The

being idolatry in the particulars and details | higher objects of his Divine mission. of creation, and the other in the sum. Against image of Christ was to be perpetuated for the first, the Jewish nation was, and still is, worship, not on the canvas or marble, but on God's standing witness. Against the second, the human heart, through the written Word; the New Testament has revealed a personal not fixed and unchangeable, but a thing of God in Jesus Christ. "The word became life, to grow with the growth of each Chrisflesh and dwelt among us." This is the lad- tian, who, as he partook of the Divine nature, der let down from heaven, by which the hu- through grace, should see more of Christ, and man spirit ascends nearest to God. In Christ, through him enjoy more and more of the as Son of Man, the ineffable brightness of the beatitude of the pure in heart,-" for they Godhead is shaded and softened by being hu- shall see God." The rise of a Christianity of manized, that we may draw near to the Most the senses and imagination so soon after the Holy, not only without terror, but with filial first witnesses were in their graves,-its reconfidence and love. How expressive are the vival from time to time to our day,-show us New Testament names of our Lord!" "The historically the meaning of this veiling of the knowledge of God;" "The image of God;" Christian Shekinah. "The express image; " "The brightness of His glory; ""The glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ;""The fulness of the Godhead bodily." Plutarch tells of an inscription on an Egyptian temple; "I am He that was, and is, and shall be; and who is he that shall draw aside my veil ?" Christ has drawn aside the veil, and shown us the Father. "He that hath seen Me, hath seen the Father." Yet, in showing us all of the Father that human eyes and hearts can now receive, it was needful to guard the image. When the Jewish Church got the Shekinah, though nothing more definite than a bright cloud, it was yet retired within the veil which only the High Priest could draw aside. In giving us that highest image, was there no need of retiring as well as of revealing it, lest his humanity should overshadow instead of revealing the Divine? Is not this silence the veil ing of the Christian Shekinah ? We have seen how little of this image we are permitted to see in the infancy and youth of the Messiah. Almost thirty years are passed in silence. In three only of his thirty-three years, he is openly seen and known, and seen best, it has been said, in the glory of his receding Majesty. "It is expedient that I go away;' not only that the Holy Spirit might come in his spiritual power, but in order that our Lord's bodily presence might not hinder the

In heathen countries, the gods were carried about in rings, amulets, and miniatures, that they might kiss and worship them, and they disdainfully asked the Christians to show them their gods. A religion without a visible God, altar, and sacrifice, with nothing but the memory of his sayings, sufferings, and doings to read and muse on, they did not understand; and to the worship of Christ by a visible image and sacrifice, Heathenism at length dragged down Christians. Yet, as if awed by this silence of the New Testament, no writer, for many centuries, attempted even to invent a description of Christ's person. Clemens, Barnabas, and Ignatius-called, from their nearness to apostolic times, "The Apostolic Fathers "-say nothing of the bodily presence of our Lord. Either the Church was still too spritual to desire it, or its leaders were too honest to invent what the first followers of Christ had withheld. So late as the fifth century, Augustine says "that the real features of the Virgin, as of our Lord, were unknown.‡

When the Fathers break this silence, it is only, says Milman, to dispute and differ from each other,-one party taking literally the "words of Isaiah, "Without form and comeliness; " another as confident that the Divinity shone through his humanity, and endowing him with a celestial grace and corporeal beauty,

Ephes. iii. 19; 2 Cor. iv. 4-6; Heb. i. 3; Col. ii. 9.

t Christ, after his resurrection, refuses bodily worship from Mary. "Touch Me not," when she was about to throw herself at his feet,-John xx. 17: also in Luke xi. 27, 28, when he pronounces more blessed those that hear and obey, than those that see the Word made flesh; yea, more blessed than the mother that bore him: a strange thought to the worshippers of Mary.

*Alford, in his note on John iv, 24, says well, "That the Word became one flesh with us, that we might become one in spirit with him." This would have been defeated by too full details of his humanity, or by making any other use of that humanity, than to raise and refine our spiritual ideal of God.

