risdiction, without the consent of the others. The affairs of the colonies were to be managed by two persons from each colony, styled commissioners. The commissioners were to meet annually in the colonies in succession. They were to choose a president when they met. The decision of six commissioners was to be binding on all. They had power to hear and determine all affairs of war and peace-leagues, aids, charges, and number of men for war-and division of the spoils, and whatever is gotten by conquest.

3. The expenses of all just wars were to be borne by each colony in proportion to its number of male inhabitants between the ages of sixteen and sixty. In case any colony was suddenly invaded, on the request of three magistrates of such colony, the other confederates were immediately to send aid to the colony invaded. The commissioners were to take into consideration, afterwards, the cause of such invasion, and if it should appear that the fault was in the colony invaded, such colony was not only to make satisfaction to the invaders, but to bear all the expenses of the war.

4. Fugitives from justice and runaway servants were to be returned to the colonies where they belonged, or from which they had fled. This confederacy, which was declared to be perpetual, continued without any essential alteration for about forty years. It undoubtedly served as a basis of the articles of confederation adopted by the thirteen colonies.

5. Soon after Charles II. was restored (1660), he com

as confederates? How often were the commissioners to meet? What officer were they authorized to choose? How many commissioners had the power to bind all? What powers were assigned to the commis sioners?

3. How were the expenses of all just wars to be borne? If any colony was suddenly invaded, what was to be done? What were the commissioners afterwards to consider? If the fault was in the colony invaded, what was to be done?

4. What was the provision as to fugitives from justice and runaway servants? How long did this confederacy continue? Of what did it form the basis?

manded the governor and council to send persons to England to answer certain complaints made against Massachusetts. The governor called the general court together, and they agreed to acknowledge Charles as their sovereign lord and king. An address was forwarded to him to that effect. The king returned a letter to the colony, confirming, and offering to renew, their charter,— tendering pardon to all his subjects for all offences, except such as stood attainted, but requiring the following conditions: 1. That all laws made in the late troubles, derogatory to the royal authority and government, should be repealed; 2. That the rules of the charter for administering the oath of allegiance should be observed; 3. That the administration of justice should be in the king's name; 4. That liberty of conscience in the use of the common prayer should be observed; 5. That there should be impartiality in the election of the governor and magistrates, without regard to any faction in respect to their opinions or profession; 6. That all freeholders of competent estates, orthodox in their religion, not vicious in their lives, though of different persuasions concerning church government, should be admitted to vote.

6. The general court, in replying to his majesty's letter, stated that for the repealing of all laws here established since the late changes, derogatory to his majesty's authority and government, they had considered thereof, and were not conscious of any to that tendency; that concerning the oath of allegiance, they were ready to attend to it as formerly, according to charter; that concerning liberty to use the common prayer, none among them had appeared to desire it.

5. What demand did Charles II. make upon the governor and council of Massachusetts? What action did they take? What answer did the king return? To what citizens did he tender pardon? What laws were to be repealed? What special rules of the charter were to be observed? In whose name was justice to be administered? What liberty of conscience was to be observed? What was the rule as to elections? Who were to be admitted to vote?

6. What was the reply in reference to repealing laws? In refer

7. In 1675, and during the reign of Charles II., occurred the famous Indian war known as King Philip's War. A confederacy was formed among the Indians capable of sending into action more than three thousand warriors. The war on the part of the colonists was conducted by the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England. In this contest New England lost six hundred of her colonists, and a great amount of property. More than six hundred houses were laid in ashes, and a heavy debt was also incurred. The colonists acted perfectly independent of the government of England. They did not receive the slightest assistance from that government, neither did they ask it. They fought their own battles, and spent their own treasure in the defence of their homes, families, and firesides.

CHAPTER VII.

POSSESSION OF NEW NETHERLANDS TAKEN BY THE ENGLISH.

1. AFTER Charles II. ascended the throne of England he granted a charter to the Duke of York, conveying to him the country held by the Dutch, called by them the New Netherlands. An armament, under the command. of Colonel Nichols, was dispatched to conquer the territory. He was appointed deputy-governor of the territory he was about to conquer. Peter Stuyvesant was then the

ence to the oath of allegiance? In reference to the use of the common prayer?

7. During whose reign did King Philip's War occur? How many warriors was the Indian confederacy capable of sending into the field? By whom conducted on the part of the colonists? How many did the colonists lose? How many houses were destroyed? Did the colonists receive any assistance from England? Did they ask any?

1. To whom did Charles II. grant a charter of New Netherlands ? Who was appointed deputy-governor? Who was the Dutch governor

governor of the Dutch colony. Nichols soon arrived at the mouth of the Hudson, and took a position before the capital of New Netherlands. Governor Stuyvesant resolved to make a gallant resistance; but the colonists, apprchending that any resistance to the disciplined forces and powerful artillery of the invaders would be utterly hopeless, were anxious to spare the effusion of blood and the destruction of their property. As the governor was unsupported by his countrymen, he was compelled to agree to a treaty of capitulation.

2. The first article in the treaty declared that the inhabitants should freely enjoy all their farms and houses, except such as were in forts; that the West India Company should have liberty to transmit all their arms and ammunition out of the country at any time within, six months, or that they should be paid for the same; that all the people should continue denizens, and enjoy their lands, houses, and goods, or dispose of them as they pleased; that any people might come from the Netherlands and settle in the colony; that any Dutch vessel might freely come hither, and that any of the Dutch might freely return home, or send any sort of merchandise home in vessels of their country.

3. Soon after its subjugation, New Amsterdam received the name of New York; and the name was extended to the whole province. Colonel Nichols immediately assumed the command of the territory as deputy-governor for the Duke of York. The governor, council, and justices of the peace were invested with every power of the colonylegislative, executive, and judicial. Trial by jury was introduced as a check upon judicial proceedings. The of the colony? What did he resolve to do? Was he sustained by the colonists? What was the governor compelled to do?

2. What were the inhabitants to enjoy by the first article in the treaty? What were the West India Company allowed to do with their arms and ammunition? Who were allowed to come and settle in the colony? What privileges were extended to vessels and merchandise? 3. What name was given to New Netherlands soon after its subjuga tion? In whom were the powers of government vested? For what purpose was trial by jury introduced? In forming a code of laws, what was

court collected into one code the ancient customs, regarding the laws of England as supreme, and transmitted their ordinances to England; which were confirmed by the Duke of York. About the same time the inhabitants of New York City were incorporated under a mayor, five aldermen, and a sheriff.

4. In 1682, the inhabitants of New York first participated in legislation. The council and the corporation of New York having concurred in soliciting their royal patentee to permit the people to possess some share in the government, the deputy-governor was informed that the same form of government would be established as the other colonies enjoyed, particularly in choosing an assembly; and the deputy-governor was accordingly instructed to call together an assembly of the province. Orders were issued for the election of eighteen members of assembly. A session was held, and several important laws were passed.

5. At the death of Charles II., in 1685, the Duke of York, to whom the charter of New York was granted, became king of England, with the title of James II. On assuming the throne, he expressed his contempt for the authority of parliament, and his determination to exercise an unlimited despotism. His short and inglorious reign was wholly employed in attempting to set aside the Protestant religion, and to establish the Roman Catholic faith. The notorious Jeffreys, the most unscrupulous and profligate judge in English history, was chief-justice, and afterwards appointed lord chancellor. He gloried in his barbarity, and boasted that he had hanged more men regarded as supreme? Under what officers was New York City incorporated?

4. When did the inhabitants of New York first participate in legisla tion? What petition was sent to the patentee? What was the reply? What was the deputy-governor instructed to do? Of how many members did the assembly consist?

5. When did the Duke of York become king of England? Under what title? On assuming the throne, what did he express? In what was his short and inglorious reign employed? Who was then chiefjustice in England? What was his character? Of what did he boast?