Black Eagle, order of knighthood in Prussia, | Duke (Grand), the title first given to the instituted, 1701 Blaze (St.), order of knighthood at Acon, began, 1250 Blood of Christ, order began in Mantua, 1608 Brandenburgh had its first marquis, 925 Brician, order of knighthood, began in Sweden, 1366 Broom Flower, order of knighthood in France, began, 1234 Brotherly Love, order of knighthood, began, 1708 Burgundian cross, order of knighthood, began, 1535 CALATRAVA, order of knighthood, instituted in Spain, 1158 Carpet (order of) made in England, 1553 Castle and sword (order of) established by the prince regent of Portugal, 1807 Catharine (St.), order of knighthood, began in Palestine, 1063 (St.) order of, in Russia, began, 1715 Catholic Majesty (the title of) given the king of Spain by the pope, 739 Censors first erected at Rome, 413 B.C. - in Livonia, 1203 Christian Charity, order of knighthood, began in France, 1590 king, the title first given Louis IX. of France, 1469 - annulled by the national assembly, 1791 Cincinnatus, order began in America, 1783 Common-council of London first appointed, 1208 Commissioners of sewers first appointed, 1425 Conception of the Virgin, order began, 1619 Consuls first made at Rome, 307 B.C. Crescent, order of knighthood, began in Crown royal, order of knighthood, began in France, 802 DECEMVIRI (first creation of), 450 B.C. Dove of Castile, order of knighthood, began, 1379 Dragon, order of knighthood in Hungary, began, 1413 Duke (title of) first given in England to Edward, son of Edward III., March 17, 1336 dukes of Tuscany by Pius V., 1570 - first created in Scotland, 1398 it is remarkable, that this is the only order which has been granted to foreign princes. Of this illustrious order there have been Eight emperors of Germany, One king of Sicily and Jerusalem, Two kings of Scotland, Five princes of Orange, and 34 foreign electors, dukes, margraves, and counts Guelphs (the) order of knighthood, instituted | Lord Lieutenants of counties instituted, for the kingdom of Hanover, 1816 gan, 1420 Lazarus (St.), order of knighthood, began 366 Lily of Navarre, order of knighthood, began, 1041 of Arragon, began, 1403 Legion of Honour instituted by Buonaparte, confirmed by Louis XVIII., 1814 Lord High Constable, the office hereditary till 1521 Lord High Steward, the first appointed for a coronation was Thomas, second son of Henry IV. the first for the trial of a peer, was Edward, earl of Devon, on the arraignment of John, earl of Huntingdon, in the same reign July 24, 1549 Lord Steward of the Household, so called since 1540; before he was styled Grand Master of the Household Loretta, order of knighthood, began at Rome, 1587 Louis (St.), order of knighthood, began, May 10, 1698 abolished, 1791 Lord Danes, a title used in London, 1000 Lord Mayors of London first appointed an. nually, 1208 Majesty, the title used to Henry VIII. of England Malta (knights of), alias Knights Hospitallers, alias Knights of St. John of Jeresalem; the foundation of that order laid by open. ing a house for the reception of pilgrims at Jerusalem, 1048 became a regular monastic order, 1099, and a military order, 1118 took Rhodes, and were called Knights of Rhodes, 1310 being expelled thence by the Turks, the emperor Charles V. gave them the island of Malta, 1523, and they were called Knights of Malta - expelled England, 1540 Merit, a military order of knighthood in Prussia, instituted, 1730 Michael (St.), order of knighthood, began in France, 1469 -in Germany, 1618 -in Naples, time unknown Montejia, order of knighthood, began in Spain, 1223 Moon, order of knighthood, began in Sicily, 1464 Mountjoy, order of knighthood, began, 1615 - ceased, 1621 NOBLE Passion, order of knighthood, in Saxe Weissenfels, began 1704 OAK of Navarre, order of knighthood, began | Slaves of Virtue, order of knighthood, in in Spain, 722 Ordo Disciplinarium, order of knighthood in Bohemia, began by the emperor Sigismund Our Lady and St. George of Montesa, order of knighthood in Spain, 1317 PASSION of Jesus Christ, order of knighthood in France, began, 1382 Patrick (St.) order of, in Ireland, began Feb. 25, 1783 Paul (St.), order of knighthood, began at Peers of France began, 778 twelve created at once by Queen Anne, 1711 60 made in seven years preceding, 1718 Peter (St.), order of knighthood, began in Rome, 1520 Pius, order of knighthood, at Rome, began, 1560 Poet Laureat, the first in England, 1487 Portglave order, began in Livonia, 1196 REDEMPTION, order of knighthood, began, 1212 Red Eagle, in Prussia, revived, 1792 Round Table, order of knighthood, began, 516 Germany, began, 1662 TEMPLARS (Knights), the first military order established, 1118 - all of them arrested in France in one day, being charged with enormous crimes and great riches, when 59 of them were burnt alive in Paris, Oct. 13, 1307 destroyed by Philip of France, 1342 Teste Morti, order of knighthood, in Wurtemburg, began, 1652 Teutonic, or Marian order, began, 1192 -revived in Prussia, 1522 of Bourbon, order began, 1370 military ones, with consular powers, created, 445 B.C. Trinitarians, order in Spain began, 1594 Truxillo, order of knighthood, began in Spain 1227 UNITED Ladies for the Honour of the Cross, order of knighthood in