much lower than that which exists in the centre of the dung; but there is a continual transmission of caloric from the centre to the surface, to supply this abstraction of heat at the surface. Now, if a certain portion of the caloric generated in the centre, instead of being transmitted to the surface through the body of the bed, is communicated to the ambient air through tubes, it appears probable to me that a less quantity of the caloric will be transmitted from the place where it is generated, through the body of the bed, to the several points of the surface, and thence to the ambient air, so that precisely the same quantity of caloric will be given off into the air of the frame, whether proceeding, as it does, from the internal part of the bed to the atmosphere of the frame, or transmitted partly through a tube, and partly through the residue of the surface of the bed which remains, after deducting the section of the tube. It would not be a difficult experiment to place a thermometer in the hotbed, and, after noting the heat while the tube was open, to closely cork up the tube below, or in the plane of, the surface of the hotbed; and, after an hour or two, when the transmission of the entire quantity of caloric, through the body of the dung to the surface, may be supposed to be restored, to again examine the thermometer, and if (making due allowance for the change of weather in the interval) the temperature of the air in the frame should be found just the same as it was while the tube gave passage to a part of the caloric, I confess it would not at all surprise me. Until the experiment be tried, I shall be incredulous of the effect of the President's method for resisting frost, though I fully expect that the heat, given out at the orifice of the pipe, will be greater than will be given out by any other equal area on the whole surface of the bed: but that will be gained at the expense of the residue. I am, Sir, &c. - Causidicus. Nov. 24. 1828.

ART. VI. Garden Memorandums made during a Tour in Rutlandshire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, &c., in October, 1826.

THE following notes were made immediately after our return, and we have not thought it necessary to rewrite them, for the sake of introducing the changes which have subsequently taken place at some of the residences mentioned, because we have not had an opportunity of seeing these changes. A few additions are made which are enclosed in brackets [ ].

London to Wandsford, October 1.— Passed Albany Street behind Mr. Horner's Pantheon, Colosseum, or Colliseum: the first name the most appropriate as that of its prototype in Rome; the second admissible as expressive of its colossal size; but the third absurd, as having no relation to it whatever. Saw on the lofty boundary wall, blocks and tackle projecting for hoisting up the evergreens of 20 and 30 ft. high, which are now planting in an immense wooden trough, supported on posts upwards of 20 ft. high, along the inside of the wall. The intention is to shut out from the garden of the Pantheon the view of the tops of all the surrounding houses. [Most of these boxes have been since taken down, and the wall has also been taken down and rebuilt, with a view to another arrangement.] The garden of the Colosseum will be divided into two parts, completely separated; a Swiss garden, with a cottage and waterfall, and an evergreen valley, including a conservatory; both will be "works to wonder at? Paltry gateway into the Regent's Park, a little farther on. The steep banks of the road leading to the Highgate archway, now in a state of waste, might be made interesting and ornamental as terrace gardens to small villas. Good effect of the historical figure of Whittington, placed in the centre of the flower-garden of

the alms-houses which bear his name. Had Whittington lived in the present day, instead of these alms-houses we should have had a parochial institution, or a university, or some other medium for the diffusion of knowledge, instead of the production of comfort. [Had the late Mr. Farquhar lived in Whittington's time, he would have acted like Whittington; for no man can steal a march upon his age. All improvement is more the result of the general mind of society, than of the mind of the individual who is the immediate instrument.] Awkward approach now forming to a new villa on the left of the road near Barnet; affected as well as awkward, because the trees are not placed so as to account for the bends in the line of road. Mr. Cattley of Barnet at church, and therefore declined calling to see his fine specimen of Psídium Cattleyànum or Guava, which has attained a large size in his stove, and bears two crops a year of fruit, equal to the plum in the dessert, and, preserved in jam, not inferior to the Guavas of the West Indies.

