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molantique ei vitulus iam ictus e manibus sacrificantium sese cum proripuisset, multos circumstantes cruore respersit; fuga procul etiam maior apud ignaros quid tre- 14 pidaretur, et concursatio fuit. Id a plerisque in omen magni terroris acceptum. Legionibus inde duabus a 15 Sempronio prioris anni consule, duabus a C. Atilio praetore acceptis in Etruriam per Appennini tramites exercitus duci est coeptus.

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TITI LIVI

AB VRBE CONDITA

LIBER XXII.

1 Iam ver adpetebat; itaque Hannibal ex hibernis movit, et nequiquam ante conatus transcendere Appenninum intolerandis frigoribus et cum ingenti periculo 2 moratus ac metu. Galli, quos praedae populationumque conciverat spes, postquam, pro eo ut ipsi ex alieno agro raperent agerentque, suas terras sedem belli esse premique utriusque partis exercituum hibernis viderent, ver3 terunt retro in Hannibalem ab Romanis odia; petitusque saepe principum insidiis, ipsorum inter se fraude, eadem levitate qua consenserant consensum indicantium, ser

HANNIBAL STARTS FOR ETRURIA.

PRODIGIES AT ROME.

1. Iam . . . itaque: cf. 19. II. -ver: as opposed to prima ac dubia signa veris, XXI. 58. 2. But Livy probably took this part from another source which did not mention either the earlier attempt or the wintering in the Ligurian country; in that case the clause nequiquam, etc., may be one of our author's favorite additions to conceal the joints. - movit: see XXI. 32. In. -et . . . et, on the one hand and on the other; as often in Latin, the co-ordinate propositions are opposed with some more intimate relation implied.

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choice and position of the adjective and the insertion of the preposition give great emphasis to the phrase.

2. Galli, etc. explaining the

preceding statement. - pro eo ut, instead of; the expression occurs only here.. - viderent: the subjunctive with postquam, after the analogy of cum, is so extremely rare that most editors read videre; but see Gr. 324 b; Kühner, Lat. Gr. 208; Hale, Cum-constructions, p. 246.

3. petitus: sc. Hannibal. Livy is less careful than earlier writers about changing the subject suddenly.

servatus erat: the pluperfect in reference to the point of time assumed above, the moment of de

vatus erat, et mutando nunc vestem nunc tegumenta capitis errore etiam sese ab insidiis munierat. Ceterum 4 hic quoque ei timor causa fuit maturius movendi ex hibernis.

Per idem tempus Cn. Servilius consul Romae idibus Martiis magistratum iniit. Ibi cum de re publica rettu- 5 lisset, redintegrata in C. Flaminium invidia est: duos se consules creasse, unum habere; quod enim illi iustum imperium, quod auspicium esse? Magistratus id a 6 domo, publicis privatisque penatibus, Latinis feriis actis, sacrificio in monte perfecto, votis rite in Capitolio nuncu

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4. ceterum i.e. he had succeeded in escaping, but still his fear was a factor in his determination to move. hic: i.e. harum insidiarum; cf. is favor, XXI. 46. 7 n. -idibus Martibus: at this time the beginning of the political year, though by the confusion in the calendar it came about two months too early.

5. ibi cum, etc.: at the first meeting of the senate according to the regular order of business; cf. 9. 7, where, however, the first relatio, namely de religione, is mentioned. Probably here both questions were so closely bound together that it made no difference which came first. iustum, regular: in that he had withdrawn without the due formalities, the lex curiata de imperio and the others mentioned in the following. - redintegrata,

etc.: see XXI. 63. 6. — auspicium: the immediate communication with the gods expressed in the auspices, which passed from one representative of the populus Romanus to another, but only, as in all Roman affairs, through the regular ceremonies therefor provided. — esse: the usual infinitive in rhetorical questions, depending, like the other infinitives, on the idea of saying or thinking implied in invidia.

