Route Surveying

AASHO aerial surveys alignment Approx approximately Arc Definition balance lines ball bank base borrow pits calculated center line central angle Chord Definition circular arc compound curve computed construction Corr Corr correct Cosine for Versine cross-sections curvature Defl deflection angle degree of curve design speed determined earthwork easement edge elevations end areas equal equation example feet field formula forward tangent full stations given grade ground methods haul highway layout long chord maximum measured middle ordinate needed obtained operations osculating circle parabola pavement Pennsylvania Turnpike photogrammetry practice problem profile leveling radius railroad reconnaissance relation relocation result reverse curve right-of-way RL-RS route surveying set-up sight distance simple curve Sine slip angles slope stakes spiral station stakes subchords subgrade superelevation rate Table tangent offsets Tangent Sec tape terrain tion topography track transit traverse triangle usually values vers Versine Exsec vertical curve widening