In keeping with this teaching we may say that a characteristic anecdote or an illustrative instance, incident, or fact is invaluable in establishing a general statement; suggesting volumes of inference, it may even take the place of such statement. Let the pupil illustrate this remark by apt quotations from books or from hearsay.

LESSON 59.

TRANSPOSED ORDER OF WORDS AND PHRASES.

NATURAL ORDER OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.-A sentence, Lesson 2, is composed of a subject and a predicate —the subject naming that of which the predicate affirms something. We write or we talk to impart to others the information contained in the predicate concerning that which the subject names; hence the predicate is usually the longer and always the more important part of the sentence. In the common and* natural order of a simple declarative sentence, the predicate follows the subject and ends the sentence.

NATURAL ORDER OF WORDS AND PHRASES.-Possessive modifiers (nouns and pronouns in the possessive) precede their nouns, and explanatory modifiers (words in apposi tion) follow theirs. Adjectives precede their nouns : if of unequal rank, the one most closely modifying the noun stands nearest to it; if of the same rank, they stand in the order of their length-the longest nearest the noun if they precede it, the shortest nearest if they follow it.

* For a fuller account and illustration of the natural and the transposed order of words and phrases in a simple sentence, see Lessons 51-57 in Reed and Kellogg's "Higher Lessons in English."

The object complement (the object) and the attribute complement (predicate noun or adjective) follow the verb; the objective complement (the second object) follows the object complement; and the so-called indirect object precedes the direct. An adverb precedes the adjective, adverb, or phrase which it modifies; precedes or follows the simple verb with its complement, and follows one or more words of the verb if this is compound. Phrases, with or without prepositions to introduce them, follow the words they modify; if two or more modify the same word, those most closely modifying it stand nearest to it.

Energy may be secured by the

II. TRANSPOSED ORDER OF WORDS AND PHRASES.—One's meaning is never distributed evenly among his words; more of it lies in some than in others. Can we, in the placing of such words in the sentence, indicate that the meaning is heaped up in them—that in them the thought is intense? We can, and for this reason-what is customary does not attract attention, what in any noticeable respect is unusual at once becomes prominent. To place a word or phrase or clause where it usually stands in the sentence is not in any way to distinguish it; but to place it out of its wonted position is to proclaim that a heavier burden of thought is laid upon it than it ordinarily bears, heavier than any of its neighbors bears. As was said, the more important words are usually in the latter part of the sentence, the predicate. To bring such to the beginning of the sentence is to remove them farthest from their normal place, and to give them the greatest possible emphasis that position can bestow.

WORDS AND PHRASES REMOVABLE.-When (1) adjectives which assume, in subject or predicate, are placed after their nouns; when (2) the object complement or (3) the

explanatory modifier or (4) the attribute noun or (5) the attribute adjective or (6) an adverb in the predicate or (7) a phrase with or without a preposition to introduce it is carried to the front, we have a common instance of the transposed sentence. When any of these words or phrases moved to the beginning drags after it the verb or a part of it, changing wholly or in part the order of subject and predicate, the extreme case of transposition and the limit of energy depending upon it are reached. Moving any part of the predicate from its usual place to a place nearer the end of the sentence is slightly to emphasize it. Even in the use of the figure of speech called comparison, or simile, force is gained if we place first that part of it which begins with like, as, etc. Notice that it is not said that moving words or phrases from their customary place gives energy to the whole sentence -strength is added only to those parts which it is plainly seen have been moved.

Direction.-Name the parts of these sentences that have been moved out of their usual position, restore them to their customary place, and note the loss of energy:

1. Beyond that I seek not to penetrate the veil. 2. Two hundred and eighty-five years has this church been at work. 3. Partakers in every peril, in the glory shall we not be permitted to participate? 4. Then and there was hurrying to and fro. 5. Sweet are the uses of adversity. 6. A spirit, aerial, informs the cell of hearing, dark and blind. 7. A torrent, terrible and strong, it sweeps to the abyss. 8. On some of them had risen the Sun of Austerlitz. 9. At ten minutes before five o'clock, on the tenth of Jan., 1860, the Pemberton Mill, all hands being on duty, fell. 10. Two hundred and fifty years ago, our fathers lighted a feeble watch-fire on the Rock of Plymouth. 11. Thus opened and closed the great campaign. 12. Slowly, under the rolling smoke of those great guns, the Old Guard advanced. 13. Sullen and sulky have we returned from the very field of honor.

14. All my fond love thus do I blow to heaven. 15. Me didst thou constitute a priest of thine. 16. For four long years it was fire fighting fire. 17. Out she swung. 18. Around no Homeric battle-field hung the terrific sublimity of the field of Waterloo. 19. On the ridges fronting them were planted 300 pieces of cannon. 20. From all their throats, through the long and weary hours was poured forth a shower of iron. 21. The roar of death from those 300 cannon throats they heard undismayed. 22. The best omen is our country's cause. 23. Directly given it is nowhere. 24. Never before had the Arctic borne such a host of passengers. 25. By terrible blows he drove the enemy, by swift and silent marches he flanked him. 26. "The supreme writer of his century" Burke has been called by De Quincey.

Direction. Bring in as many sentences illustrating these seven methods of transposition, restore them to the natural order, and note the loss of vigor.

LESSON 60.

TRANSPOSED ORDER OF WORDS AND PHRASES.

Direction. Do with these sentences as directed with those above:1. So Oliver Cromwell held Ireland; so Wm. III. held it; so Mr. Pitt held it; and so the Duke of Wellington might, perhaps, have held it. 2. Beyond them lay fame and honor and victory. 3. In peace or in convulsion, by the law or in spite of the law, through the Parliament or over the Parliament, reform must be carried. 4. The gleam of the lances and the glittering of the cuirasses they eyed unswerving. 5. Victors must we be in that struggle. 6. Such, Sir, was the conduct of the South. 7. All history, public and private, recounts the courage and the sufferings of soldiers. 8. Even so have societies their law of growth. 9 Shoulder to shoulder they went through the Revolution. 10. Favorites of the Mother Country they might have found in their

situation a guarantee of the fostering care of Great Britain. II. That Union we reached only by the discipline of our virtues in the severe school of adversity. 12. No more shall grief of mine the season wrong. 13. Above the crackle and the roar, a woman's voice rang out like a bell.

Direction.-Recast these sentences so that two of them shall illustrate each of the seven methods of transposition spoken of:

I. Those iron-throated monsters spoke all night long. 2. Verres, both as quæstor and as prætor, was guilty of shameful outrages. 3. They were to move now for that dear master against those unconquerable squares. 4. I do not discourage, I do not condemn this. 5. They were toil-worn, and few in numbers. 6. The true definition of style is proper words in proper places. 7. Society did never before witness a total prohibition of all intercourse like this. 8. The banner of St. George floated in triumph over their heads. 9. I shall defend and exercise this high constitutional privilege within this House and without this House and in all places. 10. They, friends before, now became lovers. 11. Adversity is the iron key to unlock the golden gates of prosperity. 12. Do not appear in the character of bloody, violent, vindictive, and tyrannical madmen. 13. Many and great heroes illumine the pages of history. 14. The compass and the swell of notes are vast for terror, joy, or pity.

Direction. Find in oratory and poetry as many sentences aptly illustrating these transpositions.

LESSON 61.

OMISSION OF WORDS EASILY SUPPLIED.

Often intense energy may be secured by the

III. OMISSION OF WORDS EASILY SUPPLIED.-Words, as Spencer remarks, are sometimes a "hindrance to