The properties of D. are very numerous; but for these the student is referred to works on the subject, such as Salmon's Higher Algebra, Dodgson's D., and Balzer's Theorie und Anwendung der Determinanten. A short treatise, with some of the commoner applications, is also given at the end of Todhunter's Theory of Equations.

Det'inue, in English law, the name of an action against one who refuses to restore goods intrusted to him. (See DEPOSIT, and the articles there referred to.) The action of D. has been almost wholly superseded by the more convenient one for the plaintiff of Trover.

Det'mold (originally Theotmalli, the people's mall or place of assembly"), the capital of the principality of Lippe-D., Germany, on the Werra, E. of the Teutoburger-Wald, and 47 miles S. W. of Hanover. It consists of an old and a new town, and is encircled by pleasant promenades. The principal buildings are the palace, the gymnasium, and the theatre. There are several charitable institutions, a military hospital, and a public library, established in 1781. D. is supposed to be the ancient Teutoburgium. On the Grotenburg, about two miles from D., is the Hermann Memorial, a colossal copper statue erected to the memory of Hermann or Arminius, who defeated Varus and his legions (B. C. 9). Pop. of D. (1871) 6469.

Detona'tion signifies a sudden explosion. Detri'tus (Lat. 'worn down'), in geology, denotes a natural accumulation of debris or fragments of disintegrated rocks. Detroit' (Fr. "the strait"), the chief city of Michigan, stands on the right bank of the D. river, opposite Windsor, in Canada, 526 miles N. W. of Washington. The city extends along the river several miles, and the site rises gradually to a height of 40 or 50 feet. Its chief public buildings are the courthouse, customhouse, post-office, the Roman Catholic cathedral, the insurance bank, and the churches. D. is the great centre of commerce, banking, and produce in the state, railroads connecting it with all parts of the States and Canada, and the river giving it the unequalled waterway of the lakes. The industry comprises many steam sawing-mills, shipbuilding, foundries, with copper-smelting in the vicinity. D. has a medical college, St Philip's College, and many public and private schools. In 1858 the debt was $300,000, and the assessed value of property $16,360,000. In 1875 the debt was $2,382,900, and the assessed value $90,000,000. D. was first visited by the French in 1610, settled by them in 1701, and taken by the British in 1760. Pop. (1870) 79,577; (1875) 101,083.-Detroit River flows S. from Lake St Clair 25 miles to Lake Erie, with a breadth of three-quarters of a mile, and is deep and navigable.

Dett'ingen ('the people's home or town'), a village of Lower Franconia, Bavaria, on the right bank of the Main, about 8 miles N. W. of Aschaffenburg, notable only for the victory gained here on the 27th of June 1743 by the allied army of English, Hanoverians, Austrians, and Hessians, amounting to 40,000 men, and commanded by George II. of England, over the French, 58,000 strong, under the Duc de Noailles. The latter lost 2659 men, and the allies at least as many. The battle of D. was the last occasion in which an English sovereign appeared on the field. See Carlyle's History of Friedrich II. of Prussia. Deucalion (the 'bright' or 'brilliant'?), in Greek mythology, a king of Phthia, and son of Prometheus and Clymene. When Zeus, to punish the wickedness of men, had sent a flood over Hellas, D. with his wife Pyrrha entered an ark, previously prepared on the advice of his father, and they alone were saved. On the ninth day the ark rested on Mount Parnassus. There D. sacrificed to Zeus, who sent Herines to grant any prayer he might offer. Having prayed for the restoration of the human 378

race, he and his wife were ordered to cover their heads, and cast their mother's bones behind them as they went their way. Judging that the earth was their mother, they cast stones behind them, when those thrown by D. became men, and those by Pyrrha women. D. is the father of Hellen, from whom sprang the Hellenes or Greeks, and of Protogeneia (the first-born'). Cox, in his Manual of Mythology, finds in the names evidence of the mythic perversion of solar phenomena.

De'us ex Mach'ina, a phrase used by the ancients in allusion to a practice not unfrequent in the classical theatre of bringing about the solution of a difficulty in the plot by the intervention of a god, who descended on the stage in a kind of machine. Horace (Ars Poetica) obliquely censures the abuse of this unskilful artifice

"Nec Deus intersit, nisi dignus vindice nodus
Inciderit.'