We

Between Stanborough and Lemsford Mills, about twenty-one miles and a half from town, in the front garden of a cottage on the left side of the road, is a mountain ash with proliferous drooping shoots; which shoots, if grafted on a common mountain ash, or on a thorn, standard high, would probably produce a weeping tree like the weeping cherry, which was so originated. A weeping birch, from grafts of the proliferous shoots of the monstrosities called birds' nests produced on that tree, might be worth a nurseryman's attention, and also a weeping elm, of the narrow-leaved kind, from the monstrosities of the elm. A weeping birch, so originated, would be quite different in form and stature from the natural weeping birch, and, besides being an object of curiosity, would be odoriferous. - Magnificent park, and ivied, buttressed, and picturesque park wall, of Viscount Melbourne. Meagre entrance lodge, and common-looking avenue road to Hatfield House, a magnificent Elizabethian palace. We viewed these gardens in detail about this time last year (1825), and then, as now, found them in good order, and well stocked with common showy flowers. Around the garden front of the building the green-house plants are tastefully grouped, and the pots as completely covered with green moss as if the plants were growing in that material; the effect exceedingly good. dislike as much to see plants in pots about a country house, as we desire to see pots of plants in the balconies, porches, and on the stair-cases of a townhouse. In the country pots should never appear; even large boxes with orange trees we would sink in pits, so as to give the trees the appearance of growing in the free soil. It must be in bad taste to raise attributes about a country-house that belong to a town-house, and to give the air of a nursery garden to a place of retirement and repose. The operation of this feeling on the sensitive minds of the female part of the occupants of Hatfield House, in all probability led to covering these pots with moss. Some fine magnolias, myrtles, arbutuses, and laurustinuses are trained on, or fringing the basement of, the three garden fronts; but an attempt to grow Coba a scandens and pelargoniums on the back wall and ceiling of a dark arcade is in bad taste, because in such a situation they can never be grown well. If a naked back wall, under a dark projection like this, is to be decorated, bassorelievos, or fresco paintings would be more appropriate. To render Hatfield what it ought to be, a little more enrichment and finish are wanting immediately round the house; and the briar hedge, boarded hut, and some other petty objects on the left, should be removed; and a good deal should be done between the entrance front and the fine old Gothic building on the right. A noble conservatory and some fine architectural terraces might be added in that direction.

Near Biggleswade there are fields of cucumbers on both sides of the road grown for pickling and salting, and sold in the surrounding market towns, and in Covent Garden, by the bushel. The inn at Wandsford is good, and

well known by its sign, indicative of the liability of this part of the country to be flooded after great rains. One of the greatest comforts of England is, that if a man travels with an agreeable companion, he may, at almost every inn, find the same comforts which he enjoys at his own house. On the Continent this can only be said of the inns of the larger towns. A solitary traveller, however, never feels himself so much alone at these inns in the evenings as he does in England. Commendable attention of the innkeepers on this road to their gardens; some of the flower-gardens in front very well laid out, and neatly kept.

Burleigh House, October 2.-The entrance lodge here, unlike that at Hatfield, is suitable to the mansion, and both are truly noble. The parapet and other finishing ornaments of Hatfield, Holland House, Burleigh, Wollaton, and other houses in the same style, have for the most part reference to masonic symbols. The chimney tops at Burleigh are in the form of Grecian columns, single, coupled, or quadrupled, and in a line, square, or circular, in their plan. These columns have the effect of removing the vulgar air of stacks of chimneys in brick; but whether they will raise emotions of a grand or elevating character, instead of the other feeling, will depend on the degree of refinement which the spectator has attained in architectural knowledge and taste. A painter will certainly enjoy them much more than a scientific practical architect. The true way to judge of them, that is to determine the merit of the artist, is to consider them relatively to the age in which they were produced. In the time of Elizabeth this house must have struck with astonishment and delight; but such a building erected in modern times would be considered deficient in unity of style, and in many respects a senseless deviation from simplicity. The gardens here are not shown to strangers; but, if the gardener had not been from home, we have no doubt that, as one of the craft, we would have been favoured with a view. We saw the pictures which are admired by that superior-minded man, Mr. Hazlitt, and several of them described by him in the New Monthly Magazine. We hoped to have heard some of Mr. Hazlitt's remarks on particular pictures from the housekeeper, but she did not recollect the name. A mass of plantation near the lodge, and some clumps in that part of the park, are so crowded with trees as to have in a great measure defeated the object in planting them. Light is seen through their haggard stems in every direction. They ought to be immediately thinned. The true way to produce a thick and dark wood is to plant thin, or to keep thinning after having planted thick.

At Stamford we took a sketch of a "rolling barley-chopper." (fig. 143.) This being a barley-growing district, such implements are a good deal used for chopping off the awns from barley. The one figured is rolled backwards and forwards over the barley, when separated from the straw and spread out on the barn floor about 6 in. thick. At Grantham we took a sketch of one on a different construction.(fig. 144.) This implement is applied in the manner of a turf-beater.

