plur. Quirites, Samnites; and ĕris only in cinis, cucumis, and pulvis, gen. pulveris, cucumĕris, and cinĕris. Glis has gliris ; pollis (the existence of which, in the nominative, cannot be proved, so that some suppose pollen to have been the nom.) and sanguis have pollinis, sanguinis (but the compound exsanguis remains in the genit. exsanguis); semis, being a compound of as, makes semissis. Greek words which have the genit. in cos or ews form their genit. in Latin in is, without increase; but, if their genit. is dos, they increase in Latin and have idis. Of the former kind we have only the verbal substantives in sis, as basis, mathesis, the names of towns compounded with wous, e. g. Neapolis, and a few other proper names of the feminine gender, such as Lachesis, Nemesis, Syrtis, Charybdis. All other proper and common nouns regularly make the genitive in idis; tigris alone has both forms, and ibis, ibidis, takes in the plural the shorter form ibes. Later authors use the genitive in is, and the dative and ablative in i, instead of idis, idi, ide, in other cases also, such as Serapis, Tanais, for Serapidis, Tanaidis, and in the dat. and ablat. Serapi and Tanai, for Serapidi, Serapide, and Tanaidi, Tanaide. (See below, § 62.) Salamis stands alone by making its genitive Salaminis (from a nominative Salamin).

[§ 59.] d) Those in os sometimes have ōtis, as cos, dos, nepos, sacerdos, and sometimes ōris, like ōs (the mouth), flos, glos, mos, ros, and in like manner honōs and lepōs, the more common forms for honor* and lepor. Custos makes custōdis ; os (bone), ossis ; bos, bovis. The adjectives compos and impos have potis. The Greek masculines herōs, Minōs, and Trōs have ōis, and some neuters in os, such as Argos, epos, occur only in the nominative and accusative.

e) Of the words in us, the feminines in us make their genitive in ūtis, as virtus, juventus, senectus; or ūdis, as the three words incus, palus, and subscus. Tellus alone has telluris, and Venus, Veneris. The neuters in us have sometimes ĕris, viz. foedus, funus, genus, latus, munus, olus, onus, opus, pondus, scelus, sidus, ulcus, vulnus; and sometimes oris, as corpus, decus, dedecus, facinus, fenus, frigus, litus, nemus, pectus, pecus, which in an

* Cicero uses throughout only honos (for Philip. ix. 6. must be corrected from the Vatican MS.), and there is no doubt but that honor in the fragm. Pro Tullio, § 21. ed. Peyron, must likewise be changed into honos.

other sense has pecudis, pignus, stercus, tempus, and the noun epicene lepus, leporis, a hare. All monosyllables which have a long u, form their genitive in uris, as crus, jus, pus, rus, tus, and mus. Grus and sus have uis: gruis, suis; the adjective vetus, veteris, and intercus, intercutis. Greek proper names in us have untis, as Amathus, Selinus, Trapezus; the compounds of Toús make podis, as tripus and Oedipus, which name, however, is sometimes made to follow the second declension, the us being in that case shortened. Polypus always follows the

second.

f) Greek words in ys make the genitive yis, contracted ys, or altogether in the Greek form yos. Some few, as chlamys, have ydis.

g) The only nouns ending in aes are aes, aeris, and praes, praedis.

h) There are only two words in aus, viz. laus and fraus, of which the genitives are laudis, fraudis.

2) Among the nouns ending in s preceded by a consonant, those in ls (except puls), ns, and rs, change the s into tis, e. g. fons, mons, pons, ars, pars, Mars—fontis, partis, &c. There are only a few, such as frons (a branch), glans, juglans, and some others, which make dis—frondis; but frons (the forehead) makes frontis. The other words in s with a consonant before it, that is, those in bs, ps, and ms, form their genitive in bis, pis, mis, e. g. urbs, urbis; plebs, plebis; stirps, stirpis; hiems, hiemis, which is the only word of this termination. Caelebs has caelibis; the compounds of capio ending in ceps have ipis, as princeps, particeps-principis, participis; auceps alone has aucupis. The compounds of caput, which likewise end in ceps, such as anceps, praeceps, biceps, triceps, make their genitive in cipitis, like căput, capitis. Greek words follow their own rules: those in ops make opis, as Pelops, epops, merops; or ōpis, as Cyclops, hydrops. Gryps (a griffin) has gryphis, and Tiryns, Tirynthis.

10. The termination t occurs only in caput and its compounds, gen. capitis.

[§ 60.] 11. The genitive of words in z varies between cis and gis, according as the x has arisen from cs or gs, which may be ascertained by the root of the word. The former is more common, and thus the following monosyllables with a

consonant before the x make their genit. in cis: arx, calx, falx, lanx, merx; gis occurs only in the Greek words phalanx, sphinx, and syrinx.

