me consulit; Cic. in Rull. ii. 15.: Commodum erit Pergamum -totam denique Asiam populi Romani factam esse dicere: utrum oratio ad ejus rei disputationem deerit, an impelli non poterit t falsum judicet? The future perfect is particularly frequent in these sentences, as Cic. in Verr. iii. 2.: Furem aliquem aut rapacem accusaris; vitanda tibi semper erit omnis avaritiae suspicio. Maleficum quempiam adduxeris aut crudelem: cavendum erit semper, ne qua in re asperior aut inhumanior fuisse videare; Hor. Serm. ii. 3. 292.: casus medicusve levarit aegrum ex praecipiti, mater delira necabit, "should chance or the physician have saved him," i. e. "if chance, &c., has saved him, the mother will destroy him;" Terent. Phorm. i. 2. 35.: omnes noris, "if you know one, you know all.” imperf. and pluperf. subjunctive, in supposing a known not to be a real one; in Verr. iii. 97.: negaret hac aestimatione se usum: vos id homini credidisse videremini, for si negaret; de Off. iii. 19.: Dares hanc vim M. Crasso, ut digitorum percussione heres posset scriptus esse, qui re vera non esset heres: in foro, mihi crede, saltaret; Plin. Epist. i. 12. : Dedisses huic animo par corpus, fecisset quod optabat, for si dedisses.

Unum cognoris,

Also with the

case which is

[§ 781.] 23. The conjunctions vero, autem, are frequently omitted in adversative clauses, especially in short ones, the opposition being indicated by the position of the members of the proposition; e. g. Cic. in Rull. ii. 8.: Non defuit consilium : fides erga plebem Rom. defuit; Liv. xxii. 51.: vincere scit Hannibal, victoria uti nescit; Senec. Epist. 88.: ego, quid futurum sit, nescio, quid fieri possit scio; Plin. Epist. iii. 20.: multi famam, conscientiam pauci verentur; Cic. ad Att. ix. 10.: Sulla potuit, ego non potero? de Fin. v. 32.: An Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi non facere poterunt? "and should our philosophers not do it?" in Cat. i. 1.: An vero vir amplissimus P. Scipio Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae privatus interfecit: Catilinam, orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? And it occurs in this manner frequently, in describing a progress from smaller to greater things. We must add the remark that non in a second negative member of a proposition, e. g. aliena vitia videt, sua non videt, is thus used without the conjunction et or vero; Cic. Cat. Maj. 11.: Tantum cibi et potionis adhibendum, ut reficiuntur vires, non opprimantur ; Tusc.

iii. 18. A gravibus et antiquis philosophis medicina petenda est, non ab his voluptariis. But et (ac) non must be used in unreal suppositions, or ironical sentences, where the second member contains the truth. Here we may supply "rather," or "as is really the case" (see above, § 334.); Cic. de Off. i. 2.: si sibi consentiat, et non interdum naturae bonitate vincatur; in Rull. ii. 26. usus est hoc verbo, exhauriendam esse plebem, quasi de aliqua sentina, ac non de optimorum civium genere loqueretur ; p. Rosc. Am. 33. Quasi nunc id agatur -ac non hoc quaeratur. Potius is actually used in Cic. de Orat. i. 22.: Quando enim me ista curasse aut cogitasse arbitramini, et non semper irrisisse potius eorum hominum impudentiam; in Cat. ii. 6.: quis denique ita adspexit ut perditum civem ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem, which is equivalent to quasi perditus esset civis, ac non importunissimus hostis.

[§ 782.] 24. The conjunction is likewise omitted when two single words as comprehending the whole idea are opposed to each other; e. g. velim nolim, "whether I would or not; maxima minima, "the greatest as well as the least; " prima postrema, "from the first to the last;" dignos indignos adire, "both those who do and those who do not deserve it; "ire redire, "to go to and fro." Thus Cic. in Verr. iv. 54.: Aedificiis omnibus publicis privatis, sacris profanis sic pepercit; Sall, Cat. 11. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium bonus ignavus aeque sibi exoptant, at which passage Corte quotes several similar ones.

