Vacuus, liber, immunis and purus are joined with the ablat. or the preposition ab. See § 468.

[§ 463.] Note 3. A genitive is sometimes joined with egeo, and frequently with indigeo; e. g. Cic.: hoc bellum indiget celeritatis; and following the analogy of plenus the verbs complere and implere are joined with a genitive not only by the poets, but by good prose writers; e. g. Cic. in Verr. v. 57.: quum completus jam mercatorum carcer esset; Cat. Maj. 14.: convivium vicinorum quotidie compleo; ad Fam. ix. 18.: ollam denariorum implere, and in Livy: spei animorumque implere, temeritatis implere.

It is obvious that with many of these verbs the ablative may justly be regarded as an ablativus instrumenti. The verb valere in the sense of "being healthy or well," takes the ablative of the part, as corpore, pedibus, stomacho; in the sense of "being strong," the ablat. joined to it is generally an ablat. instrumenti; e. g. valeo auctoritate, gratia, pecunia, armis; but in many cases it may be regarded also as an ablative of plenty, as in valere eloquentia, equitatu valere.

[§ 464.] 7. Opus est, there is need, is used either as an impersonal verb, in which case it takes, like the verbs denoting want, an ablative, e. g. duce (exemplis) nobis opus est, or personally, in which case the thing needed is expressed by the nominative (just as aliquid mihi necessarium est), e. g. dux nobis The latter construction is opus est, exempla nobis opus sunt. most frequent with the neuters of pronouns and adjectives. Athenienses Philippidem cursorem Lacedaemonem miserunt, ut nuntiaret, quam celeri opus esset auxilio, Nep. Milt. 4. Themistocles celeriter quae opus erant reperiebat, Nep. Them. 1. Note 1. The genitive of the thing needed in Livy, xxii. 51.: temporis opus esse, and xxiii. 21.: quanti argenti opus fuit, is doubtful. But when the thing cannot be expressed by a substantive, we find either the accusat. with the infinitive, or the infinitive alone, the preceding subject being understood: e. g. si quid erit, quod te scire opus sit, scribam, or quid opus est tam valde affirmare, scil. te; or the ablat. of the perfect participle is used with or without a substantive; e. g. Tacito quum opus est, clamas; Livy: maturato opus est, quidquid statuere placet; Cic. ad Att. x. 4.: sed opus fuit Hirtio convento; Liv. vii. 5.: opus sibi esse domino ejus convento. The ablat. of the supine (in u) is less frequent. Priusquam incipias, consulto, et, ubi consulueris, mature facto opus est, Sallust, Cat. 1.

Note 2. Usus est, in the sense of opus est, is likewise used impersonally, as in Livy: ut reduceret naves, quibus consuli usus non esset, of which the consul was not in want.

[§ 465.] 8. The ablative is joined with the deponent verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior and vescor, and their compounds abutor, perfruor, defungor and perfungor.

Hannibal quum victoriā posset uti, frui maluit, Florus.

Qui adipisci veram gloriam volet, justitiae fungatur officiis, Cic. de Off. ii. 13.

Numidae plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur, Sallust, Jug. 89.

[§ 466.] Note. In early Latin these verbs were frequently joined with the accusative, but in the best period of the language it seldom occurs, and only in less correct writers. (In Nepos, Datam. 1.: militare munus fungens is well established, but Eumen. 3.: summam imperii potiri is doubtful, and so are the passages quoted from Cicero with the accusat. See my note on de Off. ii. 23.) This, however, is the reason why even classical writers use the construction with the participle future passive, where otherwise the gerund only could have been used. (See § 657.) Potior occurs (in classical writers) also with the genitive; e.g. regni, imperii, but more especially in the phrase rerum potiri, to assume the supremacy. Apiscor and adipiscor are used by Tacitus in the same sense with a genitive (rerum, dominationis), and Horace goes so far as to join regnare (which is otherwise an intransitive verb) with a genitive, Carm. iii. 30. 12. : agrestium populorum. Utor often signifies "I have," especially when the object (the ablat.) is accompanied by another noun (substant. or adject.) in apposition; e.g. utor te amico, I have you as a friend; Nep.: Hannibal Sosilo Lacedaemonio litterarum Graecarum usus est doctore; Cic.: vide quam me sis usurus aequo, how fair I shall be towards thee.

[§ 467.] 9. The adjectives dignus, indignus and contentus are joined with the ablative of the thing of which we are worthy, unworthy, and with which we are satisfied. Dignari, to be deemed worthy, or, as a deponent, to deem worthy, is construed like dignus.

Si vere aestimare Macedonas, qui tunc fuerunt, volumus, fatebimur, et regem talibus ministris, et illos tanto rege fuisse dignissimos, Curt. iv. in fin.

Quam multi luce indigni sunt, et tamen dies oritur! Senec.