The phrase has been borrowed by the moderns, who have given it, however, a wider application.

Deuteronomy (Gr. 'the second law') is the fifth book of the Bible. According to Jewish and Christian tradition, it was, like the rest of the Pentateuch (q. v.), the composition of Moses. It is almost entirely made up of discourses of Moses to the people regarding the way in which Jehovah had guided them through the desert, and setting forth anew his commands; the only historical part, with the exception of iv. 41-43, being the last four chapters. Modern critics endeavour to prove that the aim of the author was not historical, but hortatory with reference to the circumstances of his own time-about the time of Hezekiah and Josiah, if not as late as the Babylonian exile-to suit which he brought prominently forward those laws which were then needed, altered some of the earlier ones, and gave new ones altogether; which treatment is shown particularly in the laws relating to the priests and Levites, and the offering of sacrifices in one place. See Bleek's Einleitung in die Heil. Schrift (Berl. 3d. ed. 1870).

Deut'zia, a genus of plants of the natural order Philadelphacea, many of which are cultivated in our greenhouses. They are natives of India, China, and Japan. The leaves of D. scabra of Japan is covered with siliceous star-shaped hairs-favourite objects under the microscope-and are used by wood-polishers in Japan. Similar hairs are seen on D. staminea. Deux Ponts. See ZWEIBRÜCKEN.

Hindustan, 12 miles W. of Srinnuggur, in the fork of the AlukDev'apraya'ga, a town in the feudatory state of Gurwhal, nunda and the Bhagiratti, henceforth named the Ganges, the part of which deemed most sacred by the Hindus being at D. Hence it is the resort of numerous pilgrims, but its fixed population consists of 1000 Brahmans. In the upper part of the town is a temple 60 feet high, built of large blocks of squared stone piled up without mortar. Three basins have been excavated in the solid rock below the level of the stream. D. is 2266 feet above the level of the sea.

Development of Doc'trine is related to, but not to be confounded with, the Roman Catholic doctrine of Tradition (q. v.), according to which there is a supplementary revelation over and above that contained in the Bible, and which has been handed down outside of the Scriptures. A certain theory of D. of D. is indeed held by some Roman Catholics, namely, that although the doctrines of Christianity are all in the Scriptures, they are there only in their rudiments, and that the Church, under the tuition of the Spirit, comes to understand all that these rudiments imply, and to expand them in their fulness. The orthodox Protestant doctrine is, that all the facts, truths, doctrines, and principles which enter into Christian theology are in the Bible, as fully and clearly at the beginning as they are now.' Still progress has been made in theological knowledge as well as in physical science. As the science of astronomy, for example, is always advancing, while the structure of the heavens remains ever the same, so the Bible, which contains the great truths of revelation, is always becoming better understood, and the representations of the early fathers regarding, for example, the doctrine of the Trinity, as compared with the clear, precise, and consistent statements in the creeds of the Church, are like the astronomy of Pythagoras compared with that of La Place. Another theory, initiated by Schleiermacher, and founded on the

philosophy of Schelling and Hegel, is that humanity is a generic life which, assumed into union with the divine life of the Son of God, and thus raised to a higher power, is communicated from him by a natural process of development to the Church, and that Christian theology is not the systematic exhibition of what the Bible teaches, but the interpretation of this life. Without regard to any theory, the D. of D. seems to be the change which the definitions of doctrines teaching certain essential truths continually undergo partly at least under certain external causes, such as differences of climate, national character, personal feelings and passions, court intrigues, priestly imposition, the fanaticism of monks, and the internal principles of human reason. See Donaldson's Critical History of Christian Literature and Doctrine from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene Council (Edinb. 1864).

Development of the Em'bryo. To this subject belongs the consideration of the changes which the egg of an animal or

Fig. 1.-DEVELOPMENT OF MAMMALIAN OVUM.

