62

genti talentis pacti deduntur. Tarraconem in hiberna reditum est.

Romae aut circa urbem multa ea hieme prodigia facta aut, quod evenire solet motis semel in religionem ani2 mis, multa nuntiata et temere credita sunt, in quis ingenuum infantem semestrem in foro holitorio triumphum 3 clamasse, et in foro boario bovem in tertiam contignationem sua sponte escendisse atque inde tumultu habi4 tatorum territum sese deiecisse, et navium speciem de caelo adfulsisse, et aedem Spei, quae est in foro holitorio, fulmine ictam, et Lanuvi hastam se commovisse et corvum in aedem Iunonis devolasse atque in ipso pul5 vinario consedisse, et in agro Amiternino multis locis hominum specie procul candida veste visos nec cum ullo congressos, et in Piceno lapidibus pluvisse, et Caere sortes extenuatas, et in Gallia lupum vigili gladium ex vagina 6 raptum abstulisse. Ob cetera prodigia libros adire de

that of the middle voice, as in deduntur, II.

II. talentis: ablative of price with pacti; cf. XXII. 52. 3.

PORTENTS AND EXPIATIONS IN AND
NEAR ROME.

te

62. Romae: for the position cf. in Italiam, 25. I n. mere, thoughtlessly; said of anything not done with due consideration.

2. foro holitorio: the vegetable market was outside the Porta Carmentalis between the Capitoline hill and the Tiber; the cattle market (forum boarium) was southeast of this, toward the Circus Maximus.

triumphum: the cry of the soldiers and people was lo triumphe (Hor. C. IV. 2. 49), hence the word is used as object, like AD

cemviri iussi; quod autem lapidibus pluvisset in Piceno novemdiale sacrum edictum, et subinde aliis procurandis prope tota civitas operata fuit. Iam primum 7 omnium urbs lustrata est hostiaeque maiores quibus editum est diis caesae, et donum ex auri pondo 8 quadraginta Lanuvium Iunoni portatum est, et signum aeneum matronae Iunoni in Aventino dedicaverunt, et lectisternium Caere, ubi sortes adtenuatae erant, imperatum et supplicatio Fortunae in Algido; Romae quo- 9

cemviri: Livy (X. 8. 2) calls them carminum Sibyllae ac fatorum populi huius (sc. Romani) interpretes.

quod, etc. for this particular portent there was a precedent to follow, even from the days of Tullus Hostilius (I. 31. 4); for all the others (cetera) the sacred books must be consulted. - novemdiale sacrum: as human efforts depended on the course of nature, which was ordinarily uniform, any disturbance of that uniformity was regarded as indicating the displeasure of the gods. It was all-important that the gods should be appeased by sacrifices, and these were single or continued according to the degree of displeasure as indicated by the magnitude of the occurrence.

In

this case a nine days' rite, occupying the Roman week (nundinae), was the regular procuratio, or proper expiation. The precise rites are not known, but the time was a holiday (feriae imperativae in this case), and probably a sacrifice was offered each day to Jupiter. subinde, one after the other, in consequence of the number of prodigies; see 20. 8 n.- procurandis: 46. 3 n. tota civitas: this would seem to indicate that the sacrifices had the

nature of the supplicatio, in which all the citizens individually took part, going to the temples with their

wives and children and making private sacrifices to their favorite gods.

operata, engaged; a religious word, with a special meaning as a perfect participle (hence fuit) of being occupied in a religious function.

7. lustrata: the lustratio consisted in a procession of priests and victims around the spot to be purified, accompanied by sprinklings and prayers and followed by a sacrifice; see I. 44. 2. - maiores: the full-grown victims, which were, of course, more costly; see XXII. 1. 15. editum est (sc. ut caederentur): i.e. by the decemviri upon an examination of the books

8. pondo: this ablative (in weight) has come, by the omission of a case of libra, to be indeclinable, and itself to mean pounds. Lanuvium Iunoni: see Gr. 225.b, and cf. 259. h.-matronae: nominative plural; cf. XXII. 1. 18. in Aventino: evidently this cult was connected with that of Lanuvium. Fortunae probably on general principles, as nothing is mentioned concerning her before. This is also the case with Juventas and Hercules. — Algido: a mountain ridge in Latium, where was an old cult of Diana. Perhaps the rites to Fortune were connected with hers, as the most famous temple of Fortune was at Praeneste, not far distant.

que et lectisternium Iuventati et supplicatio ad aedem Herculis nominatim, deinde universo populo circa omnia pulvinaria indicta, et Genio maiores hostiae caesae 10 quinque, et C. Atilius Serranus praetor vota suscipere iussus, si in decem annos res publica eodem stetisII set statu. Haec procurata votaque ex libris Sibyllinis magna ex parte levaverant religione animos.

63

Consulum designatorum alter Flaminius, cui eae legiones quae Placentiae hibernabant sorte evenerant, edictum et litteras ad consulem misit, ut is exercitus 2 idibus Martiis Arimini adesset in castris. Hic in provincia consulatum inire consilium erat memori veterum

9. Iuventati: this goddess, one of the vague deities of the Romans called Indigetes, was identified with the more anthropomorphic Hebe, and so regarded as the wife of Hercules. nominatim: in a supplicatio the people worshiped not all at the same temples, but at whatever shrine they pleased. Here, however, the express mention of these two divinities would make it obligatory to worship them especially, while general supplicatio could be performed at will. Genio: the protecting divinity of the Roman people, here first mentioned.

