for certainly the sense was so intended to be limited. As it is, the passage is left with the air of a general remark, when in fact the whole argument concerns particular appointments.

To the accuracy of the translation, few exceptions can be taken. Chap. vii. 25. is rendered, we observe, interrogatively, and an emphatic negative supplied. This is Macknight's invention, whose defence of it is given in a note, to which Mr. Cox adds, "it must be acknowledged that the present translation is a very unusual one; but the connection and argument appear fully to justify it." Certainly it is very unusual: nor can we think the connection and argument do justify it. The apos av of viii. 1. is no conclusion from vii. 25; but from vii. 6. whole passage from the 6th to the 25th verse of the seventh chapter is digressive. The 1st verse of the eighth chapter resumes the subject suspended at the 8th verse of the seventh chapter.

The

Want of space precludes our doing more than giving a few verses, taken as we turn over the leaves, just to shew the manner in which Mr. Cox has pointed the sense.

"Ch. i. 5. From whom we have received the grace of apostleship, to (preach) the obedience of faith among all nations.

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17. For God's method of justification through faith is therein revealed for (the purpose of producing) faith.

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27.-and receiving in themselves the recompence which was due to their departure (from God).

Ch. ii. 12. As many, therefore, as have sinned without a (revealed) law, shall also perish without a (revealed) law;

"Ch. iii. 3. But what if some of them have been unfaithful? Shall their unfaithfulness render God unfaithful (to his covenant with Abraham).

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8. And why do you not add, what we are slanderously reported (to practise),—

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sin,

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9.-Jews as well as Gentiles are all under (the guilt of)

20. by the law there is (merely) a knowledge of sin.

22. Yes, God's method of justification by faith in Jesus Christ (is now made manifest) to all men, and (bestowed) upon all believers. For there is no difference (between Jews and Gentiles).

"Ch. iv. 1. What benefit then shall we say that Abraham our father derived from submitting to circumcision? (Was he justified by it? By no means) for if Ab. &c.

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9. Is this blessedness then (confined) to the circumcision, or is it (extended) to the uncircumcision also?

"Ch. v. 14. Besides death reigned from (the time of) Adam until (that of) Moses, even over those who were not, like Adam, guilty of (actual) sin."

A Defence of the true and Catholick Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of our Saviour Christ: with a confutation of Errors concerning the same. By the most Rev. Thomas Cranmer, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. To which is prefixed an Introduction, Historical and Critical, in illustration of the Work, and in vindication of the character of the Author, and therewith of the Reformation in England, against some of the allegations which have been recently made by the Rev. Dr. Lingard, the Rev. Dr. Milner, and Charles Butler, Esq. By the REV. HENRY JOHN TODD, M.A. F.S.A. Chaplain in Ordinary to his Majesty, and Rector of Settrington, Yorkshire. 8vo. Pp. 272. 6s. Rivingtons. 1825.

THOUGH We have here but one volume, we have decidedly two books; the one a reprint of a most valuable old work, the other a modern vindication of its eminent author from revived aspersions, as ungenerous as they are unjust, extending, beyond the individual, to the great cause in which he bore a most distinguished part,-namely, the reformation of the English Church from the errors and abuses of Popery, and its emancipation from the tyranny of the Roman pontiff.

It is hard upon Archbishop Cranmer and others of our first reformers, that they should continually be recalled to notice for controversial purposes, and judged not so much according to the measures and circumstances of their own times, as upon the abstract principles of right and wrong, understood and acknowledged in times long subsequent to those in which they lived, and by persons living comparatively in quiet and at ease, and in full enjoyment of all outward liberty. It seems constantly to be forgotten, that their efforts were a continual struggle against opposing impediments; and that when they began to interfere, they were themselves not fully satisfied as to the course they had to take-their own principles not being by any means settled, as they afterwards proved to be: so that to expect from them a perfect consistency throughout, is as absurd as it is disingenuous. Situated as they were, it is impossible to suppose they could go so straitly forward to the attainment of the great objects they had in view, as not occasionally to stumble; affording thereby some advantage to their immediate adversaries. But to lay much stress on such slips now, is more than disingenuous; it is cruel, and ought to be regarded as simply vindictive. If any proof, however, were wanting of such a spirit at the present day, we think none greater, clearer, or more direct could be produced, than that contained in the Historical

and Critical Introduction to Cranmer's "True and Catholick Doctrine," which the learned Editor, Mr. Todd, has been at the pains to compose, for the purposes of this publication.

Mr. Southey's "Book of the Church," seems to have given such provocation to the adherents of the Church of Rome, as to stimulate them to attacks, which manifestly betray their weakness, rather than their strength. Snatching up their arms in haste, they seem to have cut about them, without the smallest attention to the common rules of tactics, and without any regard to the manner in which they were exposing themselves. The three gentlemen mentioned in the title-page, Dr. Lingard, Dr. Milner, and Mr. Charles Butler, though veteran soldiers, are all chargeable with this unsoldier-like impetuosity. They seem to us entirely to have overlooked the chance of their being met by such an opponent as Mr. Todd;-to have calculated, upon being able, unopposed, to practise the old tricks of reviving forgotten calumnies, and suppressing the equally forgotten refutations of such calumnies; and of citing authorities, of small or rather no credit, in confidence that those of greater and established veracity, were at this time not producible.