A, First stage of segmentation of mammalian egg, showing its division into two halves. B, Second stage, in which the two primary segments are divided to form four. C, More advanced stage, in which the process of division has produced numerous segments. D, Complete segmentation of egg, known as the 'mulberry-like condition;' gg, zona pellucida' or 'vitellary membrane. E, Progress of development as seen in ovum of dog (after Bischoff): a a, germinal membrane; b, area vasculosa; c, area pellucida; d, dorsal laminæ; e, primitive groove, bounded by the substance from which the cerebro-spinal nervous system is formed. F, Further development of E (Bischoff): a a, b b, layers of germinal membrane; c, area vasculosa; dd, dorsal lamina; e, placed on primitive groove, showing at its upper portion a dilatation corresponding to the primitive divisions of the brain; ƒƒ, vertebral plates or rudimentary vertebræ.

the seed of a plant undergoes in its progress from its immature form to assume either directly or indirectly the likeness of the parent-form. The ovum or egg of any animal furnished by the female organs of reproduction requires to be fertilised or impregnated by contact with the male element or spermatic fluid. As the result of this impregnation, which may take place either within or without the female body, the embryo, when placed amid suitable conditions, develops into the perfect form. Regarding the subject of animal development as a whole, Von Baër long ago laid down the grand law that development proceeds 'from the general to the special'-in other words, that in the development of the eggs of all animals a certain common track was pursued at first, and that from this common point the process of development tended to diverge more or less widely, according as the egg belonged to an animal form high or low in the scale. This expression of the specialisation of the process of development is known as Von Baer's law; and as exemplified in each sub-kingdom or type of animals, it is seen that all the members in their development present at first a common or general type of form, which, however, as development proceeds, diverges in each individual case more or less typically, and in a manner corresponding to the rank of perfection in which the adult forms show. Von Baer's law tended to correct a notion, long since exploded in its typical aspect--but likely to become revived by evolutionary views of the relations of living beings-that the embryo, say of a Vertebrate animal, passed in its development through phases, each of which corresponded to a lower type of

animal life. A vertebrate embryo would thus first correspond, it was maintained, to a protozoon, then to a coelenterate, or radiate, then to an articulate and a mollusc, and would only finally assume the perfect vertebrate form. This view is without foundation; no such panoramic view of lower types being seen in the vertebrate course of development.. The influence of Mr Darwin's researches and views, it may be noted, has undoubtedly been to reinstate a form of this old belief in the favour of naturalists. Thus, believing that the various groups of animals are descended from one another by true generation, it is easy to conceive that in the development of any form, stages should be perceived corresponding to the various ancestral modifications through which the developing organism attained its own and present aspect. Development, or embryology, in this view, and to quote Mr Darwin's own words, 'rises greatly in interest when we look at the embryo as a picture, more or less obscured, of the progenitor, either in its adult or larval state, of all the members of the same great class' (Origin of Species, 6th ed. P. 396)..

The process of development in each of the great groups of animals will be fully discussed in the articles which relate to these

Fig. 2.-DEVELOPMENT OF MAMMALIAN OVUM.

A, Formation of 'blastoderm' or germinal membrane (b b), after complete segmentation, and appearance of germinal area (c); a a, vitellary membrane. B, Further development of ovum, showing vitellary membrane (a), covered with villosities, and constituting the 'chorion;' b, cutaneous or serous layer of germinal membrane; c, mucous layer of germinal membrane; d, further development of germinal area to form the embryonic mass; e e, elevation of serous layer to form the dorsal lamina. C, Relation of the embryonic sacs: a, inner layer of amnion, immediately investing the embryo (ƒ); b, umbilical vesicle with its 'vitelline' duct (c); d, allantois and its duct or 'urachus' (e), which afterwards becomes the urinary bladder; f, embryo. (The figures are purely diagrammatic.) groups (see PROTOZOA, CŒLENTERATA, ECHINOZOA, &c.); but the more general features in the development of animals may be briefly sketched in the present instance. In the lowest group or Protozoa, in which the occurrence of true or sexual reproduction is denied by many zoologists, development is hardly specialised at all. cialised at all. At the most (as in Infusoria and Gregarina, &c.), the egg or developing body undergoes a process of internal division, corresponding to the segmentation of the yolk (Fig. 1, A, B, C, D) in higher animals. The egg then ruptures, and the contained or divided segments escape, and require but little further change to convert them into forms similar to their parent organisms. In Cœlenterates, and it may also be noted in sponges, the egg first appears to undergo a process of segmentation or division of its internal parts. These parts or cells next coalesce to form the blastoderm (Fig. 2, A, b, b) or primitive germinal membrane, out of which, in all animals, the subsequent parts of the embryo are evolved. And in Coelenterates this blastoderm appears simply to separate into two layers-the outer of which becomes the ectoderm, or outer wall, and the inner the endoderm or inner wall, of the equally simple coelenterate body. In Annulosa and Mollusca (q. v.) the egg undergoes a similar process of segmentation, the embryonic body reaching a higher degree of specialisation, and developing distinct hæmal (blood) and neural (nervous) regions. Broadly speaking, in the latter cases, the serous or outer layer (Fig. 2, B; b) of the blastoderm gives origin to the organs of animal life (nervous system, &c.), whilst the inner or mucous layer (Fig. 2, B, c) develops the digestive cr alimentary tract and other organs.

