§ 19. Adjectival χχίν Adjectives, Participles. [SS 18-20. clause. There are but few participial adjectives in Latin, as prudens, sapiens, amans, potens, tutus, doctus, expeditus (found with comparative and superlative forms and adjectival usage). In English most participles (present act. and past pass.) are used as adjectives; e.g. ‘a lost cause,' 'a dazzling sight.' For instances of Lat. adjectival participles, cf. Näg. § 72. Cf. (2) 11, 27, 29; (3) 7; (31) 1; (32) 5; (48) 15. § 19. a. The practice, common in many English pleonasms. authors, of giving each substantive its epithet, or grouping substantives, adjectives, or verbs in couples, (cf. § 28 B.) must generally be avoided in Latin, though occasionally it occurs, especially in ornate oratory; cf. 32, 5-15; (32) 4-16. repetitions. Antithetical B. So too antithetical repetitions of synonyms to balance clauses. Cf. § 11 y; 28 B. Double adjectives, &c. $ 20. Adjectives as clauses: replaced by verbal clause. Cf. (2) 10-13, 23, 29; (9) 12; (10) 6; (12) 13, 15, 18; (17) 8. 7. Where (in English) several adjectives are prefixed to substantives without copula, connect them (in Latin) and place them after their substantives; e.g. oculos habuit claros ac nitidos, but also nigris vegetisque oculis, 20, 27; 21, 41. Cf. (9) 3; (13) 8; (18) 6, 22, 2; (32) 1. § 20. a. The (Latin) adjective or participle, as in English, may often represent a minor clause by itself, as the Greek adjective with wv, especially in Tacitus (where it often stands for a main clause); e. g. inops ac desertus quid poterat facere? Cf. 2, 1, 10; 4, 22; 5, 12; 11, 7, 17; 13, 14; 24, 36; 49, 38. B. However the relative or some other verbal clause will often have to be used instead; e. g. 'naturally cruel and passionate he now gave full play to his passions,' quum (ut qui) natura savus et impotens esset, libidinibus se totum dedidit. Latin substan § 21. The adjective or participle in one language § 21. often replaces the adverb in the other; e. g. Invitus veni, adjectives replaced by 'I came unwillingly;' sero veni, 'I was late in coming.' adverbs, or Simple Latin adjectives, especially those in -osus, are tives. used for English substantival expressions; e.g. difficilis, periculosus, &c., 'attended with difficulty, danger,' &c.; saevum, 'marked with cruelty;' cruentus, 'stained with blood.' Cf. (4) 24; 8, 9; 36, 25, 27. by verbs, tives. § 22. Many (English) adjectives, like 'useless,' 'pos§ 22. English sible,' 'impracticable,' 'usual,' have to be rendered by adjectives verbal clauses; e. g. qua soles lima, 'with your usual or substancriticism;' rem et posse et debere fieri, 'that the measure was both practicable and expedient;' and Latin adjectives, also, by English substantival or verbal clauses; e. g. impotens, capax, &c. ticiples. So also English participles when equivalent to clauses; As also par. Cf. § 18. § 25. (49) 32. Cf. (14) 20, 21; (20) 4, 15; (22) 7. Latin § 23. The adjective is constantly used as the main $23. predicate with verbs in Latin; e.g. Primus abiit; no- Adjectives vissima exuitur laudis cupido. as predicates. § 24. a. Superlatives in one language replace com- $24. paratives in the other; Uter horum doctior? Superlatives, comparatives, "Which of these is the and posi e.g. cleverest? Prior ego, 'I was first to speak.' quo nihil iniquius, 'a most unfair course.' Cf. 3, 16; (6) 5; (32) 2; 36, 2. tives interchanged. our Lat.comparative too rendered rather,' by 'too,' B. The Latin comparative is often rendered by 'too,' as in 'too great,' majus quam quod fieri possit; great for lightning,' majores fulguribus, or quam fulgura, (26, 27); often by our 'rather' or 'so:' or by a simple positive; e.g. in the Latin, fortior quam felicior. Cf. 7, 13; 19, 32; 22, 2, 16; 33, 14; 36, 2; 45, 26; 51, 15. 'so,' &c., superlative by positive, or by inten- Compari sons. § 25. Present § 24. y. The positive replaces the superlative, especially in English, our superlative being often awkward in form, and less used; Cato vir justissimus, 'That just man Cato.' Cf. 21, 8-11; 33, 3; 37, 49; 38, 16. 