† See Milman's Early Latin Christianity, vol. iii. 516. Aug. De Trinitate, ch. 8.

bearing about a celestial halo on his head.*|lations to all time and all being, of all surStill no Church historian of the first four cen- roundings and all their issues. As an instructuries ventures a description of his personal tion, this finger on the lip has been ill underappearance, leaving it to Nicephorus, a mere stood at the right time, because men seldom complier of history, and that so late as the take warning beforehand against evils on fourteenth century, to give us a personal por-which their hearts are strongly set. There is, trait, the only one which the learned Calmet, hardly an instance of this silence that may anxious for the credit of his church, knows not still prove offensive to some one or other of, to justify its many consecrated and miracle- of the many phases of the religious character working paintings of our Lord. As Chris-in our day, to the zealous observer of religious tians departed from the spirit of the New Tes- festivals, to the lover of Church legends, to the tament, they grew impatient of this silence, devoted ritualist, the frequenter of holy places, and made answer to themselves, pleased with the too ardent admirer of logical systems, the the Christ of their own imagination, or of the eager stickler for ecclesiastical order, etc., favorite image of their day or their locality. etc.,-all that seek in Scripture that for which It is said of a distinguished sculptor of our man was sufficient in himself, or which it was times, Thorswalden, that a friend one day see- not to the purpose of a spiritual revelation to ing him dejected, and inquiring the cause, impart. To avoid all offence, it would be necwas answered, "My genius is decaying!" essary to hold back not oneor two instances "What do you mean?" said his friend. of this silence, but one and all, be wholly silent "Here," said the sculptor, "is my statue of as to the silence of Scripture. It is told of Christ. It is the first of my works with Raphael, that, intent on teaching a lesson to which I ever felt satisfied. Until now my his critics, he adopted by turns their successive idea has always been beyond what I could ex-suggestions as to one of his paintings, insertecute. It is no longer so. I shall never have a great idea again." When the churches became satisfied with their portraits and statues of Christ, the genius of Christianity had declined. How unlike the ever-expanding ideal of the inspired writers!

ing them in water colors over his own in oil. When they had exhausted their critical spirit, and he had complied with each suggestion in turn, he called them together to see the effect of the whole, when with one accord, they besought him to restore the original. A full We feel that we have only broken ground search for, and discovery of, all "this treasin a large field, in which may lie untold treasure hid in the field of Scripture," would, we ures. At another time we may renew the search for "the treasure hid in the field." But no one man nor age can read out this Silence. It has somewhat to say for the benefit of all men and all ages. As an argument of the Divine in the formation of the New Testament, it is ever calling up before us the idea of amazing circumspection. Not that of man, who sees only a little way on all sides of him but of him whose circle is eternity, and whose eye surveys at once the infinitely great and little, who says nothing and does nothing without a full knowledge, not only of the thing said or done in itself, but of all its re-churches a larger charter of freedom than in

See Milman's Early Christianity for details respecting this controversy. It is instructive to observe that Justin Martyr and Tertullian, and al the earlier Fathers, take the literal view of Isaiah.

fear, be only, in its practical application, a succession of offences. Yet some compensation there would be in the readiness of each party and each individual to understand the finger on the lip designed for his neighbor; and the offended feelings might change into the reverential, on perceiving that Scripture, in its silence, is no respecter of persons or sects, but everywhere shows, in its silence, a wonderful length, breadth, and depth of insight into man and his ways. One thing a.. may feel from the silence of the New Testament, that God has given to Christians ana

our local and ecclesiastical differences we imagined-a charter meet for that Gospe. Church which, like the common sun, air, and Origen, Jerome, Chrysostom, Ambrose, and Augus- water, is designed to exist in all regions, and tine, and all the later Fathers, farthest removed is adapted to the people of all languages, cusfrom apostolic feelings and traditions, took the view that at length prevailed and was realized in media- toms, and climates, under heaven,-for the Kosmos.

val art.

