from the Southern plains to the Western lakes, are engaged in the same offices of gratitude and love. Nor we, nor they alone, -beyond the Ohio, beyond the Mississippi, along that stupendous trail of immigration from East to West, which, bursting into states as it moves westward, is already threading the Western prairies, swarming through the portals of the Rocky Mountains and winding down their slopes, the name and the memory of Washington on that gracious night will travel with the silver queen of heaven through sixty degrees of longitude, nor part company with her till she walks in her brightness through the golden gate of California, and passes serenely on to hold midnight court with her Australian stars. There and there only, in barbarous archipelagos, as yet untrodden by civilized man, the name of Washington is unknown; and there, too, when they swarm with enlightened millions, new honors shall be paid with ours to his memory. EDWARD EVERETT. PRODUCTIONS. LESSON 76. ORAL DISCOURSE-KINDS OF. Having treated (1) of Invention, the finding of the subject-matter, or thought, of discourse, and (2) of Style, the fitting embodiment of the thought in words, there remain for notice only the productions into which discourse may be divided—the kinds of composition. DEPARTMENTS OF THE MIND.-As all discourse, appealing to the ear or to the eye, is addressed to the mind, to group the powers and capacities of the mind addressed and aroused is to make a rough scheme of literature. We may say, then, that the human mind can be trisected into the intellect, the emotive nature, and the will. Through the intellect the mind perceives, learns, retains, recalls, understands, thinks; through the emotive nature it is susceptible to pleasure and to pain, experiences hope, joy, anger, fear, grief-the whole round of feelings and desires; and through the will it elects and rejects, determines to do and not to do. We here present All discourse is intended, as was said, (1) for the intellect, bringing it facts, thoughts, truths, principles, and building it up in knowledge; or (2) for the emotive nature, bringing to this beauty-loving part of us the sustenance it craves; or (3) for the will, aiming to dissuade us from or persuade us to any act or line of action or of conduct. Of the three groups seen in the scheme above, we may say, speaking generally, that that which forms the prose division of written discourse is addressed to the The group intellect, aims to instruct and inform it. forming the division of written discourse called poetry aims to minister to our feelings and desires; while the group constituting oral discourse, co-ordinate with written, is dissuasive or persuasive, and bears down upon the will. ORAL DISCOURSE.-Since oral discourse precedes written in the order of time, and since it is more common and necessary than written, we have placed it first in the scheme. Its purpose, in the main, is to move the will, to lead it, to lead the man, to do something or to refrain from doing it. The lawyer talking at the bar, the preacher pleading from the pulpit, the reformer denouncing on the platform, the politician haranguing from the stump, the statesman debating in a legislative assembly-all who write or speak with a distinct moral purpose, aiming this one at a verdict, that one at votes, every one at a change in belief or action or conduct, social, political, or religious,-all are training their guns. upon the citadel of the will, the fortress of one's personality. RELATION OF THE INTELLECT TO THE FEELINGS AND TO THE WILL.-When it is said that poetry brings its contents to the feelings, and that oral discourse, persuasion, bears down upon the will, we must not forget that poetry can reach the feelings only as it enters the mind through the door of the intellect, and that persuasion can reach the will only through the door of the intellect and that of the feelings. In illustration, we may say that the intellect is a bank-building surrounding on all sides the vault and the safe within the vault. The feelings are the vault, enclosed within the structure of the intellect, and themselves enclosing the safe. The will is the safe, doubly enclosed. There is possible, then, no direct, no immediate approach either to the feelings or to the willdiscourse must go through the door of the intellect to reach the one, must go through the door of the intellect and that of the feelings to reach the other. This necessity both persuasion and poetry recognize. The staple of all effective persuasion is argument, and argument is thought, and thought is the key to the door of the intellect. But it is thought of such a kind, so instinct with passion, that, while it convinces the understanding, it arouses feeling and begets desire, in the presence and in the opportunity of which alone does the will ever act. For the feelings wait upon the intellect, and the will waits upon both. There can be, then, but three great classes of discourse, since there are but three ends which discourse can propose to itself. That which brings its contents to the intellect appeals directly to it; that which seeks to nourish the feelings brings, at the same time, its tribute to the intellect; and that which strives to take captive the will must first carry the judgment and awaken feeling and desire. But there may be many subdivisions of these great classes of discourse. The first division of oral discourse we shall notice is CONVERSATION.-Conversation is discourse between two or more people. Much of oral discourse is written, but written to be spoken. Conversation never is. But its value as preparatory to written discourse, to be spoken or not to be, is beyond estimate. I. CONVERSATION WIDENS ONE'S VIEW OF HIS SUBJECT.He is forced to look at this through the eyes of another, and he sees what he could not discover for himself. Under the stimulus of opposition, he is carried in his own thinking over territory he could not traverse alone. He learns what will bear the heat of discussion and what will not. He sees that he must survey a subject from |