clamore atque adsensu appellatus erat, favor plebis sequeretur. Hunc vixdum puberem Hasdrubal litteris 2 ad se accersierat actaque res etiam in senatu fuerat. Barcinis nitentibus ut adsuesceret militiae Hannibal atque in paternas succederet opes, Hanno alterius fac- 3 tionis princeps 'Et aequum postulare videtur' inquit 'Hasdrubal, et ego tamen non censeo quod petit tribuendum.' Cum admiratione tam ancipitis sententiae in se omnis convertisset, 'Florem aetatis' inquit 'Hasdrubal, quem ipse patri Hannibalis fruendum praebuit, iusto iure eum a filio repeti censet; nos tamen minime decet iuventutem nostram pro militari rudimento adsuefacere libidini praetorum. An hoc timemus, ne Hamil- 5 caris filius nimis sero imperia immodica et regni paterni speciem videat, et, cuius regis genero hereditarii sint relicti exercitus nostri, eius filio parum mature serviamus? Ego istum iuvenem domi tenendum sub legibus, 6

the apparent incongruity between his age and the enthusiastic instalment in office. Hannibal appears (I. 4; 2. I and 3) to have been about twenty-six years old. Nepos (Hann. 3) says that he was under twenty-five, and Eutropius (III. 7) that he was in his twentieth year. clamore atque adsensu: a hendiadys, equal to clamorous assent.' -appellatus: literally, not merely figuratively, hailed' as such, in accordance with the practice in Roman armies.

2. Hasdrubal: i.e. while in command in Spain after the death of Hamilcar.accersierat: the pluperfect to keep the right sequence of events in view of the statements at the beginning of the chapter. acta, etc. i.e. the question of Hannibal's going as implied in the preceding. etiam: i.e. not only he had been sent for, but his party

4. admiratione : i.e. just the effect intended. florem aetatis: see 2. 3. rudimento: for the military origin of the word, see Harvard Studies, I. 95.

5. an: the regular use of the word, implying'am I not right in opposing it, or must we do so for fear?' etc.-immodica, unlimited, unrestrained, as passing beyond the proper limits for a constitutional commander. regni as opposed to a lawful magistracy. regis used in the same sarcastic tone. parum mature, not soon enough.

sub magistratibus, docendum vivere aequo iure cum ceteris censeo, ne quandoque parvus hic ignis incen4 dium ingens, exsuscitet.' Pauci ac ferme optimus quisque Hannoni adsentiebantur; sed, ut plerumque fit, maior pars meliorem vicit.

Missus Hannibal in Hispaniam primo statim adventu 2 omnem exercitum in se convertit: Hamilcarem iuvenem redditum sibi veteres milites credere; eundem vigorem in vultu vimque in oculis, habitum oris lineamentaque intueri. Dein brevi effecit ut pater in se minimum 3 momentum ad favorem conciliandum esset. Numquam ingenium idem ad res diversissimas, parendum atque imperandum, habilius fuit. Itaque haud facile discer4 neres utrum imperatori an exercitui carior esset: neque Hasdrubal alium quemquam praeficere malle ubi quid fortiter ac strenue agendum esset, neque milites alio

6. quandoque: in its indefinite sense; cf. quandocumque, and quisque in its early relative sense. The Ciceronian writers would use aliquando or quando.

4. pauci, a few, apparently contrary to the usual negative sense of the word, but still implying a few, but only a few.' missus: the emphasis enables Livy to omit the result of the decision of the senate: 'he was sent, and immediately,' etc.

2. iuvenem, in the prime of his powers, i.e. as they remembered him in his youth. credere: the historical infinitive is used here to depict the situation already stated in the preceding sentence; so in malle, 4. This form always describes, and never merely narrates. -effecit: i.e. as a soldier, he soon made the likeness to his father (pater in se) seem of little account by the side of his military qualities.

3. numquam: the emphasis enables Livy to dispense with a nam

or enim. The whole is a shorthand expression for, 'He showed a character than which none was ever better suited at the same time for the two opposites of command and obedience,' a form of expression which becomes a subordinate detail of effecit, and not an explanation requiring nam. — parendum: the word is in a kind of apposition with res, and so the natural ad is omitted before it. discerneres: the regular use of the imperfect where what would be in present time a general condition with the protasis omitted (as non discernas, 'you couldn't tell if you should try,' or the like), is transferred to past time. There is strictly no 'contrary to fact' implication (Gr. 311. a).

4. fortiter ac strenue: a favorite combination to express the ideal Roman character; cf. Cic. Phil. II. 32. 78; Hor. Ep. I. 7. 46; Suet. Tib. I.- esset: the so-called subjunctive of repeated action, which

duce plus confidere aut audere. Plurimum audaciae ad 5 pericula capessenda, plurimum consilii inter ipsa pericula erat. Nullo labore aut corpus fatigari aut animus vinci poterat. Caloris ac frigoris patientia par; cibi 6 potionisque desiderio naturali, non voluptate modus finitus; vigiliarum somnique nec die nec nocte discriminata tempora: id quod gerendis rebus superesset quieti 7 datum; ea neque molli strato neque silentio accersita; multi saepe militari sagulo opertum humi iacentem inter custodias stationesque militum conspexerunt. Vestitus 8 nihil inter aequales excellens; arma atque equi conspiciebantur. Equitum peditumque idem longe primus erat; princeps in proelium ibat, ultimus conserto proelio excedebat. Has tantas viri virtutes ingentia vitia aequa- 9 bant: inhumana crudelitas, perfidia plus quam Punica, nihil veri, nihil sancti, nullus deum metus, nullum ius

first comes into frequent use with Livy (Gr. 309. b).