Coming next to the vertebrate group of animals, in which the process attains its highest phase, we may note that the egg (see

to have been Jehovah who moved him to do it, and by the Chronicler (3d c. B. C.), who makes it the work of Satan (1 Chron. xxi. 1). It would be very difficult to tell how far the Jewish conception of Satan was influenced by the Persian belief in Ahriman; but the likeness between the Hebrew and Persian evil powers gradually became so great that it was easy to confuse them the distinction between them, however, being manifest, namely, that Ahriman is physical evil which has also become moral evil, while Satan is moral evil becoming physical evil. This explains the unbounded influence which he had acquired in the physical world before the time of Christ (see DEMONIACS), The growth of this influence is clearly seen in the Apocryphal books, which all contain either Alexandrine or Persian elements. In the Book of Wisdom the evil spirit, there first called diabolos, the devil, is identified with the serpent of Genesis. He now resides in a subterranean hell, and heads an army of evil spirits, many of whom are undoubtedly Persian-e.g., Asmodeus (Tobit), Pers. Achsma-dæva. Others are mentioned in the Book of Enoch, which contains also the earliest form of the belief about the fall of the evil angels from heaven. The likeness to Ahriman begins. distinctly in this, that the D. now adds hatred to God to his hatred of man, and although he does not make war directly on God, seeks to spoil his creation, by waging war on man.

An extraordinary development of the doctrine finds expression in the New Testament. The D. has now taken his position as the author of all evil. The solution of the problem regarding the origin of evil is given in John iii.: it comes from the D. His nature is the negation of all that is real and true in God, of light, of love, and of life. But being now cast out from heaven and all communion with it, he can no longer influence God against men; he therefore vents his rage directly on men themselves. He is especially the antagonist of Christ and of Christians; and necessarily so, since the mission of the Messiah (q. v.) was by a victorious struggle with Antichrist (q, v.)—the 'Prince of the demons,' the Ruler of the power of the air,' the 'Ruler of this world '-to establish the kingdom of heaven.'

In the early Christian centuries many influences combined to foster this notion of an antagonistic parallelism between the kingdom of light and the kingdom of darkness, and to establish more definitely the conception of a kingdom of the D. opposed to the kingdom of God; the persecuted Church representing the latter, the persecuting world the former. Hence expulsion from the Church was 'giving over to Satan,' and every new convert to Christianity, before being baptized, was exorcised, or had the D. driven out of him (see EXORCISM), and was required to abjure the D. and all his works. The notions about this opposition were most fully developed in the theory of redemption, which, as taught by Irenæus, was as follows:-Man having by the fall become the D.'s rightful property, it would have been unjust on the part of God to deprive him by violence of his own. Accordingly the D. was able to stipulate that, if he gave up his claims on man, Christ should be handed over to him. But in this transaction he was outwitted, for when he got Christ he found that he could not keep him. Having swallowed the 'bait' of his human nature, he was so tortured by the 'hook' of his divinity that he was glad to let him go.

