than any other judge since the days of William the Conqueror.

6. The efforts of James in favor of the Catholic religion were, for a time, attended with success. But having committed seven bishops to the Tower for having refused to read a declaration to suspend the laws against popery, a spirit of general indignation was aroused. William, prince of Orange, was invited to assume the government. The principal nobility and officers joined his standard; and James, finding himself deserted by the people, and even by his own children, escaped to France. Parliament declared the king's flight an abdication, and settled the crown upon William III. and Mary.

7. Ireland still adhered to James, and the parliament of Ireland declared William a usurper. Assisted by France, James landed with some French forces, where he was joined by a large army; but he was defeated by William at the River Boyne, and Ireland submitted to the new king. During the reign of James he had instituted a suit in the Court of Chancery against Massachusetts, and obtained a decree that their charter should be forfeited. The king then appointed a governor, who declared that the old charter being forfeited, the title of the colonists to their lands was of no validity. He then compelled the colonists to procure new deeds, for which large sums were demanded.

8. The surrender of the charter of Connecticut was demanded and refused. It had been concealed in a large

6. What was the first effect of the efforts of King James in favor of the Catholic religion? For what did he send seven bishops to the Tower? What effect did this have upon the nation? Who was invited to assume the government? Who joined his standard? What did James then do? What action did parliament then take?

7. What part of the country adhered to James? What did their local parliament declare? By what government was James assisted? What action did he take? By whom was he defeated? Where? For what purpose did James, during his reign, institute a suit against Massachusetts? What did the governor appointed by the king declare? What did he compel the colonists to procure?

8. What other charters were demanded? How was the proclamation

oak-tree, called the "Charter Oak." For more than two years there was a general suspension of the charters of the colonies. The proclamation of the accession of William and Mary to the throne was celebrated in Massachussets with great ceremony. In the war between James, assisted by France, and William, in command of the English forces, the colonies were deeply involved. The French colonies, in alliance with the Indians, commenced the work of destruction. It continued for about seven years, during which time the colonists suffered severe losses. After a few years of peace, war broke out again in Europe, and hostilities speedily commenced in the colonies, which continued for a period of eleven years.

CHAPTER VIII.

WAR BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH COLONIES.

1. In the preceding chapters we have taken a rapid review of many important events connected with the establishment and early history of the English colonies in North America. Intimately connected with the history of the English colonies, is the early history of the French colonies in America. Champlain is regarded as the founder of Canada, or New France. He built and fortified Quebec. He explored the vast wilderness by which it was surrounded. The French continued their discoveries to the Mississippi, and in the year 1717 founded the city of New Orleans. They conceived the idea of uniting of the accession of William and Mary to the throne received in Massachusetts? Did the war between the French, on the part of James, and the English, on the part of William, extend to America? With whom did the French colonies form an alliance? How long did this war in the colonies continue? What occurred after a few years of peace? How long did it continue?

1. Of what have we taken a rapid review in the preceding chapters? What is intimately connected with this history? Who was the founder

their northern and southern possessions by a chain of forts, along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. They soon erected many strong fortifications. Many of the grants from the English crown extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The plans of the French interfered with these grants, and they determined to resist. A messenger was sent from Virginia to the commanding officer on the Ohio, to demand, in the name of the king of England, that the French desist from the prosecution of a design which was considered a violation of the treaties subsisting between England and France. In reply, the commanding officer stated that he had taken possession of the country by direction of the governor-general of Canada, and to his orders he should yield implicit obedience.

2. This reply was not satisfactory to Virginia, and they determined to repel the invasion.. The proceedings of the French excited great interest in England, and war was deemed inevitable. Orders were sent to the governors of the several colonies to repel force by force, and to dislodge the French from their posts on the Ohio. These orders were accompanied by a recommendation to form a union. of the colonies, for a more effective defence. Delegates were appointed to meet at Albany for the purpose of conferring with the Five Nations, and the subject of union was also discussed at the convention. A committee was appointed to devise some scheme for the proposed confederation. A plan was drawn up by Benjamin Franklin, and adopted on the 4th of July, 1754. It recommended a government similar in form to the government of the

of New France? What city did he build? In what direction did the French continue their discoveries? How far? What idea did they conceive? What did they erect? How far did many of the grants from England extend? With what did the plans of the French interfere? What did the English colonists determine to do? What was sent from Virginia? To whom? What was the reply to this demand?

2. Was this reply satisfactory? What effect did the proceedings of the French have in England? What orders were sent to the governors of the several colonies? With what were their orders accompanied? When were delegates to meet? For what purpose? What subject did they discuss? For what purpose was a committee appointed? By whom was

separate colonies. There was to be a general council, to be composed of deputies from the several colonies, and a president appointed by the crown, with power to veto all acts of the council.

3. Some of the delegates dissented, on the ground that too much power was placed in the hands of the crown. It was opposed and rejected by the British government, because it put too much power in the hands of the colonists. They then recommended that the governors of the several colonies, with one or two of their councillors, should meet and adopt such measures as the common safety might demand. It was proposed that all necessary funds be drawn from the British treasury, and that parliament impose a general tax upon the colonies to repay the same. This proposition was strongly opposed. It was found that any attempt to tax the colonies by parliament, where they were not represented, would create unusual discontent, and the scheme was defeated.

4. The war which soon after commenced was carried on vigorously for about nine years, and was finally terminated by a treaty of peace, signed in 1763, by which the French surrendered to the English their only valuable territory in America. The English colonies founded in America were in almost all cases the result of private enterprise, and no American colony was established at the expense of the government of Great Britain. The soil was claimed as an appendage to the crown, and the early colonists acknowledged some connection with the parent State. Some of the colonies were almost entirely independent. They

a plan drawn up? When was it adopted? What did it recommend? Of what was the council to be composed? By whom was the president to be appointed? With what powers?

3. Upon what ground did some of the delegates dissent? Upon what ground was it opposed and rejected by the British government? What did they then recommend? From what source was it proposed to draw the necessary funds? What was parliament then to do? What was found to be the effect of an attempt to tax the colonies by parliament?

4. For what time was the war between the French and English colonies carried on? How terminated? How were the English colonies in America founded? Was any American colony established at the expense of the English government? How was the soil claimed by England {

elected their assembly, their council, their governor, and by royal charter were authorized to make, apply, and execute their laws. The colonists were left to themselves in their earliest and most important struggles for existence. They had voluntarily separated themselves from their native land by an ocean of three thousand miles in extent. The excessive heat of summer, the intense cold of winter, and the tomahawk of the savage, rapidly thinned their ranks. When plots were formed by their savage foes for their entire extermination, they trod undismayed their war-path alone. Not a soldier was furnished by the parent country, and not a dollar was contributed towards the expenses of protection.

5. But the liberty of the colonists became more dear to them, when they remembered the sacrifices they had made to establish and protect it. Continued encroachments were made on chartered rights. Charters were demanded, and in some instances surrendered. In other instances they were annulled by a court of chancery. Officers of the highest rank, formerly elected by the people, were afterwards appointed by the crown. Many attempts were made to render these officers independent of the colonial legislature. But the colonists resisted these encroachments, and confined the power of the crown to the narrowest possible limits. Each colony continued to have its legislative assembly, and these assemblies had repeatedly declared that no power could lawfully impose any tax without the consent of the colonial assembly.

6. The British parliament asserted its right to tax the colonies, and insisted on the vigorous execution of the

What were some of the colonies authorized to do? In what were the colonists left to themselves? By what had they separated themselves from their native land? What causes had rapidly thinned their ranks? When plots were formed for their extermination, what did they do? Was any aid furnished by the mother country?

5. What rendered the liberties of the colonists more dear to them? What encroachments were made? What change was made in the selection of officers? Independent of what, were attempts made to render these officers? What action did the colonists take? What did each colony continue to have? What did these assemblies repeatedly declare?