But the author of the Historical and Critical Introduction to be found in this volume, was not so easily to be beguiled. He knew the history of the times adverted to, as well as Dr. Lingard, Dr. Milner, or Mr. Butler; and luckily he knew where to look, and was fortunately allowed to do so without impediment, for the documents of highest authority in this particular controversy. He knew the date and age of the revived calumnies against the early reformers, and he knew not only that they had been refuted in time past, but how, when, and by whom. And thus he stands, in this important publication, manfully and properly opposed to these new adversaries, clad once more in his ancient armour, and ready to shew, that he has weapons to wield, in defence of the Reformation, neither rusted by age, nor blunted by the battles in which they have been used before. Mr. Todd, is decidedly the very person, to whom the public should be prepared to look for protection against such disturbers of the public peace. He is not a man of ordinary or superficial research; in handling subjects of any historical, much more of any ecclesiastical importance, he cannot be contented to skim the surface of things, or trust to mere plausibilities: an adept in the examination of ancient and original records, and of the literary treasures, preserved in our public libraries and Staterepositories, he goes immediately to the bottom of thingsanxious to place before the eyes of the public, not merely "the

truth," but the "whole truth," and to take care, that others advance upon the same topics, "nothing but the truth."

Such is unquestionably the honest and just purpose of this Introduction, which is more deserving of the name of a book from its importance than its length, though it extends indeed as far as cxvi pages. But it is not the business of a reviewer to make a book of his own remarks. We must have regard to our prescribed limits, however tempted to transgress. In order to give as briefly as possible, some fair and proper specimens of Mr. Todd's industry as an antiquary, and correctness as an historian; and some idea of the particular object and design of his present interposition, we shall take the first charge brought against Archbishop Cranmer, by the Romanists, whose names appear in the title-page. Passing by Dr. Lingard, whom Mr. Todd, indeed, follows "step by step," and with no small pains, we shall, for the mere sake of brevity, notice Mr. Butler's remark upon the Primate.

Although when he was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury, Cranmer took the customary oath of obedience to the see of Rome, did he not, just before he took it, retire into a private room, and protest against it? Was this honourable ?"

Without stopping to refute this particular fact, we shall at once take upon us to assert, that nothing seems to admit of fairer contradiction, than the privacy of Cranmer's protestation, as bearing upon the point in question. That he did protest against the oath, is not denied; but whatever he might do in a private room, whatever he might do previously, before a few chosen witnesses, there was not wanting that open and public protestation at the last, in the presence of those by whom he was consecrated, which should protect him most effectually from the charge of such artful, insincere, and clandestine dealing, as Mr. Butler scruples not to accuse him of. The protestation indeed still exists, and Mr. Todd transcribes enough of it to satisfy any impartial mind.

"In Dei nomine amen. Coram vobis, autentica persona, et testibus fide dignis hic presentibus, ego Thomas in Cant. Archiep. electus, dico, allego, et in hiis scriptis, palam, publicè et expressè protestor, &c." Reg. fol. 4. Introduct. p. xli.

Nor was this measure of protesting against the oath, an evasion of Cranmer's own invention; he acted, as history shews, upon the deliberate counsel and advice of the best canonists and civilians.

But, after all, we may surely be permitted to observe, that whatever of insincere or dishonourable conduct may appear in

this transaction, Protestantism should not bear the blame of it; for it happens to have been entirely consistent with the form of the investiture of prelates before the Reformation,--as the following statement may serve to shew :

"On every vacancy of a bishopric the king seized the temporalities, granting a licence for an election, with a special recommendation of the person; which, being returned, the royal assent was given, and sent to Rome, that bulls might be expedited, and then the bishop elect was consecrated. After receiving consecration in virtue of those bulls, the bishop came to the king, and renounced every clause in the bulls that was contrary to the king's prerogative, or to the law, and swore fealty; and then were the temporalities restored."

Now this was not a Protestant but a Roman Catholic method of investiture, and surely we might retort upon Mr. Butler, and ask him, "Was THIS honourable?" It was not of Protestant, but of Roman Catholic prelates, that Henry complained to his parliament, in 1532, that they were in the habit of taking oaths totally inconsistent, if not absolutely contrary, the one to the other. That Mr. Butler should have fixed upon such a manifest remnant of Popery to allege against Cranmer, as the first fruits of his Protestantism, is a manoeuvre (we can call it by no other name) unbecoming a person so well versed in history. But there is nothing more curious, in the proceedings of the whole triumvirate opposed by Mr. Todd, than the manner in which they load the reforming archbishop with charges, which, in all reason, apply as strongly, and often more strongly, to Gardiner and Bonner, their own favourite, persecuting, and Popish prelates. Mr. Todd has admirably pointed out instances of this, too palpable to be resisted; and we are only sorry that we cannot do justice to the importance of his remarks in a publication of this nature. But we hope the work itself will be consulted by all who are anxious for the support of the Protestant Church of these realms, against the cavils and unfair attacks, calumnies, and reproaches, of modern Romanists. We most earnestly hope Mr. Todd will continue to keep his eye upon them, for the sake of truth. Accidental misrepresentations may be forgiven; but wilful ones deserve not merely to be corrected, but exposed. We can scarcely fancy that those corrected by Mr. Todd, in his learned Introduction, could be otherwise than wilful; for Dr. Lingard, Dr. Milner, and Mr. Butler, are all of them writers who can scarcely be suspected of falling into accidental misrepresentations. Is it possible, for instance, that Dr. Lingard could assert, through mere ignorance, or want of recollection, that Cranmer was the first who