upon him. His dreams were more troubled; his room, keeping guard over his bed, under he heard voices more frequently, and their the apprehension that somebody would get language was more threatening. He was possession of it in his absence, and prevent prevailed upon to visit Hayley at his place in his lying down on it any more. The sole Sussex, in the hope that his patient would be hope of his restoration was in change of scene benefited by the change. His long seclusion and air, and with much difficulty young Johnand his shattered nerves made a stage-coach son at last prevailed on the sufferers to acjourney appear more alarming to him than a company him to Tuddenham in Norfolk campaign would be to men of sterner stuff. The transference was effected in July, 1795, He set off in August, 1792, and remained at and in August they moved on to the village Eartham six or seven weeks. Mrs. Unwin of Mundesley, on the coast-a place impresderived no substantial advantage, and shortly sive from the gloom of its sea and cliffs, but afterwards grew weaker both in mind and ill suited to cheer the desolate mind of Cowbody. Cowper said of the lines on his per. "The most forlorn of beings," he wrote mother's picture that he composed them with on his arrival, “ I tread the shore under the more pleasure than any he had ever written, burden of infinite despair, and view every veswith a single exception, and that exception sel that approaches the coast with an eye of was the sonnet in which he celebrated the jealousy and fear, lest it arrive with a commisdevoted woman whom one of his friends de- sion to seize me." The feeling that he should scribed " as an angel in every thing but her be suddenly laid hold of, and hurried away to face." The poet now addressed to her a torment, continued to grow on him. In Janmore famous piece. His verses "To Mary" uary, 1796, he informed Lady Hesketh "that are among the most touching and beautiful in six days' time, at the latest, he should no ever penned. The intensity of his affection longer foresee but feel the accomplishment of for his poor paralytic informs every line, and all his fears;" and in February he wrote her .s summed up in the exclamation "My a letter, in which he bid her adieu, and told Mary!" which forms the burden to each her that, unless her answer arrived next day, stanza. Simple as is the phrase, he has made it speak volumes of love and tenderness by its connection and repetition.

The steady decline of his "Mary's" understanding dragged his down along with it. Lady Hesketh paid him her annual visit in the winter of 1793. He then hardly stirred from the side of Mrs. Unwin, who was fast reapsing into second childhood. He took no exercise, nor used his pen, nor even read a book, unless to her. To watch her sufferings in bleak despair, and to endeavor to relieve them, was his sole business in life. By the spring of 1784 he was reduced to that state that he refused to taste any food except a small piece of toasted bread dipped in water. He did not open his letters, nor would suffer them to be read to him. Lord Spencer procured him a pension from the crown of £300 a year, and he was not in a condition to be told of the circumstance. He abandoned his little avocations of netting and putting together maps, and, goaded by the restless spirit within him, walked up and down the room for entire days. He lived in hourly terror that he should be carried away, and once stayed from morning till evening in

he should not be on earth to receive it. His afflicted Mary was the first to be released. She calmly sunk to her rest in the December of this year, at East Dereham, in Norfolk, where Mr. Johnson had taken a house. Cowper uttered no allusion to her danger, nor seemed to be conscious of it, till the morning of her dissolution, when, on the servant coming in to open his shutters, he said, "Sally, is there life above stairs "" A few hours after she breathed her last, and when he was informed of it he conceived the idea that she was not really dead, but would wake up in the grave, and undergo, on his account, the horrors of suffocation. He therefore expressed a wish to see her, and, under the influence of his preconception, he fancied he ob served her stir. On a closer view he plainly discovered that she was a corpse. He flung himself to the other side of the room, as from an object that was much too painful to be hold, and never mentioned her again. Her memory was associated with happier days, and to speak of her in his present depths of misery would have aggravated his distress.

In the winter f 1797 he was beguiled into revising his translation of Homer, and worked

at it steadily as of old, till he had gone | tempted nothing of more moment than to through the whole. He completed his task translate little Latin poems into English, or on the 8th of March, 1798, and a few days afterwards he wrote "The Castaway." This was his final effort at original composition. The rack of mind he had undergone for years allowed his genius to burn at intervals as brightly as ever. His last is one of his most powerful pieces, and its only fault is, that it is too painful in its pathos. During the two remaining years of his pilgrimage he at

English poems into Latin. In the spring of 1800, symptoms of dropsy appeared in his feet, and quickly proved fatal. A physician who visited him asked him how he felt. "Feel!" he replied; "I feel unutterable despair." Such despair he continued to feel while consciousness remained, and he expired on the 25th of April, to wake up from his delusion in a happier world.

the gentleman about converting the planet Venus? For those who are expert at imagi nary conversations we think here is a good idea.