THIRD SERIES. LIVING AGE. 443

From The Economist, 21 Jan. COUNT CAVOUR'S RETURN TO OFFICE.

they have shown a disposition to centralize, which has excited much popular odium, and a hesitation about calling together the Cham

face that odium. However this may be, there can be no doubt that directly the way was open for a bold resumption of Cavour's great national policy, Cavour only could have been called upon to resume it, and that way was no doubt opened by the dismissal of Count Walewski, the open difference between the emperor and the pope, and the implicit gaurantee to Italy that the constitutional policy might take its way without any apprehension that French troops would bear either the pope or the archdukes back to their dominions.

WHEN last year we at once bitterly lamented and heartily approved the retirement | bers which implied that they were afraid to of Count Cavour from office,-lamenting the causes which rendered it necessary, and approving the protest of the statesman against a policy he could not creditably support, we had little hope that Italian affairs would take a favorable course. That the interim ministry has acted as nearly as it dared on Cavour's policy, and has in fact simply smoothed his way back to a tenure of office not unlikely to prove more brilliant and fruitful of benefit to Italy than even his previous administrations, must be laid entirely to the credit of the Italian people. It is evident from the very confession of the emperor of the French, that at the time of the peace of Villafranca he would not have been sorry to see the people of the Romagna return to their obedience, under conditions of lay-government and better treatment, and we conclude that the article in that treaty as to the exiled dukes and the pertinacity with which for a long time the emperor of the French insisted on it, prove that in Central Italy also he feared the innovating tendencies of the new régime. If France has changed her view, and changed her whole tone,-if Count Cavour, whose retirement was held to indicate a humiliation of Sardinia before France, is now able to return with colleagues whose names are less Sardin-quick to perceive this aversion, he would do ian than Italian,-Mamiani, a member of the much mischief. Even now, we fear, he is delast constitutional Roman administration in sirous to get England to endorse his views for 1848, and a native we believe, of the Ro- Italy without first knowing them,—simply on magna, Fanti, a representative of Central the ground that he has proved that he desires Italy,-Jacini, a Lombard of rising repute Italian freedom. We are sure that our minthe change is due to nothing but the ertinac-isters will be on their guard against this. ity with which the Italians have urged,--and Italy can manage far better for herself, with we must add the openness of mind with which | Count Cavour at the helm, than France can the emperor of the French has appreciated, the fact that Italy could no longer be turned into the meek tool, though she might become a valuable ally of France.

The Dabormida Ministry has fallen, we believe, more because they were felt to be an ad interim administration,-more because it was essential that Count Cavour and general Italian politicians of the highest note should assume the government so soon as the government should be in a position to act in the spirit of a powerful and independent nation, than from any great shortcomings of their own. In foreign politics the administration clearly wavered,-probably unnecessarily wavered,-concerning the Regency of the Prince de Carignan; but they did much to repair their blunder by naming Count Cavour to represent them at the congress. It is said that in home politics they have been less firm,—that

This new turn in Sardinian affairs makes it more than ever the duty of England to insist on the policy of leaving Italy to herself. The emperor of the French is a statesman of no ordinary ability; but, as we observed last week, he is apt to change rather too rapidly, so as to puzzle matter-of-fact politicians like the English. He has a policy when he ought to have none; he wants to set states to rights which can be only set to rights by being let alone. In short, he has views of reconstituting Europe; and, but for a great indisposition. on our part to such schemes, and a rooted indisposition in Europe to being reconstituted, and a very sound mind of his own, which is

manage for her. If France and England simply keep their own and all other extraItalian hands off Italy, they will do infinitely more for Italy than by any amount of regu lative interference. It is the one fundamenta. vice of the French foreign policy. There is still reason to fear lest the scheme of Italian federation and other crotchets of the emperor,-in spite of that papal obstinacy, which has fortunately done so much to tire out the eldest son of the Church,-will be urged with very undesirable eagerness unless we throw into the other scale the dead-weight of Eng lish inertia. And now that we know that the most sagacious head in Europe is again guiding the policy of Piedmont, and therefore of Italy, we may be well content to pursue our non-intervention policy with even enthusiastic vigor.