10. praetor: because the consuls were in the field. Atilius appears to have returned to Rome after giving his troops to Scipio (39. 3). — vota: what the vow was does not

appear. in decem annos, for the next ten years, as a period to look forward to; cf. ad quinquennium proximum, XXII. 10. 2.stetisset: in the vow steterit; cf. 21. 9.

II. vota: this word had become practically a noun, but here it is joined with haec in the same construction as procurata; see 1. 5 n.

-- ex (libris), in accordance with,
as often. Here the development
of that meaning is plainly seen.
levaverant: taking a new point of
view, as, for instance, the time of
the comitia, which is passed over
without mention. - religione, re-
ligious fear, i.e. the demoralization
connected with the unfavorable
omens above mentioned.

C. FLAMINIUS, CONSUL ELECT.

63. alter: his colleague (for the consular year from March 15, 217 B.C.) was Cn. Servilius, the candidate of the aristocracy. - edictum, etc. it would appear that the consuls elect had certain powers in regard to preparing for their functions, yet it is not safe to take such a time as this as a criterion for the ordinary usage. ad consulem : apparently Sempronius (15), as Scipio is not mentioned. Nothing, moreover, is said about Sempronius's army being at Lucca (59. 1o n.).

2. hic in provincia, etc. : usually the entrance upon office was made at Rome with special religious ceremonies; cf. 8, below. - memori, etc. he was afraid of being called

1

certaminum cum patribus, quae tribunus plebis et quae postea consul prius de consulatu, qui abrogabatur, dein de triumpho habuerat, invisus etiam patribus ob novam 3 legem quam Q. Claudius tribunus plebis adversus senatum atque uno patrum adiuvante C. Flaminio tulerat, ne quis senator cuive senator pater fuisset maritimam navem, quae plus quam trecentarum amphorarum esset, haberet. Id satis habitum ad fructus ex agris vectan- 4 dos; quaestus omnis patribus indecorus visus. Res per summam contentionem acta invidiam apud nobilitatem suasori legis Flaminio, favorem apud plebem alterumque inde consulatum peperit. Ob haec ratus auspiciis 5 ementiendis Latinarumque feriarum mora et consularibus aliis impedimentis retenturos se in urbe, simulato

3. invisus: carelessly joined with the subject of habuerat instead of agreeing, like memori, with Flaminio implied in consilium erat.

novam, revolutionary; cf. novae res.-legem: probably in 220 B.C., when Flaminius was censor; it was directed against the greed of the aristocracy, and all commerce on their part. uno patrum: the ablative with de or ex is much more frequent with unus. — - cuive: i.e. a son of a senator, who, after his father's death, had not yet become a senator. The form of expression is caused by the fact that

a son during his father's life could not strictly hold property; hence filius senatoris would not be exact enough for the law. — maritimam, sea-going; i.e. it was only directed against foreign commerce. — amphorarum: the tonnage of vessels was thus measured, an amphora containing a cubic foot of wine, or about seven gallons. Three hundred amphorae would be about seven and one-half tons. These statements ignore the difference between the Roman and English foot.

4. patribus: to be joined with indecorus.

5. auspiciis ementiendis, by falsely pronouncing the omens unfavorable; since nothing could be done without consultation of the auspices, these became a potent instrument of fraud in the hands of the nobility. -- Latinarum feriarum: the first act of the consul was regularly the ordering of the sacrifice to Jupiter Latiaris on Mons Albanus, a delay which Flaminius wished to avoid. — consularibus: i.e. used against consuls. The Ro

6 itinere privatus clam in provinciam abiit. Ea res ubi palam facta est novam insuper iram inféstis iam ante patribus movit: non cum senatu modo sed iam cum dris 7 immortalibus C. Flaminium bellum gerere. Consulem ante inauspicato factum revocantibus ex ipsa acie diis atque hominibus non paruisse; nunc conscientia spretorum et Capitolium et sollemnem votorum nuncupa8 tionem fugisse, ne die initi magistratus Iovis optimi maximi templum adiret, ne senatum invisus ipse et sibi uni invisum videret consuleretque, ne Latinas indiceret 9 Iovique Latiari sollemne sacrum in monte faceret, ne auspicato profectus in Capitolium ad vota nuncupanda, paludatus inde cum lictoribus in provinciam iret. Lixae modo sine insignibus, sine lictoribus profectum clam, furtim, haud aliter quam si exsilii causa solum vertisset. 10 Magis pro maiestate videlicet imperii Arimini quam Romae magistratum initurum et in deversorio hospitali II quam apud penates suos praetextam sumpturum. Revocandum universi retrahendumque censuerunt et cogendum omnibus prius praesentem in deos hominesque fungi officiis quam ad exercitum et in provinciam iret. 12 In eam legationem - legatos enim mitti placuit — Q. Terentius et M. Antistius profecti nihilo magis eum moverunt quam priore consulatu litterae moverant ab 13 senatu missae. Paucos post dies magistratum iniit, im

mans were masters in the arts of filibustering.

7. inauspicato: because there was a flaw in the proceedings. ex ipsa acie, etc.: Flaminius received the dispatch summoning him to Rome as he was about to fight the Insubres, but he refused to read it till after his victorious engagement. spretorum (sc. deorum atque hominum): opposed to revocantibus.

8. initi magistratus: see 1. 5 n. - Latinas: sc. ferias. monte: sc. Albano.

9. paludatus: with the paludamentum or scarlet cloak of the general. lixae : a mere camp follower or sutler. - solum vertisset: a technical term for going into banishment.

II. censuerunt: the formal vote of the senate.