[§ 783.] 25. Et is very frequently omitted in mentioning the names of two colleagues; e. g. Consules declarati sunt Cn. Pompejus, M. Crassus; quo anno Cn. Pompejus, M. Crassus consules fuerunt; Cn. Pompejo, M. Crasso consulibus; and so also Cic. in Verr. i. 41.: ab A. Postumio, Q. Fulvio censoribus; ibid. 14.: P. Lentulo, L. Triario quaestoribus urbanis. But sometimes also when the names of two persons stand in another relation to each other; e. g. Cic. Brut. 74.: Mitto L. Laelium, P. Scipionem; de Off. ii. 17.: dicebat idem Cotta, Curio; ibid. ii. 19.: commendare judicibus, magistratibus. Respecting another customary omission of the conjunction in certain formulae, see § 740. In other combinations et is seldom omitted with two words, in the oratorical style; e. g. Cic. in Verr. i. 48.: aderant amici, propinqui; ii. 24. inimicus, hostis esses; iii. 55.: dejectos fortunis omnibus, expulsos. See my note on Cic. in Verr. ii. 78., § 192

Also with verbs; e. g. Cic. Divin. 4.: Adsunt, queruntur Siculi universi; p. Lig. 4.: Italia prohibetur, exulat. If three or more substantives are joined, it is usual, in good prose, either to omit the conjunction in all cases, or to insert it between each; thus either amicitiam summa fide, constantia, justitia servavit, or summa fide et constantia et justitia; Cic. p. Muren. 8. may serve as an example for both cases: qui non modo Curiis, Catonibus, Pompejis, antiquis illis, sed his recentibus Mariis et Didiis et Coeliis commemorandis jacebant. This is also the more common practice with adjectives and verbs. Hence it is not proper to conclude an enumeration of several persons or things with et alii, et ceteri, et cetera, but rather without et, thus, ali, ceteri, reliqui, reliqua. We must, however, observe that though et, ac, and atque are not used alone in the third or fourth place, yet the enclitic que very frequently occurs in this position; as e. g. Cic. p. Muren. 1.: precor· ut ea res vobis populoque Romano pacem, tranquillitatem, otium concordiamque afferat; and afterwards idem ego sum precatus, ut ea res fauste, feliciter prospereque eveniret, and ut ab hujus honore, fama fortunisque omnibus inimicorum impetus propulsare possim, and in a great many other passages.

[§ 784.] 26. We may likewise suppose an ellipsis of the conjunction et, when two protases introduced by si are joined together; where we say "if -and if," or "if — and," omitting the second "if." Examples of this kind are common. Comp. Cic. de Off. iii. 9. Haec est vis hujus anuli et hujus exempli: Si nemo sciturus, nemo ne suspicaturus quidem sit, cum aliquid injuste feceris, si id diis hominibusque futurum sit semper ignotum, sisne facturus. An ellipsis of the conjunction ut is supposed when ne precedes, and the mere et is used to continue the sentence; e. g. Curt. viii. 50.: monere coepit Porum, ne ultima experiri perseveraret, dederetque se victori; Nep. Eum. 6.: Olympias ab Eumene petüt, ne pateretur Philippi domus et familiae inimicissimos stirpem quoque interimere, ferretque opem liberis Alexandri, and a little before huic ille primum suasit ne se moveret et expectaret, where the copulative conjunctions et, atque, que obtain the meaning of the adversative sed. Comp. § 774.

[§ 785.] 27. We may here mention in conclusion that a praenomen which belongs to two persons in common is only put once in the plural, before the other names, e. g. Cic. in Rull. ii.