During the following centuries, and on through the Middle Ages, the doctrine of the fall of Satan and the evil angels was fully developed. To account for the fall of man, the fall of the angels had to happen before that event. According to Augustine, they were created on the first day of Genesis i., when God said 'Let there be light,' and fell on the second, when He divided the waters under the firmament from the waters above the firmament. The details of their fall were filled in from texts of Scripture. Thus the fall of the arch-fiend was due to pride and envy. According to St Bernard's exposition of Isaiah xiv. 12, 13, he was cast out of heaven because, although entitled as a seraph to stand above the throne of God (Isa. vi. 2), he presumed to sit in the presence of the Eternal. The other angels fell through lust (Gen. vi. 4). To the D. was now (before the 9th c.) given a body of an endless variety of form and feature, borrowed from the different pagan mythologies—fiery eyes, red protruding tongue, large horns, a long tail, the hoof of a horse (of the centaurs), or the cloven hoof of the satyrs, &c. He and his imps made a prey of men at large. Now too arose the notion that a compact could be made with the D., by which the soul could be exchanged for the object of one's greatest desire. This led, in the 13th c., to the execution of witches and sorcerers,

the supposed servants and accomplices of the D. (See WITCHCRAFT.) It may here be noticed that the name Lucifer (Lat. 'light-bringer') was given to the D. from a mistaken interpretation of the apostrophe in Isaiah xiv. 12, 'How art thou fallen from heaven, Ò Lucifer, son of the morning.'

The vulgar conception of the D. in modern times has been materially affected by the writings of two men-Milton and Goethe. Milton, by his Paradise Lost, familiarised his countrymen with the theological traditions of Italian literature and art, from which the whole scheme of his drama was borrowed; but it had the effect, in the mind even of those who could not look beneath the surface, of divesting the D. of his flesh and blood, horn and hoof nature, whilst in reality the poet idealised Satan altogether, and the hero of his drama was Evil in the abstract. The design of Goethe, in his Faust, was very similar. Mephistopheles was simply our own ignorant, besotted, dogmatising, superstitious, animal nature, cultivated and developed at the expense of the intellectual in us.' The poet's aim was to show that this is the real nature of the Evil Spirit to which was given so materialistic a form in the middle ages, that this is the real Ruler of the world' of apostolic times.

Recent writers on the D. speak of him as a fallen majesty, because even those who profess belief in his existence live absolutely as if they held no such belief;' and how great is the contrast between the belief of the present day and that of the middle ages may be seen by a study of witchcraft. Those who now refuse to believe in the existence of such a being hold, nevertheless, that there is embodied in the conception of a personal D. a great truth-that no action, in respect of morality, stands purely on its own merits, but involves a principle which extends through all time and all space; the principle, namely, that by any sinful action, or by resisting evil on any particular occasion, we take the side of, or we resist evil in the abstract, or all evil, past, present, and to come. The belief in the existence of the D. may be said, at present, to be on its trial. There is, beyond all ques tion, a profound and widespread suspicion of the unreality of a personal Agent in the mind of Christendom ; but so many grave issues seem to depend on the acceptance or rejection of the doctrine, that men will probably remain undecided in their convictions till they clearly see what the surrender of the belief really implies. If anything be imperilled which sustains and strengthens the religious life, men will prefer to acknowledge a forbidding mystery rather than allow their sense of the dire nature of evil to be permanently weakened. See Roskoff's Geschichte des Teufels (Leips. 1870), Buckle's History of Civilisation, and Kuenen's Godsdienst van Israel (Haarl. 1869; Eng. transl. 1875). Devil's Bit. See SCABIOSA.

Devise' is an English law-term signifying properly a gift of real estate by a last will and testament; a form of conveyance, mortis causa, which the English law admits. The giver is called the devisor, and he to whom the estate is given is called the devisee. But the term is now applied to all legacies. The power of D. extends not only to property possessed by the testator at the time of making his will, but to all that he may acquire subsequently. When a resident of one county holds real property in another, lex rei site prevails. See WILL, DOMICILE.

Its corn

and Kennet Canal, 22 miles N.N. W. of Salisbury. It has silkDevi'zes, a town in the centre of Wiltshire, near the Avon throwing mills, and snuff and malt manufactures. market is the largest in the W. of England. It returns one member to Parliament. Pop. (1871) 6839. D. took its rise from a castle built here in the reign of Henry I. by Roger Bishop of Salisbury. The name is a corruption of the Latin Divisa, so called from being the point on the road from London to Bath where the Roman and Celtic districts divided.