6. discriminata: i.e. regularly fixed for one or the other purpose.

7. multi saepe, many persons at one time or another; cf. II. 35. 8 multis saepe bellis. — militari: i.e. such as the common soldiers wore.sagulo: the diminutive to heighten the effect, like 'simple soldier's cloak.' The regular word is sagum, a short cloak (like the Greek chlamys) fastened on the right shoulder. custodias, sentinels. -stationes, pickets or posts.

8. vestitus: as the mere adornments of his body opposed to arma and equi, as means of war. - equitum peditumque: i.e. as a warrior on foot or on horseback, referring to personal prowess.

9. viri virtutes: this, instead of eius virtutes, gratifies Livy's fondness for alliteration.—vitia: probably this standing reputation among

the Romans was as unfounded as the mutual estimation of British and French warriors or rival college athletic teams. Livy's own narrative is sufficient to disprove the Roman notion; see e.g. the honors to slain enemies in XXV. 17 and XXVII. 28, as well as Hannibal's strength in adversity, XXVIII. 12.— perfidia, etc.: Punica fides was proverbial among the Romans. If we had a Carthaginian literature, we should no doubt have the contrary expressed, and probably with more truth. nihil veri: like the other words, in apposition with vitia, being affirmative in meaning, though negative in form, utter disregard for truth.'-nihil sancti: this idea among the Romans corresponds to piety or conscientiousness with us, a pure life controlled by religion. deum metus: another aspect of religion, respect for the gods as 'making for righteousness.' - ius

10 iurandum, nulla religio. Cum hac indole virtutum atque vitiorum triennio sub Hasdrubale imperatore meruit nulla re, quae agenda videndaque magno futuro duci esset, praetermissa.

5 Ceterum ex quo die dux est declaratus, velut Italia ei provincia decreta bellumque Romanum mandatum 2 esset, nihil prolatandum ratus, ne se quoque, ut patrem Hamilcarem, deinde Hasdrubalem, cunctantem casus aliquis opprimeret, Saguntinis inferre bellum statuit. 3 Quibus oppugnandis quia haud dubie Romana arma movebantur, in Olcadum prius fines -ultra Hiberum ea gens in parte magis quam in dicione Carthaginiensium erat induxit exercitum, ut non petisse Saguntinos, sed rerum serie finitimis domitis gentibus iungen

iurandum, regard for an oath. religio: i.e. sense of dependence on the gods. That the character here expressed is untrue sufficiently appears from Polybius.-indole, equipment: the word is properly used of the young, denoting' promise,' 'natural endowments capable of growth'; see Val. Max. III. 1.

10. agenda videndaque: referring to the two means of learning, experience and observation. - futuro, by one who intended to be. The future participle, to express purpose or intention, is first freely used by Livy; cf. 32. 1, 2, 5, 10; 58. 2; XXII. 12. 2.

to t

term for department,' 'field of operations'; for its strict use see 17. I.

2. Saguntinis, etc.: as the first step in a Roman war.

a

3. quibus oppugnandis: loose use of the ablative of cause. Operations against the town are really meant, hence oppugnare. quia, etc. i.e. he wished to have an appearance of right on his side, even though he was purposely aiming at the Romans. movebantur: a free use of the conative imperfect to supply the want of a form for a futurum in praeterito in the passive corresponding to the active motura erant. - Olcadum: northerly from New Carthage on the Gaudiana. ultra, south of. Rome is Livy's point of view. — in parte, etc.: i.e. according to the treaty with Hasdrubal (2. 7) they were left to the Carthaginians, though not yet conquered by them.

rerum serie: i.e. he knew that in the combinations among the tribes attacked the neighboring Saguntines would sooner

or

doque tractus ad id bellum videri posset. Cartalam 4 urbem opulentam, caput gentis eius, expugnat diripitque; quo metu perculsae minores civitates stipendio imposito imperium accepere. Victor exercitus opulentusque praeda Carthaginem Novam in hiberna est deductus. Ibi large partiendo praedam stipendioque 5 praeterito cum fide exsolvendo cunctis civium sociorumque animis in se firmatis vere primo in Vaccaeos promotum bellum. Hermandica et Arbocala, eorum 6 urbes, vi captae.

Arbocala et virtute et multitudine

=

oppidanorum diu defensa. Ab Hermandica profugi 7 exsulibus Olcadum, priore aestate domitae gentis, cum se iunxissent, concitant Carpetanos, adortique Hanni- 8 balem regressum ex Vaccaeis haud procul Tago flumine agmen grave praeda turbavere. Hannibal proelio absti- 9 nuit, castrisque super ripam positis, cum prima quies silentiumque ab hostibus fuit, amnem vado traiecit vallo

later become involved. iungendo: i.e. by extending his boundaries. The word is used absolutely elsewhere (Pliny, Ep. III. 19. 2) of the gradual accumulation of land. The co-ordination of the two different kinds of ideas (rerum serie, iungendo) is contrary to Latin usage, but begins to be more common in imperial Latin.

4. quo metu: a common, even standing, shorthand expression for 'the alarm caused by this.' — stipendio imposito . . accepere: the change of 'point of view' or 'subject of the action' is not natural in Latin, but becomes common in later and less formal writing; cf. promotum, 5 n. Carthaginem Novam: the modern Cartagena, built with great splendor by Hasdrubal as a naval base for aggressive operations. The name is pleonastic, 'Carthage' meaning New Town' (Servius on Verg. Aen.