ad aedem Saturni Romae immolatum est, lectisterniumque imperatum et eum lectum senatores straverunt. 20 et convivium publicum, ac per urbem Saturnalia diem ac noctem clamata, populusque eum diem festum habere ac servare in perpetuum iussus.

2 Dum consul placandis Romae dis habendoque dilectu dat operam, Hannibal profectus ex hibernis, quia iam Flaminium consulem Arretium pervenisse fama erat, 2 cum aliud longius, ceterum commodius ostenderetur iter, propiorem viam per paludes petit, qua fluvius Arnus 3 per eos dies solito magis inundaverat. Hispanos et Afros et omne veterani robur exercitus admixtis ipsorum impedimentis, necubi consistere coactis necessaria ad usus deessent, primos ire iussit, sequi Gallos, ut id agmi

the digression about the omens. — Arretium: see XXI. 15. 6.

2. longius, etc.: some route farther down the valley of the Po, as by Mutina or Bononia. - propiorem, etc.: what route is uncertain. There are several gaps in the Apennines by which Hannibal might have gone, but he seems to have come out of the marshes at Faesulae. The movement was apparently a surprise to the Romans, who expected him to follow them up as he had done before. His object was perhaps to rouse a rebellion of the various nations of Italy and only to fight under circumstances where he could gain the prestige of victory. solito: this ablative after a comparative first appears in prose in Livy; cf. 14. 2; it is frequent in Ovid.

3. et omne, and in fact the whole; robur includes Hispanos et Afros. - admixtis, etc.: not, as was often the case, with the whole baggage train in the rear.- coactis: i.e. in case they were, etc. agminis medium: see XXI. 33. 7 n.

nis medium esset, novissimos ire equites, Magonem 4 inde cum expeditis Numidis cogere agmen, maxime Gallos, si taedio laboris longaeque viae, ut est mollis ad talia gens, dilaberentur aut subsisterent, cohibentem. Primi, 5 qua modo praeirent duces, per praealtas fluvii ac profundas voragines hausti paene limo immergentesque se tamen signa sequebantur. Galli neque sustinere se pro- 6 lapsi neque adsurgere ex voraginibus poterant neque aut corpora animis aut animos spe sustinebant, alii fessa 7 aegre trahentes membra, alii, ubi semel victis taedio animis procubuissent, inter iumenta et ipsa iacentia passim morientes; maximeque omnium vigiliae conficiebant per quadriduum iam et tres noctes toleratae. Cum om- 8 nia obtinentibus aquis nihil, ubi in sicco fessa sternerent corpora, inveniri posset, cumulatis in aqua sarcinis insu- 9 per incumbebant aut iumentorum itinere toto prostratorum passim acervi tantum quod exstaret aqua

turesque writer like Livy the vivid effect is often produced by dwelling on one thing in several of its aspects.

6. sustinere, etc.: i.e. keep themselves from falling when they once slipped; cf. XXI. 35. 12.— adsurgere: i.e. find a firmer footing by getting out of a hole.

7. aegre, etc. i.e. dragging along without energy or spirit, as opposed to those who gave up entirely. procubuissent: iterative subjunctive; see XXI. 4. 4 n. — conficiebant, exhausted them; cf. 'done up.'

9. sarcinis, individual luggage; i.e. the arms, tools, clothing, food, cooking utensils, etc., which were made up into bundles, attached to poles (muli Mariani'), and carried on the shoulders. The collective baggage (impedimenta), tents, engines of war, etc., was carried on pack-animals and in wagons. –

tan

quaerentibus ad quietem parvi temporis necessarium 10 cubile dabant. Ipse Hannibal, aeger oculis ex verna primum intemperie variante calores frigoraque, elephanto, qui unus superfuerat, quo altius ab aqua exstaret, vectus, II vigiliis tamen et nocturno umore palustrique caelo gravante caput, et quia medendi nec locus nec tempus erat, altero oculo capitur.

3

Multis hominibus iumentisque foede amissis cum tandem de paludibus emersisset, ubi primum in sicco potuit, castra locat, certumque per praemissos exploratores habuit exercitum Romanum circa Arreti moenia esse. 2 Consulis deinde consilia atque animum et situm regionum itineraque et copias ad commeatus expediendos et cetera, quae cognosse in rem erat, summa omnia cum cura in3 quirendo exsequebatur. Regio erat in primis Italiae fertilis, Etrusci campi, qui Faesulas inter Arretiumque iacent, frumenti ac pecoris et omnium copia rerum

capitur: cf. capti auribus et oculis, XXI. 58. 5; captus omnibus membris, II. 36. 8.

THE POSITION OF THE TWO
ARMIES.

3. 2. consilia . . . exsequebatur: an admirable illustration of Hannibal's habit and an explanation of his great successes.— atque, et, -que, et: for the arbitrary use of the conjunctions, cf. XXI. 16. 2 n. - animum, disposition; i.e. how he was likely to act, as opposed to his definite plans (consilia). copias: i.e. the resources for provisioning his army.- inquirendo exsequebatur: a little stronger than inquirebat alone.

3. regio, etc. giving in irregular order the details which Hannibal discovered. et omnium

rerum: see 2. 3 n.

opulenti; consul ferox ab consulatu priore et non modo 4 legum aut patrum maiestatis sed ne deorum quidem satis metuens. Hanc insitam ingenio eius temeritatem fortuna prospero civilibus bellicisque rebus successu aluerat. Itaque satis apparebat nec deos nec homines consulentem ferociter omnia ac praepropere acturum ; quoque pronior esset in vitia sua, agitare eum atque inritare Poenus parat, et laeva relicto hoste Faesulas petens, medio 6 Etruriae agro praedatum profectus, quantam maximam vastitatem potest caedibus incendiisque consuli procul ostendit. Flaminius, qui ne quieto quidem hoste ipse 7 quieturus erat, tum vero, postquam res sociorum ante oculos prope suos ferri agique vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, per mediam iam Italiam vagari Poenum atque obsistente nullo ad ipsa Romana moenia ire oppugnanda, ceteris omnibus in consilio salutaria magis quam speciosa 8 suadentibus, collegam exspectandum, ut coniunctis exer

-

4. ferox, etc.: cf. XXI. 63. 2 et seq. The word expresses both confidence and aggressiveness. ab: with the common idea of post hoc ergo propter hoc.. non modo. sed ne... quidem: if these words have a common predicate, placed in the second clause, the negation in ne ... quidem belongs to the first clause as well, and thus non modo means not only not.. legum: as passed by the people. patrum: i.e. the auctoritas of the senate as distinguished from absolute laws. insitam: i.e. natural to him in any case, even without his previous success. civilibus: his various political measures, such as the assignment of the Gallic territory, and his famous Flaminian Road and Cirbellicis: his victory over the Insubrians in 223 B.C. — rebus: ablative of respect.

cus.

5. satis apparebat, it was pretty

clear.- agitare, bait; referring, like the English word, to the hunting of animals.

6. Faesulas petens : this can hardly be correct, as Arretium would not be on Hannibal's left. He must have gone southerly to the west of Arretium.

7. quieturus erat, would have, etc., the protasis being contained in quieto hoste. -vero: like 'you may be sure,' indicating the determining circumstance. iam: i.e. he had got so far as that, when he ought to have been stopped in the beginning.

8. ceteris omnibus emphatically opposed to Flaminius; Polybius (III. 82) says Tivŵv oloμévwv. A council of war is indicated in which the higher officers joined, though of course the commander had the right to disregard their opinions.collegam . . . cohi

9

citibus communi animo consilioque rem gererent, interim equitatu auxiliisque levium armorum ab effusa praedandi licentia hostem cohibendum, iratus se ex consilio proripuit signumque simul itineris pugnaeque cum proIo posuisset, Immo Arreti ante moenia sedeamus' inquit ; 'hic enim patria et penates sunt. Hannibal emissus e manibus perpopuletur Italiam vastandoque et urendo omnia ad Romana moenia perveniat, nec ante nos hinc moverimus quam, sicut olim Camillum ab Veis, C. II Flaminium ab Arretio patres acciverint.' Haec simul increpans cum ocius signa convelli iuberet et ipse in equum insiluisset, equus repente corruit consulemque 12 lapsum super caput effudit. Territis omnibus qui circa. erant velut foedo omine incipiendae rei insuper nuntiatur signum omni vi moliente signifero convelli nequire. Conversus ad nuntium Num litteras quoque' inquit 'ab senatu adfers, quae me rem gerere vetent? abi, nuntia,

13

the second person. -olim: during the siege of Rome by the Gauls in 390 B.C.

II. increpans, storming; with the idea of reproach and abuse. signa convelli: the final order for march.- equus, etc.: Coelius (Cic. de Div. I. 35. 77) locates this before the statue of Jupiter Stator. Such omens were considered most serious by the ancients. Of course in this case as in many others partisan hatred has magnified or even created the supposed events.

12. circa: see XXI. 7. 5 n. — signum nequire this was the most terrible omen of all.

13. litteras: as in the former case (XXI. 63. 7 n.), as if this alone were wanting to complete the obstacles in his way. The whole is so well told that one doesn't care much whether it is fact or fiction.