6. 7. Ditto after the Battle 8. Livy, Arnold. .Tacitus. Creasy. .Livy, Arnold. .Tacitus, Creasy. ..Livy, Arnold. Excitement at Rome before the Battle of Metaurus Livy, Creasy. Livy, Arnold. .Tacitus. .Macaulay. .Tacitus. Livy. ..Milman. ... (oratio cbliqua). .Tacitus, Prescott. .Tacitus, Prescott. Livy, Robertson. .......... Mutinous behaviour of Troops, ditto Unsuccessful attempt to storm a town 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Sieges of Rome and Paris Battles of Thrasymenus and Nieuport Curtius, Grote, ..Livy, Motley. .Tacitus, Robertson, Livy, Motley. ..Tacitus, Alison. Funerals of Germanicus and Queen Mary ...Tacitus, Macaulay. ....Suetonius. Mary Queen of Scots and Charles Edward Stuart. Robertson, Mahon. Table of Historical and Epistolary Extracts. Preface to History............Sallust, Tacitus, Thiers, Macaulay. X 23. 24. 25. 26. (Eruption of Vesuvius-Earthquakes .Pliny. Davy. (Cicero, Pliny, Pope, Swift, Lamb, Sidney Smith, Cowper, Numbers in brackets are used for the purpose of reference to distinguish the English from the Latin Extracts. The Extracts which will be found most easy for translation with the help of their parallels are Nos. (1—7), (13), (25), (55—60), and also such simple letters as (28), (31), (37), (38). The Passages most useful for practice of Oratio Obliqua are Nos. (4), (6—8), (10-12); and (14), (16a), (25), (37a, b), (47a), may also conveniently be adapted for the same purpose. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA NOTES ON IDIOMS1. The small figures in the Extracts refer to these Notes: the references in the Notes to the number and line of the Extracts. Order and ideas. § 1. THE natural order of a Latin sentence is § 1. (i) subject, (ii) predicate, or (i) subject, (ii) object, (iii) connexion of verb, each with its own qualifying clauses closely at- §§ 1-9. tached. When the subject is contained in the verb, the verb will gene- Verb containing subrally precede the object; e.g. Dixit te aegrotare; dedi litteras ject preKal. Jun.; but Kal. Jun. Cicero litteras dedit; cf. 29, 1; 31, 1; cedes. 37, 51-54. Where this order is changed, as it constantly is, it is Emphasis. cf. §§ 4, 5 ẞ, changed purposely for a. emphasis, as in 3, 1; 22, 15, 19; 29, 26, so as to throw the subject, verb, or object into light or shade. Y, 8. particles. 47, 50, y. B. connexion of ideas, as 1, 22; 4, 2; 9, 1; 20, 22; Connecting 21, 27; so that particles signifying sequence of thought of. $$9 a, 34, or time stand first; a few, like quidem, autem, vero, and other quasi-enclitics, take the second place. 7. antithesis, as 1, 12; 17, 2; 25, 26; 39, 4, 6. Antithesis. esp. in chiasmus, cf. 23, 14, 17, 20; 39, 4, 8, 14. 8. euphony, rhythm, or variety, 1, 23; 3, 6, 12; Euphony. 7, 38; 11, 17; 19, 29; 22, 28; 24, 1, 19, 26. Mark well these changes in Latin, and emphasize accordingly in English translation; accustom your ear to catch the emphasis in English and reproduce it by the The rules given refer mainly to Latin, but may often be read conversely for English prose. § 2. Arrangement of compound terms, attributes. § 3. order in Latin. It will be found useful to accentuate English passages accordingly before translation; e.g. 'I' am the man;' 'I am not the man;' 'he will' go;' 'they may' come,' &c.; and even the feet of some rhythmical clauses may be marked as if verse, e.g. (1) 26; (2) 22; 36, 4, &c. ; 37, 21, &c. § 2. a. When two words form one combined idea (as adjective + substantive, or substantive + governed genitive) the most emphatic or prominent idea comes first in Latin, e. g. 3, 1, 2; 26, 34, 36; except when euphony (as in the case of monosyllables coming last) or other reasons (§ 1) forbid it, e.g. 26, 39. Accordingly, mere attributive adjuncts of a word or idea follow, essential modifications precede. In English attributes generally precede. 'The senator Cicero' becomes then 'Cicero senator,' i. e. 'Cicero who was also a senator.' 'Senator Cicero' would mean rather 'a senator, viz. Cicero.' B. Cf. 43, 4. Cf. 6, 6, 14, 20; 19, 23; 23, 2; 24, 29; 25, 1; 26, 25; 53, 3. Where more than two words are thus combined in one idea, enclose those that are less obviously connected between those that are more so; e. g. tua in me pietas, populi ob haec facta indignatio. See § 3 B. Cf. 37, 21; 49, 23, &c. § 3. a. Qualifying words or clauses in Latin (especially adverbs and negatives) are placed near (and mostly before) what they qualify; when qualifying a clause they precede the clause'; when only a word, they precede the word; e.g. recte haec scribis, haec recte scribis; non haec timeo, haec non timeo; ne quod timeat quidem habet. Cf. 9, 3; 20, 27; 26, 29, &c. 1 Similarly quidem (ne-quidem) and other enclitics follow closely the word or the clause that they qualify. Cf. 8, 15; 22, 6; 39, 27; 45, 7; 54, 18. § 3. P. Such qualifying words and clauses as would otherwise naturally drift to the main verb, must often in Latin be tied down to other members of the sentence to which they belong, by artificial collocation (as in § 2 B), or by the use of a participle or relative clause, -where in Greek the article would be used; e.g. milites qui in urbe erant (not in urbe alone) manserunt— Vox e templo missa revocavit. Cf. § 58. Cf. 1, 5; 2,5; 13, 30; 14, 11, 13; 16, 11; 24, 2, 3. For exceptions (not uncommon) cf. Nägelsbach, pp. 22 and 204. §§ 3 and 75. Emphatic position of § 4. a. Search out the real subject and bring it forward, whether in the nominative or oblique cases; e.g. subject. Marcum nihil horum fefellit. Cf. 3, 1; 5, 1; 12, 1; 23, 13. cf. § 8. dicate in B. Find the real predicate and state it directly, not Put real preallusively or subordinately, or in a relative clause as main verb. often happens in English (see § 5 . and § 8); as, sedens legebam, I was seated reading. Cf. (3) 19; (10) 9, 12; (26) 3; (29) 32; (31) 4. order with emphatic γ. Mark and emphasize antithetical ideas, by change Antithetical of order, so as to reproduce the force of the Greek μèv or without and Sè, or of our 'on the one hand,' 'on the other,' particles. 'while,' 'respectively,' &c., whether you add or omit quidem, autem, vero, &c. Cf. 2, 1; 4, 14, &c.; 25, 16. On Chiasmus cf. Potts' " Hints," p. 46. 8. We often use 'actually,' 'indeed,' or some such word to emphasize, when the emphasis of order suffices in Latin. Cf. 7, 26; 43, 14; (43) 8. Chronological arrange E. Arrange clauses in Latin chronologically; e. g. cf. Dr. |