Note. Dignari is used by Cicero only as the passive of the obsolete active dignare, and that not only in the participle, but in the various tenses. The writers of the silver age use it as a deponent; e. g. Sueton. Vespas. 2.: gratias egit ei, quod se honore coenae dignatus esset, that he had thought him worthy. When joined with an infinitive, dignor with those writers signifies "I think proper to do a thing." Dignus, in poetry and unclassical prose writers, is sometimes joined with a genitive, like the Greek atos. When it is followed by a verb, the Latin language generally requires a distinct sentence beginning with a relative pronoun, the verb being put in the subjunctive; sometimes, however, the infinitive is used, as in English. (See § 568.) Contentus is likewise joined with the infinitive of a verb, see § 590. The ablat. with this adjective arises from the meaning of the verb contineri, of which it is, properly speaking, the participle passive; hence in a reflective sense it signifies "confining one's self to," or "satisfying one's self with a thing."

[§ 468.] 10. The verbs of removing, preventing, delivering, and others which denote separation, are construed with the ablative of the thing, without any of the prepositions ab, de or ex;

but when separation from a person is expressed the preposition ab is always used. The principal verbs of this class are: arcere, pellere, depellere, expellere, deturbare, dejicere, ejicere, absterrere, deterrere, movere, amovere, demovere, removere, prohibere, excludere; abire, exire, cedere, decedere, discedere, desistere, evadere, abstinere; liberare, expedire, laxare, solvere, together with the adjectives liber, immunis, purus, vacuus and alienus, which may be used either with the preposition ab or the ablative alone, e. g. liber a delictis and liber omni metu, but the verbs exolvere, exonerare and levare, although implying liberation, are always construed with the ablative alone.

The verbs which denote "to distinguish" and "to differ," viz. distinguere, discernere, secernere, differre, discrepare, dissidere, distare, abhorrere, together with alienare and abalienare, are generally joined only with the preposition ab, and the ablat. alone is rare and poetical; e. g. Tacit. Ann. i. 55.: neque ipse abhorrebat talibus studiis; Ovid, Met. iii. 145.: sol ex aequo metā distabat utraque. The verbs denoting "to differ" are construed also with the dative, and not only in poetry, but sometimes even in prose; e.g. Horat. Epist. i. 18. 4. distat infido scurrae amicus; ibid. ii. 2. 193.: simplex hilarisque nepoti discrepat; Quintil. xii. 10. Graecis Tuscanicae statuae differunt. The same principle is followed by the adjective diversus, as in Quintil. l. c.: Nihil tam est Lysiae diversum quam Isocrates; Horat. Serm. i. 4. 48.: (Comoedia) nisi quod pede certo Differt sermoni, sermo merus.

L. Brutus civitatem dominatu regio liberavit, Cic. p. Planc. 25. Te a quartana liberatum gaudeo, Cic. ad Att. x. 15.

Esse pro cive, qui civis non sit, rectum est non licere, usu vero urbis prohibere peregrinos sane inhumanum est, Cic. de Off. iii.

11.

Apud veteres Germanos quemcunque mortalium arcere tecto nefas habebatur, Tacit. Germ. 21.

Tu, Juppiter, hunc a tuis aris, a tectis urbis, a moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, Cic. in Cat. i. in fin.

[§ 469.] Note 1. The verb separare itself is commonly construed with ab, but the ablative alone is also admissible; e.g. Ovid, Trist. i. 10. 28.: Seston Abydena separat urbe fretum. Evadere is joined by Cicero with ex and ab, but Livy and Sallust use it with the ablat. alone; it may take the accusat. according to § 386.; e. g. evadere amnem, flammam, insidias, silvas, but this occurs only in the silver age. Prohibere, to keep at a distance, prevent, admits of a double construction: the most common is to put the hostile thing or person in the accusative, as hostes prohibere populationibus or ab oppidis; Cic. p. Leg. Man. 7.: a quo periculo prohibete rempublicam, and in the same chapter: erit humanitatis vestrae, magnum horum civium numerum calamitate prohibere. In like manner defendere is joined with the accusative of the thing to be warded off, or of the thing or person to be defended. In

the former sense defendere is commonly used with the accusat. alone, as defendere nimios ardores solis, but ab aliquo may also be added; in the latter sense ab is very frequently joined to it, as a periculo, a vi, ab injuria. After the analogy of prohibere, the verb interdicere alicui is used almost more frequently with the ablative, aliqua re, than with the accusat. aliquid; e. g. Caes. Bell. Gall. i. 46.: Ariovistus omni Gallia interdixit Romanis; Quintil. vi. 3. 79. quod ei domo sua interdixisset, and hence the well known formula alicui aqua et igni interdicere. See the excellent disquisition of Perizonius on Sanctius, Minerv. p. 345. foll. ed. sexta; comp. § 418.

