Hominis mens discendo alitur et cogitando, Cic. de Off.. Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, Cato nihil largiundo gloriam adeptus est, Sallust, Cat. 54.

Superstitione tollenda non tollitur religio, Cic. de Divin. ii. in fin. Fortitudo in laboribus periculisque subeundis cernitur, temperantia in praetermittendis voluptatibus, prudentia in delectu bonorum et malorum, justitia in suo cuique tribuendo, Cic. de Fin. v.

23.

Note. The ablative of the gerund is very rarely employed in any other way: Cic. de Off. i. 15.: nullum officium referenda gratia magis necessarium est; instead of relatione gratiae; Liv. vi. 14.: nec jam possidendis publicis agris contentos esse instead of possessione agrorum. To the prepositions found with the ablative of the gerund we must add pro, which occurs in a passage of Livy, xxiii. 28.: pro ope ferenda sociis pergit ire ipse ad urbem deditam nuper in fidem Romanorum oppugnandam, instead of giving assistance to his allies. An irregular use of the ablat. of the gerund occurs in Tacit. Ann. xiv. 4.: Nero matrem prosequitur abeuntem, artius oculis et pectori haerens, sive explenda simulatione seu periturae matris supremus aspectus quamvis ferum animum retinebat, where the ablat. is employed for the dative; Ann. iii. 19. : is finis fuit ulciscenda Germanici morte,-here the ablative implies time: "in avenging the death of Germanicus."

CHAP. LXXXIII.

USE OF THE SUPINE.

[§ 668.] 1. THE two Supines are, in form, cases of a verbal substantive of the fourth declension. The first supine, or that in um, is the accusative, and the second, or that in u, may be either the dative or the ablative, according to § 81. But with regard to construction, the supine in um remains a true part of a verb, for it does not govern the genitive, but the case of the verb. The supine in u does not govern any case, and for this reason we assign to it a passive meaning.

2. The supine in um is used with verbs which express motion to a place; e. g. ire, proficisci, contendere, pergere, festinare, venire, mittere, trajicere: and it indicates the object; e. g. cubitum ire, to go to sleep: exploratum, speculatum, aquatum, frumentatum, pabulatum mittere, oratum obsecratumque venire;-or

with a case depending on the supine, Cicero: mittit rogatum ea vasa; Livy: legati venerunt questum injurias et res repetitum ; Virgil: non ego Grajis servitum matribus ibo. The same meaning is implied in the expression alicui nuptum dare (or tradere, collocare), to give a woman in marriage. But the Latin writers in general prefer using the gerund in the accusat. with ad, or in the genit. with causa, or the participle future active, instead of the supine.

Philippus Argis a Pausania, quum spectatum ludos iret, juxta theatrum occisus est, Nep. de Reg. 2.

[§ 669.] Note. Eo, is, it, with the supine literally signifies "I go to do a thing," and hence "I intend," or "am going to." Instances of this meaning occur in Plautus and Terence, and in the prose of the period after the time of Cicero, who himself does not make use of it (comp. Cic. ad Fam. xiv. i. 5.), for the periphrastic conjugation by means of esse and the participle future active expresses the same meaning; e. g. Terent. Andr. i. 1. 107.: Mea Glycerium, quid agis? cur te is perditum? Heaut. ii. 3. 74.: in mea vita tu tibi laudem is quaesitum, scelus? villain, do you intend to acquire fame at the cost of my life? In like manner Sallust, Jug. 85.: ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum praemia ereptum eunt; and in the infinitive, Liv. xxviii. 41.: qui te in Italia retineret, materiam gloriae tuae isse ereptum videri posset; in the same chapt.: Hoc natura prius est, quum tua defenderis, aliena ire oppugnatum. In dependent clauses however this mode of speaking is used as a mere circumlocution for a simple verb, the relation to the future being implied in the conjunction or (with the infinitive) in the leading verb; Sallust, Cat. 52.: Sint sane misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, et, dum paucis sceleratis parcunt, bonos omnes perditum eant, equivalent to perdant; Liv. xxxii. 22.: obtestatus filium, ut consulere Achaeos communi saluti pateretur, neu pertinacia sua gentem universam perditum iret, i. e. perderet; Sallust, Jug. 68.: ultum ire injurias festinat, i.e. ulcisci; Liv. xxxix. 10.: vitricus ergo tuus pudicitiam, famam, spem vitamque tuam perditum ire hoc facto properat; Curt. x. 25. (comp. Tacit. Ann. xvi. 1.): Meleagri temeritatem armis ultum ire decreverant; Tacit. Ann. xiii. 17.: illusum isse, instead of illusisse; xii. 45.: (belli causas confingit, se) eam injuriam excidio ipsius ultum iturum, for ulturum esse.

But it must be observed, that the form of the infinitive future passive, perditum iri, is derived from the proper signification of perditum ire, to go to destroy, the notion of going or intending easily passing over into that of futurity.

[§ 670.] 3. The supine in u has a passive sense, and is used after the substantives fas, nefas, and opus, and after the adjectives good or bad, agreeable or disagreeable, worthy or unworthy, easy or difficult, and some others of similar meaning. Of the adjectives which are joined with this supine, the following occur most frequently: honestus, turpis, jucundus, facilis, incredibilis, memorabilis, utilis, dignus and indignus. But the number of

these supines actually in use in good prose is very small, and almost limited to the following: dictu, auditu, cognitu, factu, inventu, memoratu, to which we may add natu (by birth, according to age), which occurs in the expressions grandis, major, minor, maximus, and minimus natu. But we also find magno natu, of an advanced age, and maximo natu filius, the eldest son, where natu is the ablative of a verbal substantive.