But when the x is preceded by a vowel, it must be ascertained whether this vowel remains unchanged, and whether it is long or short. The Latin words in ax have ācis, as pax, fornax, and the adjectives, e. g. audax, efficax. Fax alone has a short a, făcis. Greek words too have mostly ācis, as thorax, Ajax, and only a few have acis, as corax, climax, while the names of men in nax have nactis, such as Astyanax, Demonax. Words in ex generally make their genitive in icis, as judex, artifex, supplex; but égis occurs in rex and lex, and ĕgis in aquilex, grex, Lelex; ěcis in nex, foenisex, and in precis (from prex which is not used); ēcis in vervex, Myrmex. Remex has remigis; senex, senis; and supellex, supellectilis. The words in ix sometimes make their genitive in icis and sometimes in icis. Of the former kind are cervix, cicatrix, cornix, coturnix, lodix, perdix, phoenix, radix, vibix, and all the words in trix denoting women, such as nutrix, victrix, and the adjectives felix and pernix, and probably also appendix; icis occurs in calix, choenix, coxendix, filix, fornix, fulix, hystrix, larix, natrix, pix, salix, varix, and Cilix. Nix has nivis, and strix, strigis. The words ending in or have ōcis, e. g. vox, vōcis; ferox, ferōcis; but two words have ocis, viz. Cappadox and the adjective praecox. Nox has noctis; Allobrox, Allobrõgis. The following words in ur form the genitive in ucis: crux, dux, nux, and the adjective trux; the u is long only in two words, viz. lux and Pollux, genit. lūcis, Pollucis. Conjux (conjunx is established on better authorities) has conjugis, and frux (which, however, does not occur), frugis. The words in yr are Greek, and vary very much in the formation of their genitive: it may be ycis (Eryx), īcis (bombyx), ÿgis (Japyx, Phryx, Styx), ÿgis (coccyx), and ychis (onyx). There is only one word ending in aex, viz. faex, gen. faecis, and in aux only faux, gen. faucis.

CHAP. XV.

THE REMAINING CASES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

[§ 61.] ALL the remaining cases follow the genitive in regard to the changes we have mentioned. It should be remarked that any other of the oblique cases might have been chosen, instead of the genitive, for the purpose of showing the changes in which all participate; but we have followed the common practice. It now only remains to give a tabular view of the terminations.

Examples for exercise are contained in the preceding chapter; but we subjoin the following words, either with or without adjectives, as exercises in which the student may also apply the rules contained in the next chapters: Sol splendens (lucidus), the shining sun; agger eminens (altus), a high mole; pater prudens (providus), the prudent father; dolor levis (parvus), a slight pain; uxor concors (fida), a faithful wife; leo nobilis (superbus), a noble lion; virgo erubescens (pudica), the blushing maiden; urbs vetus (vetusta), the ancient town; lex acris (aspera), a severe law; frons tristis (severa), a grave forehead; civitas immunis (libera), a free city; cassis fulgens (splendida), a brilliant helmet; judex clemens (benignus), a mild judge; miles fortis (strenuus), a brave soldier; avis cantrix (canora), a singing bird; rupes praeceps (ardua), a steep rock; calcar acre (acutum), a sharp spur; animal turpe (foedum), an ugly animal; carmen dulce (gratum), a sweet poem; corpus tenue (macrum), a thin body; ingens (vastum) mare, the vast sea; sidus radians (aureum), the radiant star.

Remarks on the separate Cases.

1. Cicero commonly, and other authors of the best age frequently, make the genitive of Greek proper names ending in es, i instead of is. Thus in the most accurate and critical editions we read Isocrati, Timarchidi, Theophani, Aristoteli, Praxiteli, and even Herculi; i instead of is is found most frequently (even in ordinary editions) in the names ending in cles, as Agathocli, The genitive i is Diocli, Neocli, Procli, Pericli, Themistocli. used also in barbarian names in es, which were introduced through the Greek into the Latin language, such as Ariobarzani, Mithridati, Hystaspi, Xerxi, and others. The genitives Achilli and Ulixi, which likewise frequently occur in Cicero, probably arose from the contraction of Achillei and Ulixei first into Achillei and Ulixei, and then of ei into i, which had the same sound. (See above, Chap. XII. 4.) After the time of Cicero, however, the genitive in is alone was used.

[§ 62.] 2. Many words in is make the accusative singular im instead of em, viz. —

*

a) All Greek nouns, proper as well as common, and such as have passed through the Greek into the Latin, and form the accusative in that language in w; but those which have in Greek both terminations v and ida (i. e. the barytons in is, gen. idos) may in Latin also have the accusative in idem, though it does not often occur. The ordinary Latin accusative of such words therefore is: basim, poësim, paraphrasim, Charybdim, Neapolim, Persepolim, Tanaim, and of those which make their genitive in dos, idis, at least when they are proper names, the accusatives Agim, Memphim, Osirim, Parim, Phalarim, Serapim, Tigrim, Zeuxim, &c., are more frequent than, e. g., Busiridem, Paridem. But in feminine derivatives from names of places and in substantives (properly adjectives) in tis, and especially itis, the accusative in idem is more frequent, e. g. Limnatidem, Phthiotidem, arthritidem, pleuritidem. The accusative in im for idem, therefore, does not prove that the genitive

* Those which in Greek end in ís, gen. ídos (oxytona), have in Greek only ida, and in Latin only idem: e. g. aegis, pyramis, tyrannis, Thais, Bacchis, Lais, Chalcis, and especially the feminine patronymics and gentile names, such as Aeneis, Heracleis, Thebais, Aeolis, Doris, Phocis.