GRANDILOQUENT.-The Americans of BaltiCouncil, the party throughout the state, and afmore have addressed, through their Superior ter deprecating the action of the legislature, and indulging in high hope for the future, thus invite to another struggle:

Cedant arma toga! chains and bludgeons to muslin and crinoline! It is a good exchange, and all honor to the philanthropists who have effected it. The annual ball which took place-Press. this week, at St. Luke's Hospital for the insane, is the source of these congratulatory remarks. This festivity, however, is only one of the numerous changed modes of treatment under which sixty-eight and a half per cent of lunatics now recover from the disease instead of three. Plenty of exercise and a very considerable amount of freedom are among the other restoratives employed. Moderate lunatics are allowed actually to go out on parole, and are found to return at the proper hour with perfect regularity. It is a curious idea, that of a man quietly walking about among his fellow-creatures, visiting them at their houses or offices, and behaving for all the world like one of themselves, till a certain stated hour of the day which warns him to return to the society of madmen. No, thank you; I must dine at home to-day; " or, " You are very kind, but they expect me at St. Luke's;" or some such phrase as that would sound queerly enough from the lips of some perfectly quiet and well-behaved gentleman, pulling out his watch at the same time, and hurrying back to his hospital as a man does to his boarding-house. Or, what would be still more singular, would be a meeting between two of the dancers of last Wednesday after they had been cured and returned to the world. How curiously Mr. Brown would eye Miss Smith as the hostess introduced him for the next quadrille, and he "remembered that the last time he had the pleasure of meeting her" was at the Peacock's "at home," or the Empress of China's wedding! How would she greet him? Would they talk shop? Would they make merry over that wonderful recipe for cabinetpudding which the lady had invented, of which the first principle was to wash and pick a pound of tin-tacks, or recall the amiable delusion of THIRD SERIES. LIVING AGE. 438

"And now, Americans of the everlasting Alleghanian mountains, dash down from your fastnesses with irresistible force, and gathering new strength from the rich valleys of the county honored by the name of the Father of his Country, descend to Monocacy's fertile plains and the grass-clad hills of Linganore, there to marshal your majorities by hundreds. Then sweep through Montgomery's fair fields, and the lands of Carroll, endeared to us by revolutionary memories, until you reach the district of our own Howard, and Arundel's iron banks. Risen from hundreds now to thousands, your majorities will meet with American voices from the land of the pilgrims of St. Mary's, Prince George's dark forests, Charles' Potomac shores, and Calvert's broad fields, ennobled by the memories of Baltimore's first proprietary. Meantime, let the tide of American majorities from Worcester's island coast roll up along the plains of the eastern shore, swelled by the voices of Somerset, unconquerable Dorchester, Caroline, Queen Anne's pocket-piece,' Kent, Cecil, and Talbot, and wheeling around the head of our noble bay, be ready to join old Hartford and nicely balanced Baltimore County, and send in a wave of friendly greeting to meet a similar one from the south, to swell our own Baltimore majority, until it shall rise mountain high, obliterating every trace of the party now seeking to fasten us to the car of disunionism."

From The Press. THE POPE AND THE CONGRESS.

THE following is the translation of the very important pamphlet by M. de la Guerronière, which has lately been published-of course, by permission-at Paris:

I.

We wish, in a true Catholic spirit, to study a question which has imprudently become impassioned. "Passion," says Montesquieu, "makes us feel, but never makes us see." Let us then endeavor to banish it from a sub

Peter had the misfortune to allow his authority to be absorbed in the" Holy German Empire." Europe was deeply shaken by it, anɑ that disturbance of its moral and politica. equilibrium lasted for nearly three centuries. The struggle between Guelph and Ghibelline was, in reality, nothing else but an effort to emancipate the papacy from the preponderance of the emperor of Germany. Even at the present day those historical denominations have survived the events. The head of the Church is styled Guelph or Ghibelline, ject where conscience and reason can alone according as he is considered a partisan of speak with authority. Between those who, tionality and of the independence of the Holy Austria or the representative of Italian nadetesting the temporal power of the pope, See. All the great popes were Guelphs, loudly invoke his fall, and those who, looking upon that power as an article of faith, will not because the condition of their glory was to belong to themselves-that is to say, to allow it to be touched, there is place for a less exclusive opinion in one sense or the acknowledge only the authority of God. other. This opinion, which respects equally Whenever they made their authority subservient to the interests of a prince they altered the rights of peoples and the interests of religion, protests against that antagonism to the true principle of their authority. The which they are seemingly exposed by abso- Church suffered-Europe suffered from it. lute-minded men starting from opposite The spiritual power, the seat of which is at points, and who clash in a mutual resistance. Rome, cannot be displaced without shaking We sincerely believe that it is not impossible the political power, not only in the Catholic for the sovereign pontiff to retain his patri-states, but in all Christian states. It is equally mony without imposing by force upon the important for England, Russia, and Prussia, populations an authority which reigns in the name of God. If this conciliation could be effected it would be a great triumph for politics and for the Church. Whatever may be the result, the attempt is noble.

