ESSAY V.

CLEMENT XIV. AND THE JESUITS.

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Qualifications for an Historian of the Jesuits . .

Supplementary Volume by M. Crétineau Joly . .

Scope of the Work . .

Progress of the Reformation arrested by the Jesuits.

Their Monopoly in Education . .

State of Religion and Morality on the Continent

Jansenism . . . . . . . .

Result of Jesuit Dominion . . . .

Literature and the New Philosophy. .

Jesuit Missions to the Heathen. .

Their Settlements in the New World

Charged with breaking the Rules of their Order

Their Fall in Europe inevitable

Expelled from the great Catholic Kingdoms .

Death of Clement XIII. ..

Meeting of the Conclave.

Division of Parties. ..

Cardinal de Bernis . .

Attempt to precipitate the Election.

Documents relating to the Conclave .

List of the Cardinals analysed. .

Instructions of French Court to Cardinal Bernis

His Character of the 'Sacred College' .

Plot to bribe the Cardinals . . .

Intrigues and Counter-intrigues .

Arrival of the Spanish Cardinals

Election of Ganganelli . . .

His Character. . .

Nature of his Agreement with Spain and France

Reasons for his Election . . . . .

His Views on the Jesuit Order . . .

Joy of the Roman People at his Election.

Development of his Character.

His Reluctance to proscribe the Jesuits

Brief for their Suppression .

Fierce Controversy on the Manner of Clement's Death

Last Months of his Life, ..

Suspicions of Poison . . . . . .

His dying Words

Story of his Final Absolution.

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ESSAY VI.

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NEWMAN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.

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De Maistre, Möhler, and Mr. Newman . . . . . 297

Introduction to Mr. Newman's Book

Bishop Bull's Defence of the Nicene Faith

300

Anti-Nicene Fathers on the Doctrine of the Trinity .

301

Biblical Criticism . . . .

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Arguments of Petavius revived

303

The Canon and Authority of Scripture .

304

Mr. Newman's preliminary Discussion .

305

Distinctness of New Testament Teaching .

Theory of Development stated . . .

Place assigned by it to New Testament ,

310

Hints of Scripture developed into Doctrines

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Scripture refined into Allegory

Early Fathers treated in same Manner

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Medieval Theology . . .

Development of Christianity .

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Probability of Developing Authority' .

318

Historical Development of Infallibility .

319

Fallibility of Infallibility . . . .

321

Argument for Infallibility—its Necessity.

322

Its Attractiveness as an Hypothesis. .

323

Christianity perfected, while Mankind degenerated . . 325

Tests of Fidelity of Development . .

326

First Test—Preservation of Idea . .

327

Errors of Medieval Church, its Strength.

328

Essential Ideal of Christianity.

329

According to Mr. Newman, Monastic

Primæval Christianity . . .

331

Heathen Notion of . . .

333

Second Test—Continuity of Principle

335

The Test applied . . . .

Illustrations of the Test . .

338

Supremacy of Faith . .

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Arbitrement between Reason and Faith .

341

Third Test-Power of Assimilation . .

343

Dogmatic and Sacramental Principles ..

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Catholicism a · Developed Montanism' .

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Heresy of the Fathers . . . . .

· Fourth Test-Early Anticipation . . . . . .

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Generation and Descent of Infidelity

Fifth Test-Logical Sequence . . .

351

Sixth Test—Preservative Additions .

352

Deification of the Virgin Mary

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* Early Anticipations of the Fathers

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Arianism its unconscious Parent .

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Its Motive analysed

358

. Additions' a Confession of Weakness

360

Harmony of New Testament doctrine

361

Seventh Test—Chronic Continuance

362

Intermittence of . . . . .

Papal Power in Middle Ages, Conservative of Christianity . . 364

Greatness of the See of Rome . . . . . . . 365

Development of Christianity in Morality and Social Influence : 366

Fallacy of Argument from assumed solitary Permanence of Rome 367

Prayers for Conversion of England to Roman Catholicism. . 368

Interpretation of . . . . . . . . . 370

Effect of the Destruction of English Church . . . . 371

Christianity of the Future . . . . . . . 373

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Essential unity of Christianity . .

M. Michelet's view of Religion .

Character of M. Michelet as an Historian . .

The Family the Guarantee of Political Stability .

Comparative Morality of France and other Countries.

Principles at Stake.

Office and Duties of the Clergy

Theory of the Church of England

The Confessional out of Date . .

Its Influence in Former Times . .

The Parent of Casuistry . . .

Its evil Effect upon Morality . .

Picture of the Confessional by M. Michelet

The Director and Direction'. .

The Secret of Jesuit Power . .

Origin of the Monastic System. .

The Celibacy of the Secular Clergy .

Its Advocates at the Present Day

t Day . . . . .

Monastic Notions . . . . . . .

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Lives of the Saints' . . . .
Möhler's Argument in Favour of Celibacy .
Its superior Sanctity not inculcated by Scripture
Language of our Lord and St. Paul . . .
Passage in St. Luke's Gospel . . .
Earliest Christian Institutions.
Gnostic Sects . . . . . . . .
Pauline Ideas of Evil . .
Protest of the Baden Clergy .
Variance between the Eastern and Western Churches
Celibacy the Law of the Western Church .

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Effect of Celibacy upon Character . . .
Social Advantages of rejecting the Law ..
Married and unmarried Missionaries .
Religious Influence of a married Clergy .
• Independence of the Church' discussed .
Relation between Church and State . ..
Established Churches . . . .
Married Clergy sufficiently independent.
Incidental Advantages of voluntary Celibacy .

Of a married Clergy

Test of clerical Fitness . . . .

Ecclesiastical 'Power' a Phantom .

Abrogation of ' Authority' in English Church .

Principle of Toleration destructive of .

Present Mission of the Clergy . . .

To be examples of the Gospel . . . . .

Abhorrers of Untruth

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Strauss and 'Lives of the Saints' compared . .

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Beauty of the Tombs .

Seneca . . .

Tomb of Cæcilia Metella .

Of Priscilla . . . .

Of the Scipios. . .

Christian Reverence for the Dead .

Growth of Christian Community .

Practice of Cremation abhorrent to ..

Family Sepulchres . . . .

Origin of the Catacombs . .

Cavaliere de Rossi on the Christian Catacombs .
They conform to the Geological Strata .
Situation of the chief Catacombs . .
First Explorers of the Catacombs . .
Cemeteries by the Appian Way . .
History and Archæology of the Catacombs
Dodwell • De Paucitate Martyrum'.
Necessity for capacious Cemeteries .
Catacomb of Callistus .
Tomb and Epigraph of Cornelius
Monument of S. Cæcilia .
Reign of Diocletian
Pontificate of Damasus.
Rome wasted by the Barbarians .
Christian Art in the Catacombs
M. de Rossi on the Symbol IXOYS .
Representations of the Virgin and Child
Picture in the Cemetery of Priscilla .

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Argument from its Artistic Beauty . .

Conclusion . . . . . . .

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Errata.
Pago 3, lino 7 from bottom for Michael read Nicholas.

9, 3, for six read seren.
„ 24, 6, for 1594 read 1494.

26, „ 10 from bottom, for November 27 read November 17.