But to make this practice useful, there are two ngs to be observed. First, when the parents or sters are displeased with a child, and look coldly on him, it is requisite that all those who are about m should treat him in the same manner, and that never finds any consolation in the caresses of gornesses or servants; for then he is forced to submit, d naturally conceives an aversion for the faults nich draw upon him a general contempt. In the send place, when parents or masters have shewn emselves displeased, they must be careful, contrary the common custom, not to resume immediately e same cheerfulness of countenance, or shew e same fondness to the child as usual; for he will arn not to mind it, when he knows that chiding is storm of little or no duration, which he need only affer to pass by. They must not therefore be restoed to favour without difficulty, and their pardon be eferred till their application to do better has proved ne sincerity of their repentance.

Rewards for the children are not to be neglected, nd though they are not any more than praises, the rincipal motive upon which they should act, yet both of them may become useful to virtue, and be a powful incentive to it. Is it not an advantage for em to know, that the doing well will in every respect e their advantage, and that it is as well their interest s duty to execute faithfully what is required of them, ither in point of study or behaviour?

But there is a choice to be made of rewards, and it s a certain rule in this point, though not always sufciently considered, that we ought never to propose under this notion either ornaments and fine clothes, or delicacies in eating, or any other things of that kind;

them to look upon them as good and desirable themselves, and thereby instil into them a value f what they ought to despise; and the same may be sa of money, the desire of which is so much the mo dangerous, as it is more general, and apt to increa with age; except as it may be employed in good use it may also be looked upon as an instrument of virtu and a means of doing good; under which notion th should be taught to consider it. I have seen a gre many scholars, who of themselves have divided the money into three parts, one of which was designed f the poor, another to buy books, and the third f their diversions.

Children may be rewarded by innocent plays inte mixed with some industry; by walking abroad, whe the conversation may be advantageous; by little pr sents which may be a kind of prizes, such as pictur or prints; by books neatly bound; by the sight such things as are curious and uncommon in arts a trades; as for instance, the manner of making tapest at the Gobelins, of melting of glass, painting, and thousand other things of that kind. The industry parents and masters consists in the invention of su rewards, in varying them, and making them desir and expected; keeping always a certain order, a beginning constantly with the most simple, in ord to make them last as long as possible. But in gen ral they must exactly perform what they have pr mised, and make it an indispensible point of hono and duty never to disappoint the children.

ARTICLE VIII.

TO ACCUSTOM CHILDREN TO A STRICT OBSE VANCE OF TRUTH.

ONE of the vices we must carefully correct children is lying, for which we cannot excite them too great an aversion and horror. It must ways be presented to them as mean, base, and sham ful; as a vice which entirely dishonours a man, d

grad

ear it, and infallibly lead to it. A child should be ld that he should rather be pardoned for twenty ults, than a bare dissimulation of the truth, for ding one only by bad excuses. When he frankly onfesses what he has done, fail not to commend his tegrity, and pardon what he has done amiss without er reproaching him with it, or speaking to him of it terwards. If this confession becomes frequent, and rows into a habit only to evade punishinent, the aster must have less regard to it, because it would en be no more than a trick, and not proceed from mplicity and sincerity.

Every thing that the children see or hear from their arents or masters, must conduce to make them in ove with truth, and give them a contempt for all ouble dealing. Thus they must never make use of ny false pretences to appease them, or to persuade em to do as they would have them, or either proise or threaten any thing without their being sensile that the performance will soon follow. For by his means they will be taught deceit, to which they ave already but too much inclination.

To prevent it, they must be accustomed not to stand n need of it, and be taught to tell ingenuously what pleases them, or what makes them uneasy. They must be told that tricking always proceeds from a bad disposition, for no body uses it but with a view to dissemble; as not being such a one as he ought to be, or From desiring such things as are not to be permitted; Or if they are, from taking dishonest means to come at them. Let the children be made to observe how ridiculous such arts are, as they see practised by others, which have generally a bad success, and serve only to make them contemptible. Make them ashamed of

thomes

tion. Take from them from time to time what th are fond of, if they have endeavoured to obtain it any deceit, and tell them they shall have it, when th ask for it plainly and without artifice.

It is upon this point especially they should be ma sensible of their honour. Make them comprehend difference there is between a child that loves truth a sincerity, upon whose word one may rely, in whom may fully confide, and who is looked upon as in pable, not only of lying and fraud, but of the le dissimulation; and another child, who is always s pected and distrusted, and [g] never believed, e though he speak truth. [h] We should carefully before them what Cornelius Nepos observes of E minondas, (and Plutarch says the same of Aristide that he was so fond of truth that he never told a not even in jest. Adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne j quidem mentiretur.

ARTICTE IX.

TO ACCUSTOM THE BOYS TO BE POLITE, CLEA LY AND PUNCTUAL.

GOOD breeding is one of the qualities wh parents most desire in their children, and it usu affects them more than any other. The value they upon it arises from their conversation with the wo where they find that almost every thing is judged its outside. In short, the want of politeness ta off very much from the most solid merit, and ma virtue itself seem less estimable and lovely. A ro diamond can never serve as an ornament; it mus polished before it can be shewn to advantage. cannot therefore take care too early to make c dren civil and well bred.

In talking thus, I do not mean that we should ercise children, or bring them up by rule and met

[g] Mendaci homini, ne verum quidem dicenti, credere solemus.

Cic. lib. ii. de Divin. n. 146. [b] Cornel. Nep. in Epam

tation of doing every thing by rule and measure, en more offensive than a natural rusticity. We not therefore teaze and wrangle much with them t such faults as they may commit in this point. ddress not over graceful, a bow ill made, a hat sily taken off, and a compliment ill-turned, may ve some little notice to be taken of them in an and gentle manner, but do not deserve sharp ng, or the being made ashamed before compand much less to be punished with severity. The merce with the world will soon correct these petty

it the point is, to go to the principle and root of evil, and to conquer certain dispositions in the which are directly opposite to the rules of socind conversation, such as a savage and clownish ness, which makes them heedless of what may e or displease those about them; self-love, attenonly to its own convenience and advantage; a htiness and pride, which tempt us to look upon thing as our due, without our being under any ation to others; a spirit of contradiction and railwhich blaines every thing, and takes pleasure in giving pain. These are the faults against i we must declare open war. open war. Such boys as have accustomed to be complaisant towards their anions, to oblige them to submit to them uponion, to say nothing that may offend them, and e easily offended themselves at the discourse of s; boys of this character, when they come id into the world, will soon learn the rules of ty and good breeding.

is also to be wished, that children should be acmed to neatness, order, and exactness; that they

care of their dress e«pecially on Sundawa and h.