II.

as it is for France and Austria, that the august representative of Catholic unity should neither be constrained, nor humiliated, nor

subordinate. Rome is the centre of a moral power too universal for it not to be in the interests of all governments and all peoples that it should not incline to any side, and that it should remain immovable on the sacred rock which no human power can overthrow.

III.

The necessity of the temporal power of the pope in the double point of view of the interests of religion and of political order in Europe is, therefore, clearly proved. But what is this power in itself? How can the Catho lic authority, founded upon dogma, be recon

First of all, is the temporal power of the pope necessary for the exercise of his spiritual power? The Catholic doctrine and political reason here agree in replying in the affirmative. In a religious point of view it is essential that the pope should be a sovereign. In a political point of view it is necessary that the head of two hundred millions of Catholics should not be dependent on any one, not be subservient to any power, and that the august hand which sways the soul, free from all ciled with a conventional authority, founded trammels, should be able to soar above all numan passions. If the pope were not an ndependent sovereign, he would be either French, Spanish, Austrian, or Italian, and the title of his nationality would deprive him of his character as universal pontiff. The Holy See would be nothing more than the stay of a throne at Paris, Vienna, or Madrid. It was so at a former period, and a successor of St.

on public morals, human interests, social wants? How can the pope be at the same time pontiff and king? How can the man of the gospel, who forgives, be the man of the law, who punishes? How can the head of the Church, who excommunicates heretics, be the head of the state, who protects freedom of conscience? Such is the problem to be solved. Doubtless the problem is diffi

IV.

cult. There is, in some measure, antagonism of independence, would only find a cause of between the prince and the pontiff confounded discredit and incapacity. This is not what in the same personification. The pontiff is France can wish. This is not what truly rebound by principles of divine order which he ligious men can desire. cannot discard. The prince has to respond to the claims of society which he cannot disown. Where, then, are the means to be found that the mission of the pontiff may find in the independence of the prince a guarantee of his authority, without finding therein at the same ume an embarrassment for his conscience?

Thus, then, the temporal power of the pope is necessary and legitimate; but it is incompatible with a state of any extent. It is only possible, if exempt from all the ordinary conditions of power-that is to say, from every thing that constitutes its activity, its development, its progress. It must exist withIf we were to seek for the solution of this out an army, without a parliament, so to say, problem in the customary forms of the gov- without a code of aws or a court of justice. ernment of peoples we should not find it. It is a distinct system, and which approaches There does not exist in the world a constitu- nearer to family authority than to the governtion of a nature to conciliate exigencies so ment of a people. Under this system the diverse. It is neither by monarchy nor by dogmas are the laws, the priests are the legislators, the altars are the citadels, and the liberty that this end can be obtained. The spiritual weapons are the only defence of the power of the pope can only be a paternal government. The power lies less in its power; he must rather resemble a family strength than in its weakness; it is to be than a state. Thus, not only is it not neces- found in the respect which it commands, and sary that his territory should be of large ex-in the happiness which it gives to those to tent, but we think that it is even essential that whom it refuses the enjoyments of a politica. it should be limited. The smaller the territory, the greater will be the sovereign.

life.

Hence it naturally ensues, in our opinion, that the question is not to ascertain whether the pope shall have more or fewer subjects more or less territory. He must have sufficient not to be subjugated himself and to be a sovereign of the temporal order. But this him to act a political part, for then the ponsovereignty must not render it obligatory upon tiff, instead of finding in this power a guarantee of independence, would find only a condition of servitude for himself or a necessity of servitude for his people.

In fact, a great state implies certain requirements (exigences) which it is impossible for the pope to satisfy. A great state would like to follow up the politics of the day, to perfect its institutions, participate in the general movement of ideas, take advantage of the transformations of the age, of the conquests of science, of the progress of the human mind. He cannot do it. The laws will be shackled by dogmas. His authority will be The existence may be admitted in Europe paralyzed by traditions. His patriotism will of a small corner of earth free from the passions and interests which agitate other peobe condemned by faith. He must either resign himself to immobility, or rise even to In that corner of earth, illustrated by the ples, and devoted solely to the glory of God. revolt. The world will advance and leave grandest reminiscences of history, the centre him behind. Then, of two things, one will of Catholic unity has replaced the capital of happen, either every thing will be extin- the world. Rome, which formerly resumed guished in that people and nothing will re-within her all the grandeur of the pagan era,' main in it of the generous activity of public has an exceptional calling. In losing her fe, or else the noble aspirations of nationality will burst through, and it will become necessary, as we have witnessed already, for material force to supply the deficiencies of moral authority. The temporal power of the pope under these conditions cannot maintain itself nless protected by an Austrian or French military occupation;—a painful resource, for every power that does not exist upon its national strength and public confidence is simply an institution-is but an expedient. The Church, far from finding therein a condition

