to a speedy, public, and impartial trial by jury. 7. He is entitled to meet the witnesses, in their examination against him, face to face. 8. He is entitled to have compulsory process, on application, in due time, by himself or counsel, for obtaining witnesses in his favor. 9. He is entitled to have all the witnesses examined on oath. 10. He cannot be compelled to furnish evidence against himself. 11. He cannot be found guilty, without the unanimous verdict of the jury. 12. No person can be held to answer for a capital or other infamous crime, but on an indictment or presentment of a grand-jury, except in cases of impeachment, or in cases usually cognizable by justices of the peace; and except, also, in cases arising in the army and navy, in actual service, in time of war or public danger. 13. All persons, before conviction, may give bail for their appearance at court at the time of trial, except those arrested for a capital offence, where the proof is evident or the presumption great. 14. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed; and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. 15. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offence. 16. Every freeman restrained of his liberty is entitled to a remedy, to inquire into the lawfulness of such restraint, and to remove the same if unlawful. Such remedy is called a writ of habeas corpus, which cannot be suspended or denied, except, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 17. No person shall be liable to be tried a second time for the same ofence, after an acquittal. 18. In criminal cases, and in controversies respecting property, the ancient trial by jury

that time? What aid shall he have for his defence? By whom shall he be heard? To a copy of what is he entitled? When is he entitled to be tried? By whom? Whom is he entitled to meet face to face? How may he compel witnesses in his favor to attend the trial? On what must all witnesses be examined? What is he not compelled to furnish? How many of the jurors must agree in the verdict? Before a person charged with crime can be held to answer, what must be done by a grand jury? What are the exceptions? Who may give bail for their appearance at court at the time of trial? What shall not be required, or imposed, or inflicted? To what shall all penalties be proportioned? To what remedy

is preferable to any other, and ought to be held sacred. 19. Retrospective laws punishing acts committed before the existence of such laws, and by them declared criminal, are oppressive and unjust. These are called ex post facto laws. 20. Treason shall consist only in levying war against the government, adhering to its enemies, and giving them aid and comfort. No person can be convicted of treason, except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Such conviction shall not cause a forfeiture of the estate of the criminal. 21. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE MILITARY POWER.

THE doctrine set forth in the several constitutions in reference to the military power is as follows: 1. A wellregulated militia is the proper, natural, and sure defence of the State. 2. Standing armies in times of peace are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be raised or kept up without the consent of the legislature. 3. In all cases, and at all times, the military ought to be under strict subordination to the civil power. 4. No soldier, in time of peace, can be quartered in any house without the con

is every person restrained of liberty entitled? What is this remedy called? When only can it be suspended or denied? Can a person be tried a second time after an acquittal? What mode of trial is preferable in criminal cases? What laws are declared to be oppressive and unjust? In what does treason alone consist? How many witnesses are required? What power has Congress as to treason? What shall attainder of treason not work?

CH. 18. What is the proper defence of the State? What is declared in reference to standing armies in times of peace? To what should the military be under strict subordination? Where shall no soldier be quartered

sent of the owner. 5. In time of war, such quartering should be made only in a manner prescribed by the legis lature. 6. No person shall be subject to law-martial, except those employed in the army and navy, and the militia in actual service.

CHAPTER XIX.

RIGHT OF PETITION OF SUFFRAGE, AND REMEDY FOR INJURIES.

THE doctrine set forth in the several constitutions in reference to these subjects is as follows: 1. The people have a right to assemble together to consult for the common good. 2. They have the right to petition the legislature for redress of grievances. 3. They have a right to instruct their representatives. 4. All elections should be free, and without corruption. 5. All men who possess the qualifications required by the constitution and laws of the State, have equally the right of suffrage. 6. Every person in the State is entitled to a certain remedy by law for all injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character. 7. He shall obtain right and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it, completely and without denial, promptly and without delay, conformably to the law. 8. Every member of the community has a right to be protected by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and property. He is also bound to contribute his share to the expense of such protection,

in time of peace? In times of war, how shall such quartering be made? Who only are subject to law-martial?

CH. 19. For what purpose have the people a right to assemble? What right of petition have they? Whom may they instruct? What should be free and without corruption? Who have the right of suffrage? For what is every person entitled to a remedy by law? How shall he obtain right and justice? In what has every member of the community a right to be protected by it? What is he bound to contribute? How only can a

and to yield his personal services when necessary. 9. No part of a man's property shall be taken from him without his consent, or that of the representative body of the people. 10. Whenever private property shall be applied to public use, the owner thereof shall receive just compensation therefor. 11. The inhabitants of each State are controlled by no laws except those to which they or their representatives have given their consent.

CHAPTER XX.

RECURRENCE TO FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES.

THE doctrine set forth in the several constitutions on this subject is as follows: 1. The frequent recurrence to fundamental principles of the constitution, and a constant adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, industry, frugality, and all the social virtues, are indispensably necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty and good government. 2. The people ought to have a particular regard to all these principles in the choice of their officers and representatives. 3. They have a right to require of their lawgivers and magistrates an exact and constant observance of them in the formation and execution of the laws necessary for the good administration of government. 4. Long continuance in office is dangerous to liberty. 5. Rotation in office is one of the best securities of perma

man's property be taken from him? When private property is applied to public use, what shall the owner thereof receive? By what law only are the inhabitants of each State controlled?

CH. 20. What is indispensably necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty and good government? To what should the people have a particular regard in the choice of their officers and representatives? What have they a right to require of their lawgivers and magistrates? What is the effect of long continuance in office? What is one of the best securities of permanent freedom? Should any person hold two offices of profit at the same time? What should no person in public trust receive without the approbation of his own State?

nent freedom. 6. No person ought to hold at the same time more than one office of profit. 7. No person in public trust should receive any present from any foreign Power or State, or from the United States, or from any of the States, without the approbation of his own State.

CHAPTER XXI.

OBJECTS OF THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

THE objects of the declaration of rights, as set forth in the several constitutions, are as follows: 1. In order effectually to secure the religious and political freedom established by our venerable ancestors, and preserve the same for our posterity, we do declare, that the essential and unquestionable rights and principles herein mentioned shall be established, maintained, and preserved, and shall be of paramount obligation in all legislative, judicial, and executive proceedings. 2. To guard against any encroachment on the rights herein retained, or any transgression of any of the high powers herein delegated, we declare, that every thing in the declaration of rights is exempted out of the general powers of government, and shall forever remain inviolate; and that all laws contrary thereto shall be void.

CH. 21. What is the object of the declaration of rights? What is declared in reference to them? In what are they of paramount obligation? What is exempted out of the general powers of government? For what purpose? What is the effect, if laws are made contrary thereto?