et apud Romanos iam ante Sagunti excidium celeberrimum nomen erat, et Scipionem Hannibal eo ipso, quod adversus se dux potissimum lectus esset, praestantem 9 virum credebat; et auxérant inter se opinionem, Scipio, quod relictus in Gallia obvius fuerat in Italiam transgresso Hannibali, Hannibal et conatu tam audaci traiciendarum Alpium et effectu.

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Occupavit tamen Scipio Padum traicere, et ad Ticinum amnem motis castris, priusquam educeret in aciem, adhortandorum militum causa talem orationem est exorsus: 40 'Si eum exercitum, milites, educerem in aciem quem in superior 2 Gallia mecum habui, supersedissem loqui apud vos; quid enim adhortari referret aut eos equites qui equitatum hostium ad Rhodanum flumen egregie vicissent, aut eas legiones cum quibus fugientem hunc ipsum hostem secu

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stance of this one is given in Polybius (III. 64), but it is worked over by Livy. - apud vos: there is here the peculiar Latin 'telescoping' of two different forms of thought; 'If I had that army, I should have refrained from addressing it, but with you it is necessary.'

2. referret: i.e. in the case (contrary to fact) supposed. - vicissent: see 29. 3. The difference of mood in this clause and in quem ... habui, just above, and cum quibus . habui, just below, is instructive; this clause is conditioned on the main protasis, 'If I had that army,' and hence is in the subjunctive pluperfect, while the other clauses are not so conditioned, and are therefore expressed in the indicative. The whole matter of attraction or essential part,' so called, depends on the relation which the clauses bear to the main idea. other words, formal grammar is only logical sense put into language. legiones: as Hannibal had avoided

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tus confessionem cedentis ac detractantis certamen pro victoria habui? nunc, quia ille exercitus, Hispaniae pro- 3 vinciae scriptus, ibi cum fratre Cn. Scipione meis auspiciis rem gerit, ubi eum gérere senatus populusque Romanus voluit, ego, ut consulem ducem adversus Han- 4 nibalem ac Poenos haberetis, ipse me huic voluntario certamini obtuli, novo imperatori apud novos milites pauca verba facienda sunt. Ne genus belli neve hostem igno- 5 retis, cum iis est vobis, milites, pugnandum quos terra marique priore bello vicistis, a quibus stipendium per viginti annos exegistis, a quibus capta belli praemia Siciliam ac Sardiniam habetis. Erit igitur in hoc certamine 6 is vobis illisque animus qui victoribus et victis esse solet. Nec nunc illi, quia audent, sed quia necesse est, pugnaturi sunt; nisi creditis, qui exercitu incolumi pugnam detracta-"7 vere, eos duabus partibus peditum equitumque in transitu Alpium amissis [qui plures paene perierint quam super

contact with the Romans except in cavalry reconnoissance (cf. 31. 3), the foot-soldiers had not engaged.

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3. nunc: introducing, like the corresponding words in many other languages, the actual state of the case. Cn. Scipione : 32. 3. meis auspiciis: only the commander-in-chief had the right, as representing the Roman people, of taking the auspices, i.e. of consulting the gods as to the conduct of the war; his subordinates commanded only so far as concerned human relations.

4. consulem: a supreme commander as opposed to subordinates. - voluntario: because his proper province was the war in Spain (32. 3), and hence the defense of Italy was not his affair.

5. ne.. ignoretis: as often, the purpose of saying what is said, not the purpose of the thing itself.

8 sint] plus spei nactos esse. At enim pauci quidem sunt, sed vigentes animis corporibusque, quorum robora 9 ac vires vix sustinere vis ulla possit. Effigies immo, umbrae hominum, fame frigore inluvie squalore enecti, contusi ac debilitati inter saxa rupesque; ad hoc praeusti artus, nive rigentes nervi, membra torrida gelu, quassata 10 fractaque arma, claudi ac debiles equi: cum hoc equite, cum hoc pedite pugnaturi estis; reliquias extremas hostis, non hostem habetis; ac nihil magis vereor quam ne, cum vos pugnaveritis, Alpes vicisse Hannibalem videantur. II Sed ita forsitan decuit, cum foederum ruptore duce ac populo deos ipsos sine ulla humana ope committere ac profligare bellum, nos, qui secundum deos violati sumus, 41 commissum ac profligatum conficere. Non vereor ne

quis me haec vestri adhortandi causa magnifice loqui 2 existimet, ipsum aliter animo adfectum esse. Licuit in Hispaniam, provinciam meam, quo iam profectus eram, cum exercitu ire meo, ubi et fratrem consilii participem

8. at enim, but, you say, regularly introducing a consideration to be overthrown.-pauci, only a few, in its usual meaning. robora ac vires, strength of resistance and strength for attack; cf. 1. 2 n.

9. effigies, mere forms; an expression for which, as indicating at least some substance, umbrae, outlines, is substituted to represent more strongly the emaciated condition of Hannibal's troops. — praeusti artus, with hands and feet frozen, literally, 'at the extremities,' like praeacutus, praetrunco, and other compounds of prae. — torrida: this must refer to the inflammation caused by exposure; torpida, a suggestion of Lipsius, has been adopted by some editors.- quassata, rickety, as opposed to actual fracture, expressed by fracta.

10. cum hoc, this is . . . with which. vos: emphatically opposed to Alpes.