nation of a more elevated character in the political domination she has acquired a domispiritual order, and she styles herself "the Eternal City!" Religion, souvenirs, and the arts also form a nationality. Those who live at Rome, under the authority of the Head of the Church, are doubtless subject to particular conditions of social and civil life; but if they are no longer the members of a great country they are still the citizens of a gor ous metropolis, which extends its influence wherever faith is maintained and spreads. Rome belongs, then, to the head of the Church. Should she slip away from that

august power, she will at once lose all her religious point of view is recognized and represtige; Rome with a tribune, orators, writers, a secular government, and a prince at the Vatican, would be nothing more than a town. Liberty would disinherit her. After having given laws to the whole world, she can only retain her greatness by commanding souls. The Roman Senate has no other compensation worthy of it but the Vatican.

ས.

spected everywhere where the dogma which he represents is the law of consciences. In this manner a double result, equally precious will be maintained. On the one hand, the pope will find in the tribute of the Catholic powers a new proof of the universality and unity of the moral power which he exercises; and, on the other, he will not be obliged to press upon his people by taxes which would not fill his treasury except by throwing discredit on his name.

History, religion, politics, justify, then, completely a derogation from the regular and normal conditions of the life of peoples. who will be ruled less by a king than by a In short, there will be a people in Europe Nothing more simple, more legitimate, and father, and whose rights will be guaranteed more essential than the pope throning at rather by the heart of the sovereign than by Rome and possessing a limited territory. To the authority of the laws and institutions. satisfy so high an interest it is fully permitted This people will have no national representato withdraw some hundred thousand souls tion, no army, no press, no magistracy. The from the life of nations (without, however, whole of its political existence will be limited sacrificing them), and giving them guarantees to its municipal organization. Beyond that of welfare and social protection. The gov-narrow circle, it will have no other resource ernment of the pope must be paternal in its than contemplation, the arts, the study of administration, as it is by its nature. He who ruins (la culture des ruines), and prayer. It calls himself the holy father ought to be a will be forever disinherited of that noble por father for all his subjects. If his institutions tion of activity which in every country is the are beyond the principles which guarantee stimulus of patriotism and the legitimate exthe rights of government in a political soci-ercise of the faculties of the mind of superior ety, his acts ought to be only the more irre-characters. Under the government of the proachable, and when he cannot be imitated by any one he will be the envy of all men. We look, therefore, upon the temporal government of the pope as the image of the government of the Church. It is a pontificate, and not a dictatorship. The large develop ment of his municipal area relieving him from the responsibility of administrative interests, he can maintain himself in a sphere far above the management of affairs. A member of the Italian Confederation, he is protected by the Federal army. A pontifical army ought not to be more than an emblem of public order. When enemies are to be fought, either at home or abroad, it is not the head of the Church to draw the sword. Blood shed in his name seems an insult to Divine mercy, which he represents: when he raises his hand it ought to be to bless, and not to strike.

sovereign pontiff there can be no aspiratior either to the glory of the soldier or the tri umphs of the orator or of the statesman. It will be the government of peace and reflec tion-a sort of oasis where the passions and interests of politics will not trespass, and which will only have the sweet and calm con templations of a spiritual world.

Doubtless, there is in this exceptional condition something painful for men who feel within them noble ambitions to serve and raise themselves by merit, and who are condemned to inaction. It is a sacrifice which must be asked from them in a higher order of interests, before which private interests must fall. Moreover, if the subjects of the pope, are deprived of a political existence, they will be indemnified, on the other hand, by a most paternal government, by the exAnother very important point is that the emption from taxation, by the moral greatCatholic religion does not remain exclusively ness of their country, which is the centre of at the charge of the subjects of the pontifical the Catholic faith, and by the presence of a government. The pope is the spiritual sov-court, the brilliancy of which, necessary for ereign of all his flock; it would not be equi- the double majesty of the pontiff and of the table that the necessary expenses to maintain prince, will be maintained by the means of the splendor which appertains to the majesty liberal tributes paid by the Catholic powers of the head of the Church should be sup- of Europe. These considerations have surely ported by the populations of his states. It some value, and, after all, under such a sysis for the Catholic powers to provide the tem, with such advantages, and with the means which concern them all by a large chance of having great popes, such as histribute paid to the holy father. His budget tory records, it will always be an honor to will thus not be exclusively Roman, and will call one's self a Roman citizen-civis Romabe iuternational, like his authority, which in a | nus.