From The Saturday Review, 31 Dec.
RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA.

titled to promote the cause of civilization that Russia may naturally wish to have a finger in the pie.

principally fails because, in its abnormal state, Italy merely defends a very good cause in quiet, orderly, and irreproachable manner. It is this which cripples the power and ties the hand of Austria. And the difficulty which is pressing on her in Hungary is almost exactly the same that meets her in Italy. The Hungarians are trying hard not to revolt. They may be forced into a trial of arms, but that is not their object. They claim what they have an exceedingly good right to claim

enjoyed for five hundred years; and they claim it by peaceful means. It is because they keep within the law, in spite of the strength which they gain from the astonishing unanimity of Slaves and Magyars, Catholics and Protestants, that the Hungarians are now so formidable to Austria. Every step the government takes, every offer at reconciliation it makes, is met with a temperate but firm application for the restoration of the Diet. Three months ago the emperor issued a patent regulating the affairs and position of the Protestants. The answer has been a petition to the emperor to withdraw the patent, not so much because its provisions were objectionable, as because the Protestants have already clearly defined rights under the old constitution, and will not accept a new position from the hands of the emperor.

A SEMI-OFFICIAL article in the Invalide Russe announces that, in the opinion of the But it must be remembered that it is not government of St. Petersburg, the political only Russia that has changed. The sort of ideas of Austria, embodied in Count Rech-revolution which she once felt it her duty to berg's circular, are an anachronism. Brutus suppress is for the present as much an anaalso appears among the enemies of the pros-chronism as the policy of Austria. The case trate Cæsar. The country which had the in behalf of restoring the normal state of Italy: honor of originating the Holy Alliance, which under the Emperor Nicholas consistently upheld the sacred principle of hereditary despotism, which put down the Hungarian revolution, proclaims that the notion of restoring Italy to what the Austrian minister calls its normal state is simply absurd. The normal state of Italy now appears to the opened eyes of Russia as one vast and cruel blunder, protracted through forty-five years, whereas the abnormal state that has existed during the last eight months is regarded as equally cred--the restoration of a constitution which they itable to the Italians and refreshing to the gaze of enlightened Europe. The pace with which things alter in the modern world could not be more clearly indicated than by a Russian document asserting within five years of the death of the Emperor Nicholas, that the policy of Prince Metternich was a failure. Austria is told, in the plainest language, that if she expects to find in Russia a support against the innovating ideas of Western Europe, she is making a very great mistake. It would be attaching too much weight to a semi-official article in a newspaper to suppose that the Russian government meant to foreshadow in it the exact line it intends to take in the congress; but there is no reason to doubt that this article is the genuine expression of a change in the general policy of Russia. The Emperor Nicholas arrogated the office, and to some extent fulfilled the duties, of a universal protector of sovereigns. Providence had confided to him the spiritual and temporal headship over sixty millions of semibarbarians in order that he might effectually teach the subjects of foreign princes not to have a will of their own. His son has a different conception of the true policy of his country. He lives in a time when the internal welfare of Russia demands that a vast mass of old traditions and prejudices should be combated in order that there may be an adequate supply of free labor. In order to effect this, he has to appeal, and to permit others to appeal, to a set of ideas which a few years ago were as absolutely proscribed in Russia as the Bible is in Spain. Probably, also, he and his cabinet may grudge the profitable monopoly of a tenable political creed which the western nations have claimed for themselves since the formation of the close alliance between England and France. It answers so well to be considered specially en

