SZA VWV L X X XXXX 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 { X X X X XXXX AVVAND 7000 8000 9000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000. 440 550 660 770 880 990 "To denote 30, I use the sign 3, with the 10 on the top, denoting 3 tens. For 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90, I use the same method, but placing the 10 in the openings of the three first. 100 I denote by the sign of 1, having a notch on both ends; and, on the same principle, I proceed with hundreds, till I come to 1000, which requires a new sign, which, however, is formed of two already in use. For 2000, I make a notch at the bottom of the sign used for 2; and for 3000, at the bottom of 3. We now proceed arbitrarily, and a notch on both legs denotes 4000; on the left arm, 5000; on the right arm, 6000; on both arms, 7000; on both arms and one leg, 8000; on both arms and both legs, 9000. 10,000 is marked by the notch prefixed [in the figure]; 100,000, by the 100 mark prefixed; 200,000, by the 200 mark, and so on. To give a few examples of numbers, 440 is denoted by the sign 400, and a notch in the opening; also 550, 660, and 770, 880, and 990, by detached notches at the top. Thus, it appears, the system of knife-marks on wood is carried as far as it seems likely to be necessary, by means of the simple combinations of a very small number of signs, maintaining nearly throughout, a fixed relation to each other; and, probably, it will not be very easy to reduce it to greater . simplicity." 35. Upon pruning and managing Dwarf Standard Apple and Pear Trees in a Garden. By Mr. William Greenshields, F.H.S. The object of Mr. Greenshields is to "make every branch, as it were, a long spur, with bearing buds from the base to the extremity." To attain this object, he lets the trees take their natural form, whatever that may be, and only thins out and shortens the shoots. "Young trees are to be treated in the following manner: If there are more than three shoots on the plant, reduce them to that number, and shorten each to three, four, or six eyes, according to their strength. The following season, reduce the number of leading shoots to six, and shorten them to three fourths of their length, and spur in the remaining shoots. The tree should be managed in every respect in this manner, until it has attained the required size, which, of course, depends on the convenience or fancy of the owner or conductor of the garden." Old trees to be treated in this manner, must be "cut down short," and allowed to make new heads. The first trial of this plan was made on trees which had been planted for six or seven years. "In consequence, they required to be very much thinned out, so as to get the branches clear of each other. In thinning, I always bore in mind to cut the old wood off close to the stem or branch it was attached to; this prevented young wood springing afterwards. When the trees were thinned of the old shoots, as above stated, the young side shoots were what is generally termed spurred in; that is, they were so shortened, that only two or three buds were left on them, and the leading top-shoots were shortened to half their length. The following and every succeeding year, the trees were treated in the same manner as respects the young wood, till they had acquired the desired height, when the leading shoots were shortened, as the side shoots or spurs had been previously." 36. A Plan for transplanting large Forest Trees in Parks. By Sir Charles Miles Lambert Monck, Bart. F.H.S. Tired and disappointed by the frequent failure of single trees which had been carefully transplanted, and secured by stakes and bandages, and having a quantity of refuse stone in large lumps, the writer used these stones as a mulching for trees about 8 ft. high. Each tree had two two-horse cart-loads, not "built up high, but packed close by each other, and set on edge, so as to make a tabular but very rugged surface around the foot of the tree, and extended to the distance of 4 ft. "These trees succeeded well, and far beyond my expectation. On considering the cause of their success, it appeared to me that the stones served the three purposes of fencing, staking, and mulching; the first of which is always necessary, to defend them from the assaults of cattle; the second is equally so, if the plants are tall, to save them from being displaced by winds after they shall have taken fresh root; and the third also is necessary, in case of a