natural rights, some are in their very nature inalienable, because no equivalent can be given or received for them. 2. That it is the right, as well as the duty, of all men in society, publicly and at stated times, to worship the Supreme Being, the great creator and preserver of the universe; and that this right is inalienable. 8. That each individual shall exercise this right according to the dictates of his own conscience. 4. That this liberty of conscience shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of society, or injure others in their civil and religious rights. 5. That no person can justly be deprived of any civil right as a citizen, on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship. 6. That no authority can be assumed by, or vested in, any power whatever, to interfere with or in any manner control the rights of conscience in the free exercise of religious worship. 7. That God has created the mind free, and all attempts to influence it by temporal punishment or civil incapacities, tends to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness. 8. That no person shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, except in fulfilment of his own voluntary contract. 9. That it is the duty of all men frequently to assemble together for the public worship of the Author of the Universe; and that piety and morality, on which the prosperity of communities depends, are thereby promoted. 10. That every denomination of Christians, demeaning themselves quietly and as good citizens of the State, shall be equally under

inalienable? What is the right and duty of each individual in society, as to public worship? How is he to exercise this right? What will the liberty of conscience neither excuse nor justify? Of what can no person be deprived, on account of his religious sentiments and mode of worship? Can any power of government control or interfere with the rights of conscience in the exercise of religious worship? How has God created the human mind? What effect will attempts to influence it by temporal punishment or civil incapacities have? Should any person be compelled to support any religious worship? For what purpose is it the duty of all men to assemble together? What is thereby promoted? Who are equally under the protection of the law? Can any one sect be subordi

the protection of the law. 11. That no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another can ever be established by law. 12. That Congress can make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. 13. That no religious test shall be required as a qualification for office or public trust in the State.

CHAPTER XIV.

SOURCE OF POLITICAL POWER.

IN describing the source of political power, the people of the several States have adopted eighteen different forms; and only four States agree precisely in any one form. The political principles set forth under this head in the several constitutions are as follows: 1. All political power is inherent in the people. 2. All governments are formed on their authority and instituted for their benefit. 3. The people of each State have the sole and exclusive right of governing themselves as a free and independent State. 4. The people of the State do now, and shall forever, exercise and enjoy every power, jurisdiction, and right which is not, or may not hereafter be, by them delegated to the government of the United States. 5. The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

nated to another? What laws are Congress prohibited from making? What cannot be required as a test of qualification for office?

CH. 14. How many forms have been adopted in describing the source of political power? How many States give the same form? In whom is all political power inherent? Upon what authority are governments formed? For whose benefit? What right have the people of each State? What do they exercise and enjoy? What powers are reserved to the States? What are the officers of government? To whom accountable? For what purpose are governments instituted? Can government be hereditary? When may the people require their officers to return to private life? How may they fill their places? When have the people a right

6. All officers of government, vested with authority, whether legislative, executive, or judicial, are only the trustees and agents of the people; and are, at all times, accountable to them. 7. Governments are instituted for the protection, safety, prosperity, and happiness of all the people; and not for the profit, honor, or private interest of any one man, family, or any class of men. 8. Government cannot be hereditary or transmissible to children, descendants, or relatives by blood. 9. The people have the right to cause their public officers to return to private life at such periods, and in such manner, as they shall establish by their frame of government; and to fill such vacant places by certain and regular elections and appointments. 10. Whenever the ends of government are perverted, or public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, or where their protection, safety, prosperity, or happiness require it, the people have the right to reform the old or establish a new government. 11. The doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind. 12. The basis of our political system being the right of the people to make and alter their constitution of government, the constitution which at any time exists, until changed by the explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all.

CHAPTER XV.

LIBERTY OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS.

THE liberty of speech and of the press is described in the several constitutions in eighteeen different forms. Six

to reform the old or establish a new government? What is declared in reference to the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression? What is the basis of our political system? What is sacredly obligatory upon all?

States have adopted the same form. The doctrine of the liberty of speech and of the press, as set forth in the several constitutions, is as follows: 1. The free communication of thought and opinion is one of the invaluable rights of man. 2. The liberty of the press is essential to the security of freedom in a State. 3. The freedom of speech and debate in the legislature is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any prosecution or complaint in any other place whatsoever. 4. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of this liberty. 5. No law shall be passed restraining the freedom of the press. 6. In prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury. 7. If the matter charged as libellous shall appear to the jury to be true, and to have been published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party accused shall be acquitted. 8. The jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court. 9. Congress can make no law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press.

CHAPTER XVI.

PERSONAL SECURITY.

THE subject of personal security is presented in fif teen different forms in the several constitutions. The

CH. 15. In how many different forms is the liberty of speech and of the press described in the several constitutions? How many States have adopted the same form? What is declared to be one of the invaluable rights of man? To what is the liberty of the press essential? What privilege belongs to the freedom of speech and debate in the legislature? What may every citizen freely speak, write, and publish? For what is he responsible? What law cannot be passed? In prosecutions and indictments for libel, what evidence may be given to the jury? In what case shall the party accused be acquitted? What have the jury a right to determine? What law is Congress prohibited from making?

doctrine as therein set forth is as follows: 1. Every person has a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his house, his papers, and all his possessions. 2. General warrants, whereby an officer may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of the offence committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, whose offences are not particularly described, and without oath or affirmation, are dangerous to liberty. 3. No warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized.

CHAPTER XVII.

RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL ACTIONS.

THE rights of the accused in criminal cases are presented in sixteen different forms in the several constitutions. These rights, as therein set forth, are as follows: 1. In all criminal prosecutions, every man has a right to be informed of the accusation against him. 2. Every man being presumed innocent until he is pronounced guilty by the law, no act of severity which is not necessary to secure the accused person can be permitted. 3. He shall have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 4. He has a right to be heard by himself and his counsel. 5. He is entitled to a copy of the indictment or charge against him, in due time to prepare for his defence. 6. He is entitled

CH. 16. In how many different forms is the subject of personal liberty presented in the several constitutions? From what has every person a right to be secure? What are general warrants? What is declared in reference to such warrants? Upon what only shall a warrant issue? What shall be described in such warrant ?

CH. 17. In how many different forms are the rights of the accused in criminal cases presented in the several constitutions? Of what has the accused the right to be informed? Until what time is every man presumed to be innocent? What is the only act of severity which can be permitted before