5. When any land forces were raised by any State for the common defence, all officers under the rank of colonel were to be appointed by the legislature of the State. All vacancies were to be filled in the same manner. All expenses incurred in war for the common defence or general welfare were to be defrayed out of the common treasury. The common treasury was to be supplied by the several States in proportion to the value of the real estate in each. The taxes were to be assessed and collected by the several States.

6. The United States were to have the sole and exclusive right of determining on peace and war; sending and receiving ambassadors; entering into treaties and alliances; deciding what captures are legal; granting letters of marque and reprisal; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas; determining all controversies between two or more States. When one State had a controversy with another State, the State was to present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing. Notice, by the order of Congress, was to be given to the other State in controversy. A day was assigned for the appearance of the parties. Judges were to be appointed, by mutual consent, to hear and determine the matter in question. If the parties could not agree in selecting judges, Congress was to name three persons from each State; and each party, beginning with the petitioner, was alternately to strike out one name, until the number should be reduced

themselves? What was the rule adopted as to duties on commerce? As to keeping vessels of war in times of peace? What was every State to keep up? Could one State engage in war without the consent of the United States? Could a State grant letters of marque or reprisal ?

5. When any land forces were raised by any State, by whom were the regimental officers appointed? How were vacancies filled? How were the expenses of a war for the common defence to be paid? How was the common treasury to be supplied? By whom were the taxes to be assessed and collected?

6. What sole and exclusive rights were the United States to have? When one State had a controversy with another State, how was the process of settlement commenced and conducted? How were the judges to

to thirteen. From that number, not less than seven, nor more than nine, were to be drawn out by lot. The persons whose names were so selected, or any five of them, were to be judges to hear and determine the controversy. Each commissioner was required to take an oath "well. and truly to hear and determine the matter in question according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of reward."

7. The United States were to have the sole and exclusive right to regulate the alloy and value of coin struck by their authority, or by the authority of the several States. They were to fix the standard of weights and measures, and regulate the trade and manage all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the States. They were to establish and regulate post-offices, and postage on letters passing through the same. They were to appoint all officers of the land forces in the service of the United States, except regimental officers. They were to appoint all officers of the naval forces, and commission all officers in the service of the United States. They were to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces, and direct their operations.

8. Congress had power to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of Congress. They had power to appoint one of their number president for one year. Such president was ineligible for the next two years. They had power to ascertain the sum of money necessary to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses. They had power to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of

be appointed? If the parties could not agree? How many were to be drawn? What oath were the commissioners required to take?

7. Which government was to regulate the alloy and value of coin? To fix the standard of weights and measures? To regulate trade with the Indians? To establish post-offices? What officers were the United States to appoint? What government made the rules for the regulation of the land and naval forces?

8. For what purpose did Congress appoint a committee? By whom was their president elected? For what time? For what time thereafter was he ineligible? What sums of money did Congress have power to

the United States. They had power to build and equip a navy. They had power to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions upon each State for its quota. Every State was to abide by the determination of the United States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which, by the Articles of Confederation, were submitted to them. The Articles of Confederation were to be inva riably observed by every State, and THE UNION WAS TO BE

PERPETUAL.

CHAPTER XI.

FORMATION OF CONSTITUTIONS.

1. WHILE the American army were contending for liberty on the battle-field, occasionally bearing away a trophy of victory, and Congress was preparing for the permanent establishment of our national government, the several States were founding and establishing their State governments. In the colonial governments, which existed previous to the declaration of independence, the chief executive officer was the governor appointed by the government of England. When the colonies became independent States, they retained the office of governor, but changed the mode of appointment. By the several State constitutions, the choice of governor was transferred to the people, to be determined by the ballots of the qual

ascertain, appropriate, and apply? By what government was the navy to be built and equipped? What government determined the number of land forces to be raised? On what questions were the States to abide by the determination of the United States in Congress assembled ? What was to be inviolably observed by every State? How long was this union of States to remain ?

1. While the American army were contending for liberty on the battle-field, what action was Congress and the legislatures of the States taking? Who was the chief executive officer in the colonial governments? How appointed? What did the colonies retain when they became States? What did they change? How chosen under the State constitutions? Un

ified electors. In the colonial government, the legislative power was vested in one body of men, known as the House of Representatives. In the State governments, the legislative power was vested in two bodies of men, known as the Senate and House of Representatives. In the government of England, the legislative power was vested in a House of Lords and a House of Commons. Our territorial governments very much resemble the old colonial governments. Each territory has a governor, appointed by the President of the United States. The legislative power is vested in one body, known as the House of Representatives.

2. The national government, under the Articles of Confederation, consisted of one body of men, appointed by the legislatures of the several States for one year, and that body selected one of their number as president. This plan of government was found to be impracticable, and in 1789 the Articles of Confederation were abandoned, and the constitution of the United States adopted. By the national constitution, the choice of president was transferred from Congress and vested in the qualified electors of the nation. The legislative power was vested in two branches, known as the Senate and House of Representatives. Representatives were chosen by the direct vote of the electors in each congressional district. Senators were chosen by the joint ballot of the State Senate and House of Representatives. We shall now procced to examine the State and national constitutions; and as they are all formed

der the colonial governments, where was the legislative power? Under the State governments? In the government of England, where vested? What do our territorial governments resemble? Who is the chief executive officer in the territories? How appointed? Where is the legislative power vested?

2. Of what did the national government, under the Articles of Confederation consist? How appointed? For what time? What executive officer did they select? How did this form of government succeed? When was it abandoned? What was substituted? To whom was the choice of president transferred? Where was the legislative power vested? How were the representatives chosen? How were the senators chosen? Is there any resemblance in the several constitutions?

upon the same plan, and after the same model, we can examine them together, instead of taking them separately.

3. The government of the United States is really but one government, although it exercises its powers through the State governments and the national government. In the State governments each State acts by itself in all matters which belong to that State alone, and it possesses sovereignty and jurisdiction over all its private affairs. In the national government, all the States act together in all matters which belong equally to all the States. As each planet in our solar system has its own independent rotary motion on its axis, by which the length of its days and nights is determined, yet all revolve in harmony, governed by one law, around the centre of the solar system; so each State has its separate sovereignty and jurisdiction, while all move in harmony around one common centre. The State governments are republics, and the national government is a republic. The States have adopted constitutions, which are the supreme law of the several States. The nation has adopted a constitution, which is the supreme law of the nation. The State constitutions differ in a few minor points, but all are formed after the same model. The national constitution is also formed after the same model. These constitutions, both State and national, commence with a preamble. A preamble is an introduction, which generally refers to some circumstance which has previously occurred.

4. In the preambles of the national and State constitutions, some of the particular circumstances under which

3. Is the government one or many? How does each State act? Over what does it possess sovereignty and jurisdiction? In what matters do the States act together? What motion is peculiar to each planet in the solar system? What motion is common to all? What is the form of the State government? What is the form of the national government? What is the supreme law in the nation? What is the supreme law in the State? With what do the constitutions commence? What is a preamble?

4. What is set forth in the preambles of the national and State consti