Devonian System (Ger. Obere Grauwacke), the name given by Sedgwick and Murchison to the rocks developed in the S. of England and the Rhine lands near Coblenz, which occupy a geological position above the Silurian and below the Carboniferous formations. The Old Red Sandstone (q. v.) of Wales, Scotland, Russia is similarly situated; but in how far these two series, differing considerably from each other both as regards their lithological and fossil character, are strictly contemporaneous it is impossible to say, since in no place do they touch. There seems to have been a physical barrier stretching across England and the

N. of Central Europe S. E. towards the Black Sea, on the S. side of which salt-water deposits of the D. type were formed, and on the N. large lagoons or inland sheets of water, giving rise to the Old Red Sandstone. The D. S. is divided into-(1) The Lynton Beds, or Lower D., a series of hard unfossiliferous sandstones resting on chlorite slates, which contain traces of animal life in the form of corals and gasteropods; (2) The Ilfracombe Beds, or Middle D., grey schists and limestone, the latter containing a very typical brachiopod, the Stringocephalus Burtini, besides numerous corals, crinoids, and gasteropods quite distinct from the Silurian and Carboniferous forms; (3) The Barnstaple and Marwood Beds, or Upper, D., consisting of sandstones and shales, which abound in marine fossils, a number being identical with those of the Carboniferous system. In the district of the Rhine, Harz, and Thïolinger-Wald, these three subdivisions are also recognised. In N. America, the rocks seem intermediate in character between the true D. and the Old Red Sandstone. Fossils corresponding to the types of both formations are obtained, and the upper strata, show the same carboniferous character as in England. Land plants are numerous in the N.E., and coal seams, the oldest known in the world, occur here.

Dev'onport, a borough and naval arsenal in Devonshire, on the Hamoaze, a part of the estuary of the Tamar, 2 miles W.N. W. of Plymouth, and 248 miles W.S.W. of London. It was named Plymouth Dock until 1824. The town stands on a height, and is defended on the N., E., and S. sides by a wall 12 feet high, and a fosse cut in the solid rock to a depth of from 12 to 20 feet, while the sea-entrance is protected by forts with heavy batteries. The houses are generally well built, and the streets regular, with marble footpaths. Water is supplied from Dartmoor. The importance of D. springs from its dockyard and arsenal, which contain everything necessary for building and equipping ships of war. The docks cover an area of 100 acres. A basin and two. of the docks were begun in the reign of William III., and two other docks in the reign of George III. The north basin, finished in 1868, is 900 feet long by 400 wide. The port-admiral and governor have official residences in D., and there are extensive barracks and military hospitals. Pop. of parliamentary borough (1871), 64,034, almost wholly dependent on the royal arsenal. Besides. røpemaking, sailmaking, and anchor-forging, there are breweries, soapworks, and a large trade in victualling ships. D. returns two members to Parliament. Dev'onshire (the Roman Damponia, a Latinised form of the Celtic Dyfnaint, the deep. valleys.'), a county in the S. W. of England, bounded N. by the Bristol Channel, S. by the English Channel, W. by Cornwall, and E. by Dorset and Somerset. Area, 2586 sq. miles; pop. (1871) 601, 374. It has a rocky precipitous coast-line of 160 miles, in the N. indented by Barnstaple or Bideford Bay, in the S. by Plymouth Sound, Bigbury Bay, Start Bay, Tor Bay, Exmouth and Lyme Bay. The county is in great part hilly, and famous for its beautiful streams and valleys. The small coombes on its N. coast are not surpassed in picturesque daintiness by any coast scenery in Britain. The centre and S.W. is occupied by Dartmoor (q. v.), and in the E. are Exmoor and Blackdown, also tracts of elevated heath. The rivers flowing N. are the Taw and Torridge; those entering the English Channel are the Exe, Teign, Dart, Tamar, and Tavy. The Dart is specially notable for its wild beauty and its legendary renown. Along the S. coast the climate is extremely mild, in winter attracting many invalids. The famed vale of Exeter includes over 120,000 acres of the finest land in England. In 1875 the number of acres of corn crops was 291,925; of green crops, 156,938; of clover, sanfoin, and grasses, 180,580; and of permanent pasture, exclusive of heath or mountain land, 426,434. In the same year there were 50,700 horses, 218, 153 cattle, 976,158 sheep, and 84,898 pigs. The chief exports are live stock, the famous cider, and dairy produce, especially butter and clotted cream. There are manufactures of druggets, serges, linen, carpets, leather, &c., and also valuable pilchard, mackerel, dory, and salmon fisheries. The formation of D. is for the most part Devonian, interposed with igneous rocks, but in the N.E. it is Carboniferous. The tin-mines are the most celebrated in the world, and among the other minerals are copper, gypsum, Bovey coal, marble, and porcelain clay. Exeter is the capital, and the other chief towns are Plymouth, Devonport, Tavistock, Tiverton, and Barnstaple. The county returns six members to Parliament. D. was the seat of an early civilisation, through its intercourse