Later prose writers, however, use a great many other supines in u, and it cannot be denied that this form adds considerably to the conciseness of the Latin language.

Pleraque dictu quam re sunt faciliora, Liv. xxxi. 38. Quid est tam jucundum cognitu atque auditu, quam sapientibus sententiis gravibusque verbis ornata oratio? Cic. de Orat. i. 8.

[§ 671.] Note. The best writers however prefer using facilis, difficilis, and ucundus with ad and the gerund: res facilis ad judicandum, ad intelligendum; or the neuter (it is easy, &c.) with the infinitive active: facile est invenire, existimare, cognoscere. In some cases there exist verbal nouns, as lectio, cognitio, potus, which are used in the dative or ablative in the same sense as the supines lectu, cognitu, potu; e. g. Plin. Hist. Nat. xxiii. 8.: arbutus fructum fert difficilem concoctioni; vi. 8.: aqua potui jucunda; and Cicero frequently says res cognitione dignae. Dignus is most commonly followed by the relative pronoun with the subjunctive (see § 568.), and it is only the poets and later prose writers that join it with the infinitive passive.

SYNTAXIS ORNATA.

THE preceding portion of this Grammar contains the rules according to which the forms of the declinable parts of speech (cases, tenses, and moods) are employed in the Latin language for the purpose of forming sentences. Hence that section is called Syntaxis Regularis. If we observe those rules, the language (whether spoken or written) is grammatically correct (emendata, grammatica). It now remains to treat of certain peculiarities of the Latin idiom, which we meet with in the works of the best authors, and the use of which gives to the language its peculiar Latin colouring (color Latinus, Latine

scribere). A systematic collection of remarks of this kind is commonly termed Syntaxis Ornata.

These remarks, however, cannot be reduced to fixed rules, and their application must be left entirely to the discretion of the individual writer; for when used too frequently or improperly, they render the Latin style affected and unpleasant, instead of embellishing it. The beginner must also beware of supposing that the following remarks contain the whole secret of a good Latin style. A good style depends for the most part upon the application of general principles in expressing correct thoughts in an appropriate manner. These principles are the same for all languages, and are explained in rhetoric, a distinct and highly important branch of mental cultivation. But we are here offering a supplement to the Latin Syntax, and can accordingly discuss only those points which are either peculiar to the Latin language as a language, or at least belong to it more peculiarly than to the English, with which alone we have here to compare it. Many peculiarities have already been discussed in the Syntax, especially in the notes, and it will not be difficult to find them by means of the Index.

We shall comprise all we have to say under four heads: 1. Peculiarities in the use of the Parts of Speech; 2. Pleonasm ; 3. Ellipsis; 4. Arrangement of Words and Structure of Periods.

CHAP. LXXXIV.

PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

A. Substantives.

[§ 672.] 1. THE place of an adjective, in case of a particular stress being laid upon it, is often supplied by a substantive expressing the quality in the abstract, and the other substantive is accordingly joined to it in the genitive; e. g. in hac (ţanta) varietate studiorum consensus esse non potest, i. e. in his tam variis studiis; Cic. de Orat. iii. 35.: quum Aristoteles florere Isocratem nobilitate discipulorum videret, i. e. nobilibus or claris

discipulis; p. Rosc. Am. 17.: in hanc calamitatem venit propter praediorum bonitatem et multitudinem.

[§ 673.] 2. In stating the age at which a person performed any action, it is not customary in Latin to use the abstract nouns pueritia, adolescentia, juventus, senectus, &c., with the preposition in, but the concrete nouns puer, adolescens, juvenis, senex, &c., are joined to the verb (§ 304.). The same frequently takes place in stating the number of years that a person has lived, provided there are adjectives ending in enarius, with this meaning, as tricenarius, sexagenarius, octogenarius, perhaps also vicenarius, septuagenarius, nonagenarius (see § 119.). Those in ennis from annus are less frequently used in the sense of substantives.

[§ 674.] 3. When official titles are used to indicate time, the concrete nouns usually take their place; e. g. instead of ante or post consulatum Ciceronis, it is preferable to say ante or post Ciceronem consulem; and instead of in consulatu Ciceronis, it is better to use the ablat. absolute, Cicerone consule, and in like manner with the substantive pronouns, ante or post te praetorem is more common than ante or post praeturam tuam, and te praetore is better than in praetura tua.

[§ 675.] 4. Sometimes abstract nouns are used instead of concrete ones; thus we frequently find nobilitas for nobiles, juventus for juvenes, vicinia for vicini, servitium for servi, levis armatura for leviter armati. Other words of this kind, as remigium for remiges, matrimonium for uxores, ministerium for ministri, and advocatio for advocati, are less common, and occur only here and there. See Drakenborch on Livy, iii. 15., and on Silius Ital. xv. 748. Adolescentia is not used in this way; it only signifies the age of an adolescens, but is never equivalent to adolescentes as juventus is to juvenes.

We must add that the neuters nihil and quidquam are sometimes used instead of the masculines nemo and quisquam, as in the expressions hoc victore nihil moderatius est; non potest insipiente fortunato quidquam fieri intolerabilius, Cic. Lael. 15.

[§ 676.] 5. Names of nations are used as adjectives, and joined to other substantives which denote persons, as miles Gallus, Syrus philosophus. Comp. § 257.

The use of substantives in tor and trix as adjectives has been sufficiently explained above (§ 102.) They are most frequently joined as predicates to the substantive animus, as in Sallust: