per paucos dies magis quam oppugnatio fuit, dum vulnus ducis curaretur. Per quod tempus ut quies certaminum erat, ita ab apparatu operum ac munitionum nihil cessatum. Itaque acrius de integro coortum est 2 bellum pluribusque partibus, vix accipientibus quibusdam opera locis, vineae coeptae agi admoverique aries. Abundabat multitudine hominum Poenus; ad centum 3 quinquaginta milia habuisse in armis satis creditur; oppidani ad omnia tuenda atque obeunda multifariam 4 distineri coepti non sufficiebant. Itaque iam ferieban- 5 tur arietibus muri quassataeque multae partes erant; una continentibus ruinis nudaverat urbem: tres deinceps turres quantumque inter eas muri erat cum fragore ingenti prociderunt. Captum oppidum ea ruina 6 crediderant Poeni, qua, velut si pariter utrosque murus

reinforcements.

curaretur: not 'cured,' but attended to. The subjunctive is used because of the idea of purpose involved. - ut... ita: see 7. 6 n. operum ac munitiorum: nearly the same idea in two different phases.

2. vix accipientibus, which scarcely admitted, i.e. in unfavorable places for siege works. aries: collective, as is shown by pluribus partibus.

3. abundabat, etc.: the arrangement is chiastic with both the parenthetical clause and the main opposition, oppidani, etc. It is to be remembered, however, that in a chiastic sentence the opposition never appears in the first part. The effect here is, 'there was a great abundance of men on the side of the Carthaginians, etc., about a hundred and fifty thousand of them, it is supposed, etc., whereas the people of the town,' etc. On account of the chiasmus the connectives are omitted.

4. coepti: i.e. postquam coepti

sunt.

5. feriebantur: the emphasis on this opposes it to the former state of things in 7. 8 missilibus, etc., which had gradually changed (iam). The battering-rams could now work, and even succeeded in making a breach (quassatae). — una, etc., one (part of the wall), by a continuous breach in it, had laid the city bare.- deinceps, in a row. Livy is quite fond of using adverbs as adjectives, usually putting them before the noun and after any adjective; see e.g. infra, 36. 6; deinceps, 52.5; repente, XXII. 17. 3: cf. the use and position of adverbs in Greek.-prociderunt: the point of view is suddenly changed to narrate graphically the sudden crash of the long piece of wall, and later as suddenly changed again, to narrate the fight which ensued. 6. ruina, breach. - qua: referring to ruina. utrosque: i.e. the Carthaginians, as well as the towns

7 texisset, ita utrimque in pugnam procursum est. Nihil tumultuariae pugnae simile erat, quales in oppugnationibus urbium per occasionem partis alterius conseri solent, sed iustae acies velut patenti campo inter ruinas muri tectaque urbis modico distantia intervallo constite8 rant. Hinc spes, hinc desperatio animos inritat, Poeno cepisse iam se urbem, si paulum adnitatur, credente, Saguntinis pro nudata moenibus patria corpora opponentibus nec ullo pedem referente, ne in relictum a se 9 locum hostem immitteret. Itaque quo acrius et confertim magis utrimque pugnabant, eo plures vulnerabantur nullo inter arma corporaque vano intercidente 10 telo. Phalarica erat Saguntinis missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum exstabat; id, sicut in pilo, quadratum I stuppa circumligabant linebantque pice; ferrum autem tres longum habebat pedes, ut cum armis transfigere corpus posset. Sed id maxime, etiam si haesisset in scuto nec penetrasset in corpus, pavorem faciebat, 12 quod, cum medium accensum mitteretur conceptumque

men. It was a storming party on both sides.

7. per occasionem, etc.: i.e. as one party or the other gets a chance for a sudden attack. iustae, regular. constiterant, were drawn up.

8. adnitatur: future condition with illogical conclusion; see Gr. 307. e. patria: a variation on urbem above, but the fate of Saguntum is thus emphatically connected with the national destiny of its people.

9. vano, without effect.

10. phalarica: another heavy javelin usually thrown from a height and furnished, as described here, with a fire apparatus. It may have been hurled by machinery. - cetera: very unusual adverbial accu

sative plural, found in prose before Tacitus only in Sallust, and twice elsewhere in Livy, viz. I. 32. 2 and 35. 6; cf. sollicitus omnia, 34. 5. tereti, round, as opposed to the part towards the head, which was square.-id: i.e. the forward end. - sicut in pilo: the pilum had usually a square shaft.

II. posset: the subject is properly ferrum, but as it makes no difference whether that or phalarica is subject, Livy is careless about the change. - id . . . quod, the fact that. haesisset: the subjunctive of repeated action, which has by Livy's time become a familiar feature in Latin syntax.

12. medium: where the tow was wound on it.

ipso motu multo maiorem ignem ferret, arma omitti cogebat nudumque militem ad insequentes ictus praebebat. Cum diu anceps fuisset certamen et Saguntinis, 9 quia praeter spem resisterent, crevissent animi, Poenus, quia non vicisset, pro victo esset, clamorem repente 2 oppidani tollunt hostemque in ruinas muri expellunt, inde impeditum trepidantemque exturbant, postremo fusum fugatumque in castra redigunt.

Interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est; qui- 3 bus obviam ad mare missi ab Hannibale qui dicerent nec tuto eos adituros inter tot tam effrenatarum gentium arma, nec Hannibali in tanto discrimine rerum operae esse legationes audire. Apparebat non admissos protinus Carthaginem ituros. Litteras igitur nuntiosque ad principes factionis Barcinae praemittit ut praepararent suorum animos, ne quid pars altera gratificari populo Romano posset. Itaque, praeterquam quod ad- 10 missi auditique sunt, ea quoque vana atque irrita legatio fuit. Hanno unus adversus senatum causam foederis 2 magno silentio propter auctoritatem suam, non cum adsensu audientium egit, per deos foederum arbitros ac 3

testis senatum obtestans, ne Romanum cum Saguntino suscitarent bellum; monuisse, praedixisse se, ne Hamilcaris progeniem ad exercitum mitterent; non manes, non stirpem eius conquiescere viri, nec umquam, donec sanguinis nominisque Barcini quisquam supersit, quie4 tura Romana foedera. Iuvenem flagrantem cupidine regni viamque unam ad id cernentem, si ex bellis bella serendo succinctus armis legionibusque vivat, velut materiam igni praebentes ad exercitus misistis. Aluistis 5 ergo hoc incendium, quo nunc ardetis. Saguntum vestri circumsedent exercitus, unde arcentur foedere; mox Carthaginem circumsedebunt Romanae legiones ducibus isdem diis, per quos priore bello rupta foedera 6 sunt ulti. Vtrum hostem an vos an fortunam utriusque populi ignoratis? legatos ab sociis et pro sociis venientes bonus imperator vester in castra non admisit, ius

witnesses to the treaty, they were also judges of its violation. -monuisse, he had, he said, etc. praedixisse: referring to the reasons he had given why they should not send Hannibal; these were prophecies of the result, hence prae. -manes: a bold figure combining in one idea both the ancient idea of actual ghosts, and the modified modern notion of the continuance of a person's spirit in his descendants. The idea of ghosts continuing to walk till vengeance has been accomplished, is an old and persistent one.

4. si... vivat: the apodosis is absorbed in cernentem, etc. The whole is a confusion of two ideas, 'that the only way, etc., was to,' etc., and he could attain, etc., only if.' ex bellis, etc.: cf. II. 18. 10, bella ex bellis sererent.

5. vestri: i.e. of the Barcine faction who had been in the ma

jority; so vos and vester below. ulti agreeing in gender with Romani implied in Romanae legiones.

6. utrum, etc.: the question assumes that the war is folly, and asks the causes of the folly, after which Hanno proceeds to show why the Carthaginians cannot expect to conquer. ab sociis: the Romans were at peace with the Carthaginians, not at war, which makes the repulse more flagrant. pro sociis: i.e. the Saguntines, who were in the same relation. — ius, etc. we should say, 'violated the law of nations'; the Latin more concretely says, 'taken away the right (secured by that law).'-tamen: i.e. notwithstanding the violation of the law of nations. unde: referring to inde implied with pulsi (i.e. from the camp of Hannibal).hostium : opposed to

gentium sustulit; hi tamen, unde ne hostium quidem legati arcentur pulsi, ad vos venerunt; res ex foedere repetunt; ut publica fraus absit, auctorem culpae et reum criminis deposcunt. Quo lenius agunt, segnius 7 incipiunt, eo, cum coeperint, vereor ne perseverantius saeviant. Aegatis insulas Erycemque ante oculos proponite quae terra marique per quattuor et viginti annos passi sitis. Nec puer hic dux erat, sed pater ipse 8 Hamilcar, Mars alter, ut isti volunt. Sed Tarento, id est Italia, non abstinueramus ex foedere, sicut nunc Sagunto non abstinemus. Vicerunt ergo dii homines- 9 que, et id de quo verbis ambigebatur, uter populus foedus rupisset, eventus belli velut aequus iudex, unde ius stabat ei victoriam dedit.

sociis above. -res... repetunt: the general term for demanding satisfaction. ex foedere : because that was broken by Hannibal's attack on the Saguntines whose autonomy was preserved in it. publica: on the part of the state as opposed to the private action of Hannibal. - auctorem, etc.: the usual proceeding in such cases if the state disavowed the act complained of.

7. Aegatis: the victory of C. Lutatius Catulus off these islands in B.C. 241 closed the First Punic War. Erycem: here Hamilcar gallantly braved the Romans in the last years of the first war. - quae : interrogative.

8. sed: the opposition is, 'with a leader such as Hamilcar, we might have expected victory, but we had broken a treaty then as we have now, and naturally the right prevailed.' Tarento apparently a treaty excluded the Carthaginians from Italy, whereas in 272 B.C. they

Carthagini nunc Hannibal 10

had sailed into Tarentum. - ex foedere a natural shorthand expression, almost modern in its abruptness.

9. vicerunt: the emphasis here represents that which would have been on victi sumus, which Livy is prevented from saying by the turn which he wishes to give to the following. The emphasis is not on dii, as indeed according to the position of the words it cannot be, but on the result as above set forth. The change of the point of view which allows the active instead of the passive is not unnatural in impassioned oratory. homines: properly only the Romans, but used loosely to express the effect of a breach of treaty, - the enmity of heaven and all nations. - verbis: opposed to eventus belli. unde = a qua; cf. a parte, a dextro cornu, and the like. — ei . . . dedit: this form of expression takes the place of diiudicavit which would have governed id; it also adds the man