The dative with verbs denoting "to differ," is attested by a sufficient number of passages; but it is impossible to ascertain what was the practice with the verbs denoting "to distinguish," for there are no decisive passages. Horace says vero distinguere falsum, turpi secernere honestum, secernere privatis publica, but it is uncertain whether vero, turpi and privatis, are datives or ablatives. The poets now and then use the dative instead of ab with the ablat., with verbs denoting separation; e. g. Virg. Eclog. vii. 47.: solstitium pecori defendite; Georg. iii. 155.: oestrum arcebis gravido pecori; Horat. Carm. i. 9. 17.: donec virenti canities abest. For otherwise abesse is always joined with ab. (Comp. however § 420.) Dissentire, dissidere and discrepare, are construed also with cum, and discordare cum aliquo is more frequent than ab aliquo. The genitive, which is sometimes joined by poets to verbs of separation, is entirely Greek; e. g. Plaut. Rud. i. 4. 27.: me omnium jam laborum levas; Horat. Carm. ii. 9. 17.: desine mollium tandem querelarum; ibid. iii. 27. 69.: abstineto irarum calidaeque rixae; ibid. iii. 17. in fin.: cum famulis operum solutis; Serm. ii. 3. 36.: morbi purgatus; and according to this analogy the genitive is used also with adjectives of the same meaning, Horat. Serm. ii. 2. 119.: operum vacuus; de Art. Poet. 212.: liber laborum; Carm. i. 22. purus sceleris. So Tacitus, Annal. i. 49., uses diversus with the genitive instead of ab aliqua re.

[$ 470.] Note 2. The adjective alienus (strange), in the sense of "unfit" or "unsuited," is joined either with the ablative alone or with ab.; e. g. Cic. de Off. i. 13. fraus quasi vulpeculae, vis leonis videtur, utrumque homine alienissimum est; non alienum putant dignitate, majestate sua, institutis suis; but Cicero just as often uses the preposition ab. In the sense of “disaffected" or "hostile" alienus always takes ab; e. g. homo alienus a litteris, animum alienum a causa nobilitatis habere. In the former sense of “ unsuited,” being the opposite of proprius (§ 411.), it may also be joined with the genitive; e. g. Cic. de Fin. i. 4. : quis alienum putet ejus esse dignitatis, and in the latter (after the analogy of inimicus) with the dative, as Cic. p. Caec. 9. : id dicit quod illi causae maxime est alienum. Alius too is sometimes found with the ablative, which may be regarded as an ablative of separation; e. g. Horat. Epist. i. 16. 20.: neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum; Epist. ii. 1. 239. alius Lysippo; Phaedr. Prolog. lib. iii. 41.: alius Sejano; Varro, de R. R. iii. 16.: quod est aliud melle; Cic. ad Fam. xi. 2., in speaking of Brutus and Cassius, says: nec quidquam aliud libertate communi quaesisse. But this ablat. may also be compared with the ablat. joined to comparatives.

[§ 471.] 11. The ablative is used with esse (either expressed or understood) to denote a quality of a person or a thing (ablativus qualitatis). But the ablative is used only when the substantive denoting the quality does not stand alone (as in the

case of the genitive, see § 426.), but is joined with an adjective or pronoun-adjective. Hence we cannot say, e. g. Caesar fuit ingenio, or homo ingenio, a man of talent (which would be expressed by an adjective), but we say Caesar magno, summo, or excellenti ingenio, or homo summo ingenio.

Agesilaus statura fuit humili et corpore exiguo, Nepos.

Omnes habentur et dicuntur tyranni, qui potestate sunt perpetua in ea civitate, quae libertate usa est, Nep. Milt.

L. Catilina, nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque, Sallust, Cat. 5:

Prope (Hennam) est spelunca quaedam, infinita altitudine, qua Ditem patrem ferunt repente cum curru extitisse, Cic. in Verr. iv. 48.

Note. The explanation of the ablative of quality by the ellipsis of praeditus is only intended to suggest some mode of accounting for the fact of a substantive being joined with an ablative. With the same object in view we prefer connecting the ablative with esse or its participle ens (though it does not occur), in the absence of which a substantive enters into an immediate connection with an ablative, without being grammatically dependent upon it: claris natalibus est, he is of noble birth; vir claris natalibus, homo antiqua virtute et fide. With regard to the difference between the ablative and the genitive of quality, the genitive is more comprehensive, all ideas of measure being expressed by this case alone; but in other respects the distinction is not very clear. In general, however, it may be said, that the genitive is used more particularly to express inherent qualities, and the ablative both inherent and accidental qualities. Thus, in speaking of transitory qualities or conditions, the ablative is always used, as bono animo sum, maximo dolore eram, and Cicero, ad Att. xii. 52., by using the genitive summi animi es, suggests that he is speaking of something permanent, not merely transitory. See Krüger's Grammat. p. 532. The genitive of plural substantives is rare. Sometimes the two constructions, with the ablative and the genitive, are found combined; e. g. Cic. ad Fam. iv. 8.: neque monere te audeo, praestanti prudentia virum, nec confirmare maximi animi hominem ; ibid. i. 7.: Lentulum eximia spe, summae virtutis adolescentem; Nep. Datam. 3.: Thyum, hominem maximi corporis terribilique facie-optima veste texit.

[$ 472.] 12. The ablative with the preposition cum is used to express the manner in which any thing is done (usually indicated by adverbs), provided the manner is expressed by a substantive; e. g. cum fide amicitiam colere; litterae cum cura diligentiaque scriptae; cum voluptate audire; cum dignitate potius cadere, quam cum ignominia servire, are equivalent to fideliter colere, diligenter scriptae, libenter audire, &c. If an adjective is joined with the substantive, the ablative alone (ablativus modi) is generally used, and the preposition cum is joined to it only