strong from the westward that I was compelled to desist from that passage, and was compelled to bear up between Scarpanto and Guxo (Carpathus and Casus)."* It is to be observed, that the fleet could not "fetch" Salmone with the wind at west; which shows that in the apostle's case the wind must have been to the north of west. I have already adduced the case of Fynes Moryson, whose ship was also forced to deviate from the original intention of going to the north of Crete, and take the same course as St. Paul's. After these instances, it will scarcely be thought necessary to have recourse to an ancient scholiast for the reasons which induced the navigators of St. Paul's ship to pass by the south of Cape Salmone; yet recent commentators assure us that "this question is resolved by the account of Eustathius, who on another occasion mentions that there were no good ports on the northern side of that island (Crete) - Δυσλίμενος ή Κρητη προς την βορέαν.” In fact, it so happens that there are excellent harbours on the north side of Crete, namely, Souda and Spina Longa. After working up along the southern coast of Crete, they reached Fair Havens, which we have seen is the farthest point which an ancient ship, navigating under 8 Μολις τε παραλεγόμενοι αυτην, ηλθομεν εις τοπον τινα καλουμενον Καλούς Λιμένας, ᾧ εγγυς ην πολις Λασαία. *Life p. 253. 8 And hardly passing it, came unto a place which is called the Fair Havens; nigh whereunto was the city of Lasea. † Valpy's edit. of N. Test. ad loc. quoted from Dr. Falconer. Even Barthelemy, in his Anacharsis, is misled by Eustathius, and assures us there are no harbours on the north side of Crete. the lee of Crete, could reach with north-west winds. As this is an important point in the voyage, it becomes necessary to ascertain precisely its situation, as well as that of the port of Phenice and the island of Clauda. St. Luke marks the position of Fair Havens by its vicinity to the city of Lasæa; but neither Fair Havens nor Lasæa are noticed by any other ancient authority, nor have the ruins of the city been discovered in modern times.* Commentators have generally supposed that Καλούς Λιμένας, οι Fair Havens, of St. Luke, is the same as Kaλ Axτn, or Fair Strand †, of Stephanus Byzantinus. This, however, is said to be a city of Crete; but St. Luke, by mentioning Fair Havens as in the vicinity of a city, seems to show that there was no city there. Mr. Pashley found a district in Crete bearing the name of Akté, and supposes, with probability, that the city mentioned by Stephanus was situated there. This district is, however, at the west end of Crete, and cannot be the same as Fair Havens, which from the context must be on the south coast. Mr. Pashley afterwards visited the place, which still bears the ancient name, and which I am prepared to show * Since the above was written, the ruins of this city have been independently discovered by my friends Capt. Spratt, R.N. and the Rev. George Brown. Appendix Nos. 2 & 3. It lies just east of Fair Havens, and still retains its name. † Ακτη ὁ αιγιαλος, και ὁ παραθαλασσιος τοπος, “ the beach, and place along the sea."-Hesych. Notwithstanding the authority of Hesychius, which, however, is not great in such matters, I suspect that akтη and ariaños are not synonymous; that the latter means a sandy beach (see note on v. 39.); the former, a more general term, equivalent to the English strand. Julius Pollux distinguishes the Xwpia etilaλattidia into ακτη, γων, αιγιαλος, χηλη, ύφορμος, όρμος, λιμην.—Lib. i. 99. + Καλη Ακτη πολις Κρητων, &c. is identical with the Fair Havens of St. Luke; but, unfortunately, the work terminates without any account of his observations. I am, however, indebted to Signor Antonio Schranz, the able artist who accompanied him, for the view of this interesting locality taken upon the spot. Dr. Pococke appears to have been the first who ascertained its exact situation; he says "In searching after Lebena farther to the west, I found out a place which I thought to be of greater consequence, because mentioned in Holy Scripture, and also honoured by the presence of St. Paul, that is, the Fair Havens, near unto the city of Lasea ; for there is another small bay, about two leagues to the east of Matala, which is now called by the Greeks Good or Fair Havens (Aμeoves Καλους). † Dr. Pococke found no ruins here, nor is there reason to suppose that it ever was more than it is at present-an open roadstead, or rather two roadsteads contiguous to each other. Its retention of its name is owing, no doubt, to its appropriateness. In the old sailing directions, Licht der Seevaert (Amst. 1621), and Miroir de la Mer, it is thus described: "Right to the east of Cabra (an islet) lies a fair bay (een schoone bay, Dutch; une belle baie, Fr.), where there is good anchorage; there is, also, one immediately to the west of it where there is also good anchorage." + * It will be seen that this view enabled my friends Messrs. Tennent and Brown to identify the locality. Appendix No. 3. Travels in the East, vol. ii. p. 250. + "Recht beeosten Cabra leygt een schoone bay daer seer goedt rede is G |