dry summer, the first after the transplantation of the trees, to protect the soil from over-drought whilst they are striking fresh root into it. The stones, placed as I have described, are a sufficient fence against horned cattle, which, having feet made for going upon soft ground, will not mount the rugged surface of the stones. Sheep and deer will scarcely annoy trees whose bark has acquired roughness; but they may be easily repelled by a few thorns bound round the lower part of the stems. Nor will common horses go upon the stones, or endeavour to touch the trees, and tear off the bark; but against high-bred horses, which are disposed to attack every thing of wood, the stones are not a sufficient fence, unless they are packed with a surface very rugged, and extended 6 ft. round the tree. Against displacement by winds, the stones are a better security than can be provided by any manner of staking or binding; for they are a power always in action by their weight, and the surface of the soil is shaded by them from the too great power of the sun, whilst the rains sink through and encourage the roots to sprout afresh, and extend themselves through the soil: thus they serve the purpose of mulching. "The best trees to plant out are certainly those whose roots and heads have been properly thinned by pruning and cultivation in a nursery. Such may be planted out at greater ages and sizes than trees taken from plantations of a few years' growth, and will both strike fresh roots more certainly and grow faster; but these last may be taken up when from 10 to 20 or 25 ft. high, and planted out with full success, provided the two following particulars are observed: first, to get up as much root as possible; next, to reduce the branches down to due proportion with the root which has been got up. A great part of the root is unavoidably lost in the taking up of the tree, and it is the most efficient part, being the extreme fibres. The root has thus lost its natural proportion to the head, and is now insufficient to supply it with moisture. Trees planted out in this state often, after having put forth their leaves, die suddenly; and others, which continue to live, will fall into a languid state, and die off gradually, or recover their vigour very slowly." (End of Vol. VII. Part II., being all that is published.) ART. II. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany, Rural Architecture, &c., published since September last, with some Account of those considered the most interesting. BRITAIN. Curtis's Botanical Magazine, or Flower-Garden displayed; New Series. Edited by Dr. Hooker. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. 6d. col.; 3s. plain. No. XXI. for September, contains 2848 to 2854. Alstromèria ovata, Ovate-leaved downy Alstroemeria; Amaryllide. This very interesting species allied to, but still abundantly distinct from, the A. Salsilla, is a herbaceous, simple, terete, twining, glabrous, and purplish-stemmed plant, from 7 to 8 ft. high, with pendent flowers, and alternate oblong leaves, so twisted that the under becomes the upper side of the leaf. Raised from seeds sent from Chile by Mr. Cruikshanks. It is also said to be a native of Peru. - Begònia dipétala; Begoniàcea. This is a large, handsome, dipetalous, pink-flowered plant, with an erect, tapering, greyish brown stem, and half heart-shaped acute leaves, green above spotted with white, and blood-coloured below. It flowered at the Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden, in April 1828, and was raised two years ago from seed from Bombay by Dr. Johnstone. Stove.-Conospermum ericifolium; Proteàcea. A shrubby erect plant; with a rounded brown stem, subulato-filiform slightly twisted leaves, and flowers slightly tinged with pink when in the bud, but afterwards white and spreading. Distinguished by the shape of its foliage from other species. Flowered in 1827 and 1828 from seeds received from Mr. Fraser, of N. Holland.- Cattlèya intermèdia; Orchídeæ. (fig. 25.) A handsome, lilac-coloured, epiphytical plant, with numerous jointed stems 1 ning of May.-Eriostèmon salicifòlium; Rutàceæ. An erect, pale, lilaccoloured shrub, with a stem either more or less rounded, and scattered, roughish, linear-oblong leaves. Introduced to this country by Mr. Fraser. It flowers in April; but, though treated like the generality of N. Holland plants, it does not grow freely. No. XXII. for October, contains 2855 to 2861.