ESSAY V.

CLEMENT XIV. AND THE JESUITS.

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Qualifications for an Historian of the Jesuits . .

Supplementary Volume by M. Crétineau Joly . .

Scope of the Work . .

Progress of the Reformation arrested by the Jesuits.

Their Monopoly in Education . .

State of Religion and Morality on the Continent

Jansenism . . . . . . . .

Result of Jesuit Dominion . . . .

Literature and the New Philosophy. .

Jesuit Missions to the Heathen. .

Their Settlements in the New World

Charged with breaking the Rules of their Order

Their Fall in Europe inevitable

Expelled from the great Catholic Kingdoms .

Death of Clement XIII. ..

Meeting of the Conclave.

Division of Parties. ..

Cardinal de Bernis . .

Attempt to precipitate the Election.

Documents relating to the Conclave .

List of the Cardinals analysed. .

Instructions of French Court to Cardinal Bernis

His Character of the 'Sacred College' .

Plot to bribe the Cardinals . . .

Intrigues and Counter-intrigues .

Arrival of the Spanish Cardinals

Election of Ganganelli . . .

His Character. . .

Nature of his Agreement with Spain and France

Reasons for his Election . . . . .

His Views on the Jesuit Order . . .

Joy of the Roman People at his Election.

Development of his Character.

His Reluctance to proscribe the Jesuits

Brief for their Suppression .

Fierce Controversy on the Manner of Clement's Death

Last Months of his Life, ..

Suspicions of Poison . . . . . .

His dying Words

Story of his Final Absolution.

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ESSAY VI.

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NEWMAN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.

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De Maistre, Möhler, and Mr. Newman .

297

Introduction to Mr. Newman's Book

Bishop Bull's Defence of the Nicene Faith

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Anti-Nicene Fathers on the Doctrine of the Trinity

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Biblical Criticism . . . . . .

302

Arguments of Petavius revived . .

303

The Canon and Authority of Scripture .

304

Mr. Newman's preliminary Discussion .

305

Distinctness of New Testament Teaching .

Theory of Development stated . . .

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Place assigned by it to New Testament .

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Hints of Scripture developed into Doctrines

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Scripture refined into Allegory

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Early Fathers treated in same Manner .

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Medieval Theology . . .

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Development of Christianity . .

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Probability of Developing Authority' .

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Historical Development of Infallibility .

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Fallibility of Infallibility . . . .

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Argument for Infallibility—its Necessity . .

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Its Attractiveness as an Hypothesis. .

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Christianity perfected, while Mankind degenerated

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Tests of Fidelity of Development . .

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First Test—Preservation of Idea .

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Errors of Medieval Church, its Strength

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Essential Ideal of Christianity.

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According to Mr. Newman, Monastic .

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Primæval Christianity . . .

Heathen Notion of . . . .

333

Second Test-Continuity of Principle

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The Test applied . . . .

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Illustrations of the Test . . ..

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Supremacy of Faith . .

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Arbitrement between Reason and Faith..

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Third Test-Power of Assimilation . .

343

Dogmatic and Sacramental Principles

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Catholicism a‘ Developed Montanism' .

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Heresy of the Fathers

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Fourth Test-Early Anticipation . . . . . .

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Generation and Descent of Infidelity

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Fifth Test-Logical Sequence .

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Sixth Test—Preservative Additions .

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Deification of the Virgin Mary

* Early Anticipations of the Fathers

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Arianism its unconscious Parent .

Its Motive analysed

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• Additions' a Confession of Weakness

Harmony of New Testament doctrine

361

Seventh Test- Chronic Continuance

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Intermittence of . . . .

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Papal Power in Middle Ages, Conservative of Christianity . . 364

Greatness of the See of Rome . . . . . . . 365

Development of Christianity in Morality and Social Influence : 366

Fallacy of Argument from assumed solitary Permanence of Rome 367

Prayers for Conversion of England to Roman Catholicism. .. 368

Interpretation of . . . . . . . .

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Effect of the Destruction of English Church

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Christianity of the Future

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Essential unity of Christianity . . . . .

M. Michelet's view of Religion .

Character of M. Michelet as an Historian . .

The Family the Guarantee of Political Stability .

Comparative Morality of France and other Countries.

Principles at Stake .

Office and Duties of the Clergy .

Theory of the Church of England .

The Confessional out of Date . .

Its Influence in Former Times . .

The Parent of Casuistry . . .

Its evil Effect upon Morality .

Picture of the Confessional by M. Michelet

The Director and Direction'. .

The Secret of Jesuit Power . . .

Origin of the Monastic System . .

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The Celibacy of the Secular Clergy. .

Its Advocates at the Present Day . .

Monastic Notions . . .

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"Lives of the Saints' .

Möhler's Argument in Favour of Celibacy .

Its superior Sanctity not inculcated by Scripture

Language of our Lord and St. Paul, .

Passage in St. Luke's Gospel

Earliest Christian Institutions .

Gnostic Sects . . .

Pauline Ideas of Evil .

Protest of the Baden Clergy .

Variance between the Eastern and Western Churches

Celibacy the Law of the Western Church .

Effect of Celibacy upon Character , .

Social Advantages of rejecting the Law .

Married and unmarried Missionaries .

Religious Influence of a married Clergy .

• Independence of the Church' discussed.

Relation between Church and State . .

Established Churches

Married Clergy sufficiently independent,

Incidental Advantages of voluntary Celibacy .

Of a married Clergy . .

Test of clerical Fitness . .

Ecclesiastical 'Power'a Phantom .

Abrogation of " Authority' in English Church,

Principle of Toleration destructive of .

Present Mission of the Clergy . . .

To be examples of the Gospel . .

Abhorrers of Untruth . .

Strauss and 'Lives of the Saints' compared . .

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Beauty of the Tombs ..

Seneca . . . .

Tomb of Cæcilia Metella .

Of Priscilla . . .

Of the Scipios. .

Christian Reverence for the Dead ..

Growth of Christian Community

Practice of Cremation abhorrent to.

Family Sepulchres . . . ..

Origin of the Catacombs . .

Cavaliere de Rossi on the Christian Catacombs .
They conform to the Geological Strata .

Situation of the chief Catacombs . . .

First Explorers of the Catacombs . .

Cemeteries by the Appian Way .

History and Archæology of the Catacombs

Dodwell · De Paucitate Martyrum'.

Necessity for capacious Cemeteries . .

Catacomb of Callistus . . . .

Tomb and Epigraph of Cornelius .

Monument of S. Cæcilia . ..

Reign of Diocletian

Pontificate of Damasus . . . . .

Rome wasted by the Barbarians

Christian Art in the Catacombs ..

M. de Rossi on the Symbol IXOYS.

Representations of the Virgin and Child .

Picture in the Cemetery of Priscilla . .

Argument from its Artistic Beauty . .

Conclusion . . . . . . .

Errata.
Page 3, line 7 from bottom for Michael read Nicholas.

, 9, 3, for six road seren.
, 24, 6, for 1594 read 1494.
„ 25, „ 10 from bottom, for November 27 read November 17.