This petition is stated to have been signed personally, or through representatives, by a number of persons so nearly equalling the: whole Protestant population that we must suppose the babies in arms to have been among those who signed in the latter way. A display of unanimity almost as striking has baffled the attempt of the government to introduce a measure of communal_reform." With the greatest difficulty committees of proprietors and great noblemen were induced to meet for the purpose of taking the proposed measure into consideration, and making ite intended provisions generally known. But all these committees have reported that they find the Diet is the proper body to discuss measures of legislation, and that they cannot, at the request of the government, usurp the functions of the Diet. There are, of course, puerilities in the Hungarian movement, but then they show that the movement is popular and ardently supported. The students at a Hungarian university have suddenly declared

themselves unable to understand the lectures | ful means if possible. The basis of the Ausof a German professor; and a Protestant trian rule in Italy was the notion that the pastor has announced his intention to excom- Italians must be handed over to the Austrians municate any one who is afraid of the intim-in order to keep France in check. The basis dation threatened by the Austrian authorities of the recent administration of Hungary was -which, even for a spiritual threat, is unusu- the notion that it served the cause of order ally vague. But popular puerilities, following to govern by a central bureaucracy. The in the wake of a disciplined resistance on the basis of the supremacy of Austria in the Bund part of the natural leaders of the people, are was the notion that the princes of Germany signs of strength, not weakness. It was easy were to be kept independent of their subjects. to laugh at the waving of tricolor flags and These notions are out of date now. Russia the erection of plaster casts of the Sardinian has declared them to be so, and that is like arms which lately occupied so much of the Mr. Newdegate acquiescing in free trade. attention of the Italians, but it would have Austria will have to change or perish; but it been very serious if no enthusiasts had cared may be observed that the mode in which the to wave the flags and erect the casts. The change is forced on her is rather in favor of Hungarian movement, like the Italian, is at her changing, and not perishing. When men once sensible and popular, and Austria has no compel their adversaries by peaceful means, more chance of resisting the one than the they are induced to abstain from extremes, other. because all they gain by the existence of their adversaries forces itself on their attention. The Hungarians will cling to Austria if she will allow them. They feel how weak and unprotected they would be with Russia always on their flank; and in Germany, although we hear blusters about civil war and open separation, there is evidently sufficient tenderness felt for Austria to allow effect to the abiding sympathies that, in the long run, are sure to tell in her favor. The hatred and fear of France, and the strength of the Roman Catholic party, are sure to give her a legitimate and permanent importance in Germany long after she has resigned all pretensions to dietate to Prussia, and to make the general policy of the confederation retrograde.

The Russian article indulges in a sneer at the Germanic Confederation. Count Rechberg had said that, until Italy was restored to its normal state, Austria could not be expected to attend to the reform of the Bund. The reply was obvious-that the Bund was as much a failure as the Italian policy of Prince Metternich. We do not think this would be so clear to a German as to a Russian, but at any rate it is indisputable that the confederation must soon be recast, and the whole relations of North and South Germany be altered. In Germany, as in Italy and Hungary, the ideas of Austria are an anachronism, and the same determination exists to secure a legitimate triumph for other principles, by peace

NOTE TO ARTICLE II. IN NO. CCXXIV. ON DR. CAMPBELL'S VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1775.* Since the publication of our last number we have received from the editor of Dr. Campbell's diary, who resides at Sydney, some further particulars which complete the identification of the nephew of Dr. Campbell as the person by whom the manuscript diary was conveyed to New South Wales. It will be remembered that we showed (p. 327) that Mr. Thomas Campbell proceeded from the Cape of Good Hope with Governor Macquarrie in 1810 to New South Wales. Mr. Raymond now informs us that he had previously ascertained that the diary had been in the possession of John Thomas Camp

* Living Age, No. 811.-Vol. 63. p. 673.

bell, brother of the Rev. Charles Campbell of Newry. This gentleman was provost marshal and for some time colonial secretary at Sydney. He died in 1829, and it appears from his will registered in the supreme court in New South Wales, that he bequeathed a considerable prop erty to his sisters resident in Ireland. These facts complete the explanation of the singular removal of the manuscript diary from Ireland to the place where it was discovered at the Antipodes. It will be interesting to our readers to know that the materials for the article on Dr. Campbell's diary were communicated to us by Lord Macaulay, and that this very note was, in fact, his last contribution to these pages, made within a short time of his death.—Edinburgh Review.