II. ita, etc., perhaps it was better so; namely, that nature should overcome them first, inasmuch as they had offended the gods, and only the finishing of the war be left to the Romans, who were the next aggrieved parties. - forsitan: without influence on the mood, as in poetry and later prose. — profligatum: an almost technical term for 'breaking the back' of a war, opposed both to commissum on the one hand, and conficere on the other.

41. 2. licuit, etc.: the confirmation of Scipio's sincerity, in that his actions show his confidence, for he might have avoided this contest. Hence the emphasis on licuit, I

ac periculi socium haberem et Hasdrubalem potius quam Hannibalem hostem et minorem haud dubie molem belli; tamen, cum praeterveherer navibus Galliae oram, ad fa- 3 mam huius hostis in terram egressus praemisso equitatu ad Rhodanum movi castra. Equestri proelio, qua parte 4 copiarum conserendi manum fortuna data est, hostem fudi; peditum agmen, quod in modum fugientium raptim agebatur, quia adsequi terra non poteram, regressus ad navis quanta maxime potui celeritate tanto maris terrarumque circuitu in radicibus prope Alpium huic timendo hosti obvius fui. Vtrum, cum declinarem certamen, im- 5 providus incidisse videor, an occurrere in vestigiis eius, lacessere ac trahere ad decernendum? Experiri iuvat 6 utrum alios repente Carthaginienses per viginti annos terra ediderit, an iidem sint qui ad Aegatis pugnaverunt insulas et quos ab Eryce duodevicenis denariis aestimatos emisistis, et utrum Hannibal hic sit aemulus itinerum 7

MIGHT have. - haberem: i.e. in the case supposed; 'if I had gone I should now have,' etc.- - minorem ... molem belli, a less difficult war. The Latin loves to make such words as bellum concrete, to express the preparations or armament and the like; hence the use of molem; cf. tanti belli impetus navigavit, Cic. pro Lege Manil. 12. 34.

3. tamen: opposed to the statement that he might have gone to Spain, etc.- praeterveherer: the emphasis expresses the idea that he was merely accidentally passing by, and went out of his way to meet the enemy.

4. equestri: see 29. 2.— - fugientium: cf. 40. 2.—1 - regressus, etc. if we read with the oldest

Mss. neque regressus ad navis erat, we must assume the loss of a protasis like si secutus essem, and make regressus a noun. - tanto

5. utrum, etc., is it that, etc., since whether' in direct questions is obsolete in English.-declinarem, etc.: a circumstance that might make it seem as if now he had unexpectedly fallen on the enemy, since he avoided them before. -occurrere in vestigiis eius, confront him in his path; a very forcible expression, probably suggested by vestigiis sequi and the like.

6. iuvat, I would like to. - ad Aegatis in the final contest of the First Punic War; see Introd. 4.duodevicenis denariis, etc.: this ransom is not elsewhere mentioned, but may well have been a formal recognition that the Carthaginians were prisoners. The amount is a small one, at that time not far from three dollars apiece.

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Herculis, ut ipse fert, an vectigalis stipendiariusque et 8 servus populi Romani a patre relictus. Quem nisi Saguntinum scelus agitaret, respiceret profecto, si non patriam victam, domum certe patremque et foedera 9 Hamilcaris scripta manu, qui iussus ab consule nostro praesidium deduxit ab Eryce, qui graves impositas victis Carthaginiensibus leges fremens maerensque accepit, qui decedens Sicilia stipendium populo Romano dare pactus Io est. Itaque vos ego, milites, non eo solum animo, quo adversus alios hostes soletis, pugnare velim, sed cum indignatione quadam atque ira, velut si servos videatis II vestros arma repente contra vos ferentes. Licuit ad Erycem clausos ultimo supplicio humanorum, fame, interficere; licuit victricem classem in Africam traicere atque intra paucos dies sine ullo certamine Carthaginem 12 delere veniam dedimus precantibus, emisimus ex obsidione, pacem cum victis fecimus, tutelae deinde nostrae 13 duximus cum Africo bello urgerentur. Pro his impertitis furiosum iuvenem sequentes oppugnatum patriam

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7. Herculis cf. Alpes nulladum via, nisi de Hercule fabulis credere libet, superatas, V. 34. 6.-vectigalis as paying tithes and the like. stipendiarius: as paying an indemnity. The whole is exaggerated, as the Carthaginians only paid a certain sum for ten years, a limit which was reached before Hamilcar's death in 228 B.C.

8. nisi, etc.: i.e. unless Hannibal were driven mad by the consciousness of his crime at Saguntum. The pursuit of the wicked by the Furies or otherwise is regularly expressed by agitare. respiceret, have regard for. - domum, the honor of his house; the breaking of Hamilcar's pledges by his son would dishonor the family.

9. iussus, etc.: to increase the

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humiliation. consule: Lutatius Catulus.leges, conditions.

10. ego: only expressed from the fondness for opposing persons. - animo, spirit, as warriors. velim, I would have. indignatione: an additional feeling beside the ordinary courage and desire to win.

II. licuit: cf. 2 n.- - humanorum (sc. suppliciorum), that man can suffer.

12. veniam, etc.: i.e. 'we might have (licuit) done all that, but instead we granted indulgence,' etc.

- tutelae, etc. : an exaggeration of some permission, contrary to the treaty of 241 B.C., to get material of war in Italy (Polybius, III. 27; I. 83; Nepos, Ham. 3).

13. impertitis, favors, things granted to them.-furiosum: cf.