- Saponària glutinosa; Caryophylleæ. "A very desirable annual plant for the garden," with small flowers of a vivid red colour; " and the purple calyces, and stems, and nerves to the leaves have a rich effect....Apparently a biennial," and, when cultivated, is from 1 to 2 ft. in height. with a round erect stem. Discovered by Bieberstein on the Taurian mountains; flowers in June.-Imatophyllum Aitoni; Amaryllidea. A perennial-rooted strap-shaped green-leaved plant, with a number of hand some drooping flowers, from S. Africa, by Mr. Bowie; the fruit is a large red three-celled berry. Sida sessiliflòra; Malvàceæ. This plant is more herbaceous than woody, from 2 to 3 ft. high, with a round branched stem soft with numerous short hairs, and cup-shaped yellow flowers. The seeds were sent by Dr. Gillies, from Mendoza, in South America, and the plants flowered in the stove in November, 1827.- Sievérsia triflòra; Rosàceæ. A perfectly hardy, perennial-rooted, graceful plant, with the same " subdued, but agreeable colour, as our Gèum rivàle." From Upper Louisiana by Mr. Bradbury. Pultene a pedunculata; Leguminòsæ. "A low-growing shrub, with slender flexuose branches, which are deflexed, especially the lower ones, pubescent; branchlets numerous," with small yellow flowers, in pairs, from the extremity of the young branches. The seeds were sent by Mr. Fraser, from New Holland. Flowers in the green-house in May. Dodone`a attenuata; Sapindaceæ. A shrubby, erect, round-stemmed plant, with cracked brown-coloured bark, nodding yellow flowers, and spreading sessile leaves. The secds were received from Mr. Fraser, of New South Wales, in 1824. Flowered in the green-house in February and March. Iris lutéscens; Irídeæ. A pale yellow one-flowered plant, about 7 in. high with scimitar-shaped leaves. A native of hilly stony places in France and Germany. No. XXIII. for November, contains 2862 to 2868, Cynara Cardúnculus; Compósitæ. This plant, like the artichoke, has spineless leaves, but possesses the other characters of the cardoon family," and is one with the beauty of which I was much struck in the garden of the Horticultural Society of Edinburgh, in the autumn of last year, 1827; and, indeed, I can scarcely conceive a more highly ornamental plant for any shrubbery or extensive garden." The stem is from 4 to 5 ft. high, the leaves very long, and the heads of flowers large and numerous, of a blue colour, with the heads of the calyx tipped with red. - Sievérsia Pécki; Rosaceæ. "I have native specimens of this rare species of Sievérsia from Dr. Nuttall and Dr. Boot, gathered by those gentlemen in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and find them exactly to correspond with the subject here figured, and which was brought from the same country, and probably from the same mountains, to Mr. Cunningham near Edinburgh, in whose collection it flowered in June of this year, 1828." The root is perennial and woody, the stem 1 ft. or more high, leaves mostly radical, and the flowers terminal and solitary upon each ramification or peduncle, and yellow. Sálvia pseudo-coccinea; Labiàtæ. This is a "small, slender, shrubby plant, about 2 ft. high, with upright, hairy, tetragonal branches, and opposite downy leaves, which are petiolate, varying in shape, ovate, or oblong, in our plants more inclining to cordate, deeply varied, the margin crenulated, the apex more or less acute." A very beautiful and desirable stove plant, with richly coloured blossoms continuing long in perfection. It was first described by Jacquin and is a native of South America; Humboldt found it in New Andalusia. -Blumenbàchia insígnis; Loàsea. This plant "appears to have been introduced to our stoves by John Hunneman, Esq., probably from Germany; the German naturalists having received it both from Monte Video on the eastern, and from Chile on the western, side of South America." The stem is herbaceous, climbing, and much branched, the leaves opposite and remote, and the flowers white. It requires the same treatment as the rest of the Loàsea. Oxalídeæ. This singular species of wood-sorrel was received from ValpaO'xalis carnòsa; raiso and well deserves cultivation, flowering during a great part of the summer. It succeeds well in a cool green-house. The root is a large subfusiform tuber, the leaflets ternate and obcordate, and the flowers of a pale yellow. It is readily increased by the roots, and will, without doubt, flourish in the warm season, when planted in light earth in a sheltered situ |