country, who probably might be these Pastors, who invaded Egypt. In like manner, if from A. M. 2420, we count down five hundred and eleven years, the terin during which the Pastors kept their conquests, we shall fix their leaving Egypt about A. M. 2931. They had then leave to march into whatever country they liked to go, and which would receive them'; they marched through the desart, and probably found a reception in some nation of Arabia. They went from Egypt not fewer in number than two hundred and forty thousand, and consequently the nation which received so considerable an addition to its people must in a little time have grown very populous. Agreeably hereto, about A. M. 3063', within little more than a century, Zerah the Ethiopian or Cushite, a king in Arabia Petræa, invaded his neighbours with an army of a thousand thousand'; so that the sacred pages give intimations of the state both of Egypt, and of the neighbouring countries, well answering to the thus fixing the times of the Pastors. Josephus seems to me not to be consistent with himself, in the account he gives from Manetho of the Theban kings. In one place he says Tummosis the son of Alisfragmuthosis expelled the Pastors'. This Tummosis was surely the king whom he aftewards

Exod. i, 8; see vol. ii, b. vii, p. 203.

7 Joseph. contra Apion. lib. i, c. 14.

Usher's Annals.

32 Chron. xiv.

Ibid.

$ Ibid. c. 14.

calls Thmosis, and whom he sets down next to Mephramuthosis. Yet in recounting these kings, he sets Tethmosis, who, he says, expelled the Pastors, five reigns before Mephramuthosis. But probably Manetho had rendered this part of his work dark and confused. Manetho took the Israelites and the Pastors to be one and the same people; and by treating the Jewish exit and the expulsion of the Pastors as one event, he might mention the names of different kings, so as to lead Josephus into this contrariety. If we may form our notion of Manetho's work from the Epitome of it', Josephus mistook the number of Manetho's Theban kings. The Epitome suggests that he had mentioned only fifteen; five in his 19th dynasty, eight in his 20th, and two in his 23d. And if I knew how to choose the fifteen rightly out of Josephus's list, and to make the first five begin where Eratosthenes's catalogue ends, and continue to the expulsion of the Pastors; and then to choose eight more, whose reigns might carry on the history to Sesostris or Sethosis, who was Sesac, and came against Jerusalem A. M. 3033'; I should take the last two of Manetho's Theban kings to be Sesostris and his son Rameses. And I should imagine, I had hereby set Josephus's catalogue right, and made

6

Joseph. cont. Apion. lib. i, c, 15.-Africanus and Eusebius call him Tuthmosis.

Ibid. c. 15.

Ibid. c. 14. 16, 26.

• Chronograph. in Syncell. p. 51, 52,

'See Preface to vol. ii,

Manetho's account agreeable, in this part of it, to true history.

V. Next to Josephus, we are to consider the work of Sextus Julius Africanus, who was a Christian, lived in the third century, and wrote about a hundred and fifty years after Josephus. He composed a Chronography consisting of two parts; in the former of which he collected, from other more ancient writers, the materials he intended to make use of; in the latter he formed from them a chronicle or historical deduction, beginning from the creation of the world, and carried down to the consulate of Gratus and Seleucus, to the year of our LORD 221, says Sir John Marsham'. Amongst other collections, in the former part of his work, were the dynasties of Manetho; but not such as Manetho left them; for they were new modelled according to some scheme of them formed later than the times of Manetho. For, 1. Manetho's dynasties began with the reigns of the gods, demi-gods, and heroes, and then exhibited the reigns of the mortal kings3; but the dynasties given us by Africanus begin from the mortal kings*, and omit all that related to the superior beings, who were said to have reigned before them5. 2. Manetho's dynasties of the

2 Can. Chron. p. 5.

♦ Id. p. 54.

? Syncell. p. 40,

5 Africanus begins his dynasties thus, Μετα νέκυας τες ημίθεις πρωτη βασίλεια καταριθμείται βασιλεων οκτω.-Syncell.

ibid.

mortal kings were but fifteen; they began at the 16th dynasty, and ended with the 30th; but Africanus gives us thirty-one dynasties of Egyptian kings. Upon this account we must conclude, 3. That several of Africanus's dynasties were not in Manetho. Thus the 31st dynasty was not Manetho's; for he carried down his history no farther than to the end of Nectanebus's reign; but this 31st dynasty contains the names of Persian kings, who reigned after Nectanebus was expelled his kingdom". In like manner Manetho's tomes seem to me not to have had Africanus's 2d dynasty of Thinite kings', nor the 5th of Elephantine, nor the 6th of Memphites, nor the 15th of Pastors, nor the 22d of Bubastites, as Africanus gives them. Farther, Africanus's 18th dynasty of Theban kings seems to be taken rather from Josephus than from Manetho; for Manetho had in all but 15 Theban kings, and those set down in three dynasties. As to Africanus's 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th,

Vid. Chronograph. in Syncell. p. 51, 52. και επί πάσαις λ Δυνάσεια.

The kings of the 31st dynasty are Ochus, Arses, Darius. Syncell. p. 77.

It ought to be here observed, that Africanus perhaps did not in his 1st and 2d dynasty copy after Manetho. Manetho gave a list of βασιλεων Τανιτων. Vid. Chronograph. But Africanus's 1st and 2d dynasties are not of Tanite but aviTwY, of the kings of This, or Thinite kings; so that Africanus had found here a different catalogue of kings from Manetho's, and did not distinguish it.

9 Vid. 19th, 20th, 23d dynast. in Chronograph. in Syncell.

ubi sup.

13th, 14th, 16th, 17th, and 20th dynasties, they are mere numbers of years, without any names of kings affixed to them'; and unquestionably no such dynasties were to be found in Manetho.

It may be here asked, how it can be supposed that Africanus should take away from, and add to Manetho's dynasties in this extravagant manner, or how or whence could he find matter or pretence to do it? I answer, 1. For his omission of what Manetho had recorded prior to the reigns of the mortal kings, it is easy to find a good reason. He thought all that Manetho offered of the reigns of gods, demi-gods, and heroes, to be fable, fiction, or false theology'; and therefore superfluous, not worth his transcribing. 2. There might be in the tomes of Manetho the names of many kings, besides those, of which Manetho supposed his dynasties to consist. Manetho accounted all Egypt, from its rise to Nectanebus, as having been only one empire; and considering it as such, he deduced one continued history of the kings, who had had the supreme rule in it. But as he supposed that the seat of this empire had been at different times in different cities; and agreeably hereto, as his dynasties were sometimes of kings of Tanis, some

p. 5.

Meros numeros inaniter turgentes. Marsham, Can. Chron.

Quæ Manetho μιαρων ιερων αρχιερευς γραφει ψευδηγορων περι θεων εδέποτε γεγονότων, ista omnia tanquam Scriptore Christiano indigna Africanus aspernatur, et in illud tempus rejicit, quod præcessit diluvium. Marsham, p. 5.