" (§ 221.); the supine is mentioned only on account of the compounds, for the participle notus has become an adjective, and the participle future does not occur. The comp. agnosco, recognise, cognosco (perf. cognovi, I know), and recognosco, recognise, have in the supine agnitum, cognitum,