8. Latin superlatives mean not only 'most' but 'very;' optimus = 'best,' 'one of the best,' 'very good,' or simply 'good.' Cf. 36, 1; 43, 4; 45, 23; 48, 9. €. Comparisons are made in Latin usually by simple co-ordinate clauses, the copula or copulative relative replacing our 'as,' 'than,' &c.; tantus ille quantus ego means strictly 'he is so great, and I am so great;' ille æque atque ego, 'he equally, and I equally.' § 25. a. The Latin present participle active is not so freely used as in English, cf. § 18, 22, 31; the English Participles -when not participle being often replaced (i) by the infinitive; e.g. used in Latin. (26) 39, cf. 26, 23; or by (ii) the historic imperfect or infinitive, as in descriptions, cf. (26) 15, and 26, 40; (iii) or by prepositions, cf. § 14; or (iv) by a co-ordinate clause, as in 31, 19; e.g. (i) mutari omnia videmus, 'we see all things changing.' (ii) pars arma capere, alii fugere, plerique metu torpebant, 'some seizing arms, others running away, most standing paralyzed with fear.' (iii) ob haec, de hoc, owing to this, concerning this.' (iv) caelum est mitissimum: oleas et vites profert; 'the climate is mild, producing both the vine and olive.' B. The Lat. pres. part. is strictly present and marks participle simultaneous action; loose English participles, present in strictly present. form only, must be translated by past participle, quum with past subjunctive, postquam with indicative, &c.; Present cf. § 29 a. e.g. 'so saying, he left the house,' quum haec dixisset e domo exiit. Cf. 2, 1, 6, 14; 8, 19, 21; 8, 5, 13, &c. English 'Pendent' impersonal participles, like 'considering,' § 25. 'excepting,' 'counting,' and even strictly present parti- pendent ciples, may have to be translated by dum (mostly with pres. part. pres. indic.), si (mostly with fut. perfect), quum and a verb, past. part., ablative absolute, &c. Cf. 24, 40, 41; 31, 3. § 25. y. Subject to these rules the pres. part. may Lat. pres. be used in temporal, causal, conditional, modal, concessive part. senses. Cf. 2, 14, 24; 3, 4, 22; 7, 29; 8, 21; 13, 14, 39; 20, 35; 22, 34-6; 24, 35, 40; 29, 30; 47, 2. when used, 8. It is frequently used in oblique cases where we esp. in use verbal clauses, cogitanti saepe occurrit. Cf. 3, 9; 38, 30; 39, 15. E. oblique cases, classes of €. It is constantly used in oblique cases (rarely in and for the nominative), especially in the genitive plural (as in men or Greek with the article), for classes of men or things. Cf. §§ 41 €, 42 a. Cf. Näg. § 29. Cf. 2, 15; 7, 20; 9, 4; 24, 47; 26, 36; 33, 14; 34, 8; 48, 9. things. passive Latin. . The present participle passive is wanting in Latin, Pres. part. and is replaced by verbal clause or the past participle wanting in passive in some cases, e. g. 'the besieged' qui obsidentur, (qui obsidebantur). Cf. Näg. § 28. Cf. 3, 10; 5, 7; 7, 31; 13, 34. part. 7. The present participle of English neuter verbs Eng. pres. will often have to be replaced by the past participle neuter. passive; e.g. Inde ad suos conversus. Cf. 7, 8; 13, 9. Past Parti § 26. a. The past participle active, being wanting in § 26. Latin except in deponents, is generally expressed by ciples quum, ut qui, &c., with the subjunctive, ubi, postquam, ing in Latin. with the indicative, ablative absolute, or simple adjective, active want English past part. pass. for Lat. prepo sition. Lat. past part. § 27. Verbs, §§ 27 -29. Tenses or by past participle passive in agreement with object; e.g. vinctos (or quum vinxisset) eduxit. Cf. § 25 ß; 11, 1; 14, 1, &c. § 26. B. The past participle passive is often translated by prepositions or the ablative of a noun ('prompted by'= ex, propter), or omitted altogether. Cf. § 28. by'=ex, Cf. (24), 23; (25) 24. 7. The Latin past participle, from want of an article, cannot be so often used as in Greek for a substantive; though occasionally so used (as the present § 25 €); cf. Näg. § 28. 8. nor for an adjective. Cf. § 18 γ. § 27. a. The vague English present tense must often be replaced by future, futurum exactum, perfect or Present,&c., present subjunctive; and the perfect similarly by the in English. pluperfect; the future by the futurum exactum; e.g. scribes si quid habebis, 47, 10; quae formaveram dicto, 34, 10.. inexact use cf. 25 B. cf. § 29 a. Verbal pleonasms and B. The English perfect, e.g. 'is written, &c.,' scriptum est, must be carefully distinguished from the present of the same form, scribitur. Cf. 29, 33; 34, 2; (36) 10; (38) 5, 15, 19, 24, 26; (42) 3; (46) 16; (49) 12, 21; 52, 5; (53) 12. § 28. a. In verbs as in nouns, (English) conventional periphrases periphrastic expressions and obsolete metaphors must be in English. replaced by simpler and more direct terms. = 'He observed, remarked, replied, continued' inquit (often omitted) 'I repeat,' inquam; and so ago, capio, esse, habere, ire, posse, facere, will often translate more artificial terms like 'manage,' 'discuss,' ' embrace,' ‘exist,' 'constitute,' 'deliver,' &c. The verbs 'to avail one's self,' 'assure,' 'represent,' 'allude,' 'qualify,' 'convey,' 'coinmunicate,' 'enhance,' will furnish other instances in some of their uses. |