Germany, began, 1666 VIRGIN of Mount Carmel, order began in France, 1607 - Mary, order of knighthood, began, 1233 the most Glorious, order of knighthood, began at Rome, 1618 Viscount, the first in England, Feb. 12, 1440 WALES (prince of), title began, 1281 Warfare of Christ, order of knighthood, began in White Russia, 1325 - in Poland, 1705 Wing of St. Michael, order of knighthood, began in Portugal, 1165 Woldimer (St.) order of knighthood, esta. blished in Russia, 1682 SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. BEFORE the Romans came into this island, | the Britons, who then possessed the country, were divided into several nations, each of them governed by their own kings; and when Britain became a member of the Roman empire, many of its tribes had their proper kings, who were suffered to govern by their own laws, provided they were tributary. Such were Cogidunus and Prastitagus mentioned by Tacitus. Lucius, who is said to be the first Christian king, died in 181, and left the Roman empire heir to his kingdom; and Coilus, the father of Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. After the Romans had quitted Britain, upon the irruption of the Goths into Italy, during the reign of Honorius, that is, in 410, the real government returned to the Britons, who chose for their king, Constantine, brother of Aldroinus, king of Brittany, in France, a prince of the British blood, to whom succeeded Constantine, his son; then Vortigern, who usurped the crown; but being harassed by the Scots and Picts, in 448, to maintain his usurpation, first called in the Saxons, at that time hovering along the coast of Britain, in 449. These having got sure footing in the island, never left the Britons quiet till they were possessed of the whole. And though they were overthrown in many battles, by King Vortimer, the son and colleague of Vortigern, and afterwards by King Arthur, yet the Britons were soon after his death so broken and weakened, that they were forced at last to retreat, and exchange the fertile and plain part of Britain for the mountains of Wales. Cadwallader, the last king of the Britons, began to reign 683; killed in battle, Lothair, king of Kent, and Ethelwold, king of the West Saxons; turned monk, and died at Rome. Thus the Britons left the stage and the Saxons entered. By these the country was divided into seven kingdoms, called the Heptarchy; Kent, the first kingdom, was, in Julius Cæsar's time, the sovereignty of four petty princes, and never called a kingdom till Hengist erected it into one The Saxons, though they were divided into seven kingdoms, were, for the most part, subject only to one monarch, who was styled king of the English nation; the most powerful giving the law unto the others, and succeeded as follows: Hengist laid the foundation of the monarchy -massacred 300 British nobles on Salisbury- He -he bore in his standard the white horse, ELLA, Second monarch, landed at Shoreham, in assumed the title of king of the South died in 499 CHERDIC, Third monarch, arrived in Britain, and overcame Arthur, near Chard, in Somersetshire, 519 - began the kingdom of the West Saxons, the same year - died, 534 KENRICK, Scond king of the West Saxons, fourth monarch, eldest son of Cherdic, succeeded in 534 and died in 560 CHEVELINE, Third king of the West Saxons, and fifth monarch, succeeded his father, 560 seized on Sussex in 590 abdicated in 591 and died in banishment in 592 ETHELBERT I. Fifth king of Kent, and sixth monarch, in 592; St. Augustine first arrived in his dominions, who, with his followers, were entertained by the king at Canterbury, where they settled; to whose doctrine Ethelbert became a convert. He gave Augustine an idol temple without the walls of the city, as a burial-place for him and his successors, which was converted into the first monastery. This king was the first that caused the laws of the land to be collected and translated into Saxon died, Feb. 24, 617, and was buried at Canterbury before the kings of England, to denote their appearance, and require respect he admitted his son, Egfred, a partner in his sovereignty; and, out of devotion, paid a visit to Rome, where he made his kingdom subject to a tribute, then called Peter-pence, and procured the canonization of St. Alban at his return, he built St. Alban's monastery, in Hertfordshire, 793 - he died at Offley, June 29, 794, and was buried at Bedford, in a chapel, since swallowed up by the river Ouse ETHELWOLF, Eldest son of Egbert, succeeded his father, notwithstanding, at the time of Egbert's death, he was bishop of Winchester -in 846. he ordained tithes to be collected, and exempted the clergy from regal tributes he visited Rome in 847, confirming the grant of Peter-pence, and agreed to pay Rome 300 marks per annum - his son Ethelbald obliged him to divide the sovereignty with him, 356 - he died Jan. 13, 857, and was buried at Wincester ETHELBALD II. Eldest son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 857 - he died Dec. 20, 860, and was buried at Sherborn, but removed to Salisbury ETHELBERT II. Second son of Ethelwolf, succeeded in 860, and was harassed greatly by the Danes, who were repulsed and vanquished - he died in 866, was buried at Sherborn, and was succeeded by |