5. Tib. et Gajus Gracchi; Cat. Maj. 9.: mihi Gnaeus et Publius Scipiones—fortunati videbantur; Liv. i. 42.: Servius duas filias juvenibus regiis, Lucio atque Arunti Tarquiniis, jungit. Also when two names belong to two persons in common, as Cic. in Verr. i. 39.: cum Q. et Cn. Postumis Curtiis; Brut. 25.: orationes L. et C. Aureliorum Orestarum. Such persons are usually brothers, and the word fratres is added, Cic. Brut. 69.: Eodem tempore C. et L. Caepasi fratres fuerunt. The singular is not so frequent, but still occurs in Cic. p. Rab. perd. 7.: Cn. et L. Domitius; Liv. vi. 22.: Sp. et L. Papirius; Sueton. Caes. 80. Marcoque et D. Bruto, which is attested by MSS. The same is done with other substantives; Vell. Pat. ii. 67.: legio Martia et quarta; Brutus in Cic. ad Fam. xi. 19.: quum putarem quartam et Martiam legiones mecum futuras; Liv. x. 18. cum legionibus secunda et tertia; xxvi. 10.: circa portas Collinam Esquilinamque, and inter Esquilinam Collinamque portam.

Note. A praenomen belonging to two persons should, according to Gronovius (on Liv. iv. 48.), precede the other names, and be put in the plural, as is there edited by Drakenborch: Turbatores vulgi erant Spurii Maecilius quartum et Metilius tertium tribuni plebis; so also x. 1.: Marcis Livio Dentre et Aemilio consulibus; x. 40.: equitibus Gajos Caedicium et Trebonium praefecit, Others have doubted this, because the same praenomen is very frequently repeated, and the question cannot be decided by means of MSS. But the plural of the praenomen, joined with duo, is well attested; Sueton. Aug. 100. Obiit in cubiculo eodem, quo pater Octavius, duobus Sextis Pompejo et Appulejo consulibus; Liv. v. 24.: duos Publios Cornelios, Cossum et Scipionem.

CHAP. LXXXVII.

ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS, AND STRUCTURE OF PERIODS.

[§ 786.] 1. WHEN we arrange the words according to the logical connection of ideas, the first place next to the conjunction or connecting relative is taken by the subject; next comes the verb with its adverb; then the cases of the nearer or remoter object; and last the remaining additions of prepositions with their cases. The adjective closely adheres to the substantive

which it qualifies. This is commonly called the grammatical order of construction which is strictly followed in most modern languages. But the Latin language may place any one of the four principal parts first, and has, besides, great freedom in the arrangement of the rest: the adverb may be separated from the verb, and the adjective from the substantive, being placed either before or after, or even removed to some distance. Hence oratorical effect may be produced independent of accent, by the position of words, and the language affords great facility for the poetical numerus. In prose, however, the following general principle is observed: words which are necessary for the complete expression of a thought are put together, and should not be separated by the introduction of ideas not connected with the main thought.

[§ 787.] 2. But as we do not always speak emphatically, and as in ordinary discourse we naturally choose the simplest expression for our thoughts, a certain arrangement has become established in good Latin prose, especially in historical narrative; and this arrangement (which is not departed from without a special reason) is this: the subject is placed first; then follow the oblique cases, with all other unemphatic additions, and last of all the verb. For in the construction of a Latin sentence we should avoid, what is so common in modern languages, the introduction of a train of subordinate and additional matter, after the expression of the principal ideas: a Latin sentence is compact, being enclosed by the subject on the one hand, and by the principal verb of the predicate on the other; e. g. Caes. Bell. Gall. i. 9.: Dumnorix gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat.

[§ 788.] Note. The verb, however, is often not placed at the end of a sentence, when either this is too long for the hearer to be kept in expectation of it, or when too many verbs would come together at the end. We should therefore not say, e. g. se incolumem esse non posse demonstrat, but rather se demonstrat incolumem esse non posse. But without either of these reasons the verb is placed earlier in the sentence in easy and familiar style, for the verb at the end of a sentence, for the purpose of closing it, is more suited to the ora torical and historical style, and in general shows meditation and design. Comp. a passage in a letter of Cicero to Luccejus (v. 12.), which is written with great care, but purposely with the ease and frankness of a man of the world: genus enim scriptorum tuorum, etsi erat semper a me vehementer expectatum, tamen vicit opinionem meam, meque ita vel cepit vel incendit, ut cuperem quam celerrime res nostras monumentis commendari tuis. In a narrative it would be expressed thus: genus enim scriptorum Lucceji, etsi

semper

ab ea