6. magistratus: i.e. only magistrates duly inducted.—id: sc. auspicium; the main thing without which there could be no iustum imperium, in the religious sense. a domo: inasmuch as all the proceedings mentioned must be performed at Rome, and could not be done abroad, and at the same time were necessary conditions to the possession of the auspices. —publicis: just as each house had its household gods, so the great household, the state, had divinities of the same sort. privatis: certain ceremonies were performed by the consul in his own house before proceeding in his robes of state to enter upon his office. Latinis feriis: see XXI. 63. 5 n. -votis: the first rite of the consul was to proceed from his

7 patis secum ferre; nec privatum auspicia sequi, nec sine auspiciis profectum in externo ea solo nova atque integra 8 concipere posse. Augebant metum prodigia ex pluribus simul locis nuntiata: in Sicilia militibus aliquot spicula, in Sardinia autem in muro circumeunti vigilias equiti scipionem, quem manu tenuerat, arsisse, et litora crebris 9 ignibus fulsisse, et scuta duo sanguine sudasse, et milites quosdam ictos fulminibus, et solis orbem minui visum, et Praeneste ardentes lapides caelo cecidisse, et Arpis Io parmas in caelo visas pugnantemque cum luna solem, et Capenae duas interdiu lunas ortas, et aquas Caeretes sanguine mixtas fluxisse fontemque ipsum Herculis cruentis manasse respersum maculis, et Antii metentibus II cruentas in corbem spicas cecidisse, et Faleriis caelum findi velut magno hiatu visum quaque patuerit ingens lumen effulsisse, sortes sua sponte adtenuatas unamque excidisse ita scriptam 'Mavors telum suum concutit,' 12 et per idem tempus Romae signum Martis Appia via ac simulacra luporum sudasse,`et Capuae speciem caeli

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7. privatum: opposed to magistratus. sine auspiciis, etc.: i.e. without the sacred rites that established the mystic relation between the commander and the gods. The whole religious system of the Romans is full of these ritualistic ideas, and is the chief source and model of all later ritualism. — in externo, etc.: i.e. the place, as well as the forms of the rites, was all-important, an idea consonant with the whole ritualistic conception.- nova atque integra, anew from the beginning; independently of all the history of the city from its foundation by auspices (augurato).

concipere: a technical expression including all the preliminary proceedings of augural consecration and the like.

8. augebant, etc.: here Livy, as often, makes the connection with what is implied rather than with what is said. The religious alarm is implied in the hostile speeches made in the senate, though only the invidia is expressly mentioned. The whole account, without going into details, shows the character of the early Roman religion; cf. notes on XXI. 62.

II. sortes: see XXI. 62. 5 n.— sua sponte: i.e. without any apparent cause.

12. via: Livy uses the ablative of 'place where' without a preposition more freely than the earlier

ardentis fuisse lunaeque inter imbrem cadentis. Inde 13 minoribus etiam dictu prodigiis fides habita: capras lanatas quibusdam factas, et gallinam in marem, gallum in feminam sese vertisse. His, sicut erant nuntiata, 14 expositis auctoribusque in curiam introductis consul de religione patres consuluit. Decretum, ut ea prodigia 15 partim maioribus hostiis partim lactentibus procurarentur, et uti supplicatio per triduum ad omnia pulvinaria haberetur; cetera, cum decemviri libros inspexissent, 16 ut ita fierent quem ad modum cordi esse divis e carminibus praefarentur. Decemvirorum monitu decretum est, 17 Iovi primum donum fulmen aureum pondo quinquaginta fieret, et Iunoni Minervaeque ex argento dona darentur, et Iunoni Reginae in Aventino Iunonique Sospitae Lanuvii maioribus hostiis sacrificaretur, matronaeque pecunia 18 conlata, quantum conferre cuique commodum esset, donum Iunoni Reginae in Aventinum ferrent, lectisterniumque fieret, et ut libertinae et ipsae, unde Feroniae donum daretur, pecuniam pro facultatibus suis conferHaec ubi facta, decemviri Ardeae in foro maiori- 19 bus hostiis sacrificarunt. Postremo Decembri-iam mense

rent.

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17. pondo: see XXI. 62. 8 n. Iunoni Minervaeque: these two goddesses were combined with Jove in the Capitoline cult.

18. pecunia: such voluntary contributions (stipes) were not uncommon in the Roman worship. Pieces of money were even offered to the divinities of rivers and springs by being thrown into the water, and considerable deposits of such offerings have been found intact. et ipsae, also; i.e. they as well as the matrons. - unde = ex qua (sc. pecunia); see XXI. 10. 9 n. — Feroniae: see I. 30. 5 n.

19. iam: i.e. in treating the re

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