144

Exton Hall, having been burnt down some years ago, is in a dilapidated state, unoccupied, surrounded by untenanted out-build

143

ings, including extensive stables, dog-kennels, hutches for hawks and ferrets, and all the other appendages of an ancient English residence of rank. It is approached by a road which can scarcely be called public; thus the house and the naked park form a complete picture of desolation, and one cannot help wondering that such a scene should exist within a few miles of the most frequented road in England. The more VOL. V. No. 23.

7

X X

the place is examined the more is the first impression confirmed. A fire, which happened in 1810, laid half the building in ruins, and in that state it still remains. The walls of the kitchen-garden, all the pleasure-ground, which bears some interesting marks of the old style of art, and the ruins of a hot-house, built in the Dutch style, with oak rafters of ample dimensions, still remain. A temporary abode for the proprietor during his occasional visits has been formed by additions to a cottage, to which are appended a small piece of modern shrubbery and a pond; for pleasure-ground to a gentleman is a necessary of life. The church is particularly interesting from the antiquity and excellence of its family monuments. The park is extensive, but dreary; it is deficient in timber, especially near the roads, and in water; the latter is confined in detached ponds, formed by throwing dams across hollows, and is not managed with any reference to general effect. The whole place forms a fine scene for some future improver.

At Grantham is one of the largest manufactories in England, for agricultural implements, by Seaman and Hornsby; and an extensive ironmongery warehouse and ma

nufactory, by Messrs. Rodgers and Shipman. We looked over their premises, and took sketches of the following articles: -A cast-iron frame for a grindstone (fig. 145.), which any person wishing to grind an instrument may turn for himself, by operating with his foot on the treadle (a), and which frame can be ad

justed to a small or large grindstone, or altered as the stone wears out, from

146

the construction of the support for the gudgeon (b); a loose shield of sheet iron (c) is used to protect the operator from the water thrown off by the wheel when in motion. A daisy rake (fig. 146.); iron measure for filling sacks with corn (fig. 147.); steel-yard and

iron frame for weighing sacks (fig. 148.); and guard for single trees, and small groups of two or three trees, or a tree and shrub planted in one hole (fig. 149.). We never before

saw such expensive and durable

fences for single trees. They can only be wanted for very particular situations; for in most parts of England trees may be got and planted, which will succeed perfectly well, of such a size as to admit

148 of protection by tying round them a few rods, laths, or thorn bushes, and wrapping them round with straw or with shoots of bramble, or working a wicker case on them. The adoption of either of these modes is on the supposition, that the tree is closely cut in, or that if the situation is exposed, and the head entire, or nearly so, the stem must be tied to a stake. We are aware of the common assertion, that single trees cannot be grown in exposed situations, or that sufficiently large trees cannot be got, &c.; but we know, from many years' experience, that the first is only an excuse for planting unsightly lumpish clumps to nurse up

single trees, because this clumping is a cheap mode; and that the second excuse proceeds also from a false economy. Young trees with trunks of 3 or 4 in. diameter can always be spared out of young plantations; and if a gentleman has not such plantations on bis own estate, he may always purchase them at a fair price of some neighbour who has such plantations to thin. If he cannot purchase them at a fair price, it will always be cheaper and better for him to purchase them at an extra-price than to grow them for himself in clumps.

The Inn at Scarthing Moor, and the fields and hedges in its neighbourhood, are greatly improved since we saw them in 1811, not long after the enclosure of the moor; the landlord has a large farm and keeps forty servants. The hedges, corn fields, cottages, and gardens, and the bustle of the grand north road, seemed to give this moor all the life and interest of the road between Hounslow and Windsor.

Scarthing Moor to Gainsborough, Oct. 3.-There is such a thing as the preparation of the mind for the first impressions expected to be received from a person and a place never before seen, and not known by description. In general, tolerably correct ideas may be formed of one individual, relatively to others of his time and rank, from the handwriting and style of his letters; and some idea of the style of a country seat, from the character of the country in which it is situated. Expected to find a flat place from the name of the county, but found it an elevated situation, commanding extensive prospects on three sides. The property is of considerable extent, the soil among the best in Lincolnshire; the farms of from 200 to 500 acres in extent, and some of the best farmeries we have seen are constructing on them; the cattle stalls are contrived for feeding with oilcake, and each ox has a stone trough or manger before it for its oilcake, chaff, or roots, and a smaller one at one side self-supplied with water. There is one of the oldest manor houses on this estate to be found any where in England. (fig. 150.) The oldest part is framed with oak, and filled in with brick