with Phoenician or Carthaginian merchants. At Plymouth and elsewhere large collections of bronze weapons and ornaments have been found, showing these to have been gathering-places of pre-Roman-traders. The Tamar is the old border river of the W. Saxons and Britons, and overhanging it is Hingston Down, the Hengestesdun of the Chronicle, where Ecgberht defeated a united British and Danish force in 835. The sloping bank of the river is dotted with barrows of unknown antiquity.

Devonshire, Dukes of. The House of D. takes its rise in the 12th c. in the Counts or Earls of Devon. In 1556 the third of whom was created Duke of D. in 1694. The House of earldom reverted to the Cavendish family (see CAVENDISH), the has been distinguished for its firm adherence to the Whig party. D. has never taken a very prominent part in English politics, but dish, First Duke of D., born 25th January 1640, served in The most notable members of the family are William Čaventhe navy, opposed James II. in Parliament, was a witness in favour of Lord Russell, became Earl of D. in 1684, and in 1694 absence, and died August 18, 1707.-Georgiana Spencer, Duke of D. He was one of the regency during William III.'s Duchess of D., youngest daughter of John, Earl Spencer. Born 9th June 1757, she married William Cavendish, Duke of D., in 1774. Her beauty, wit, audacity, and accomplishments made her one of the most celebrated women of her day. The Duchess was an ardent Whig, and the firm friend of Fox. She wrote Memorandums of the Face of the Country in Switzerland (1799), and a poem, The Passage of St. Gothard (1803), not undistinguished by elegance and fancy. She died March 30, 1806.-William Spencer Cavendish, Sixth Duke of D., son of William Cavendish and Georgiana Spencer, was born May 21, 1790. He was a strong advocate of Catholic emancipation, was Lord Chamberlain in the Grey Ministry, and supported Reform. He took great interest in art as well as in politics, and his art collections were among the finest in England. He died unmarried, 18th January 1858, and was succeeded by his cousin, William Cavendish, Seventh Duke of D., born 27th April 1808, a moderate and enlightened politician. He took part in the foundation of London University, of which he was Chancellor from 1836 to 1856, and succeeded Prince Albert as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 1862. His son, the Marquis of Hartington (q. v.), is at present (1876) leader of the Liberal party in the House of Commons.

Dew is the deposition of moisture from the air, which has been cooled below the minimum temperature at which it can retain in suspension the quantity of vapour present. This critical temperature is called the dew-point; and it is the temperature at which the deposition begins to take place if the air be subjected to a continual cooling process. During the day the heat of the sun evaporates the moisture of the earth's surface, and saturates the air with vapour; but towards and at sunset this action is arrested, the surface radiating the heat it formerly absorbed, and cooling if unchecked, below the dew-point, whereupon the D. is deposited. Such is the theory established by Dr Wells, and generally accepted now. Clouds, by obstructing radiation, check this deposition; and winds, by constantly renewing the air in contact with, a given surface of ground, have the same effect, since sufficient time is not permitted for the required cooling to take place. D. falls chiefly on, calm, serene nights, and earliest upon the objects which radiate fastest. When the temperature is at or below o C., the D. takes the form of hoarfrost, the vapour passing at once into the solid state. The D. falling in England annually has been estimated by Dalton as equal to a bed of water five inches deep.

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Dew'as, a town of Malwa, Central India, on an affluent of the Chumbul, and capital of a petty state of the same name, taken under British protection December 18, 1818. It is governed by two chiefs, descended from two brothers of a Mahratta family, who possess equal authority, and have each the right of adoption. Area of district, 256 sq. miles; pop. 25,000; revenue, about £42,500.

Dewberry (Rubus cæsius), a Rosaceous plant allied to the Bramble (q. v.), which belongs to the same genus, common in many parts of Europe and Asia. R. procumbens and Canadensis are the D. of N. America. Both produce an edible fruit, that of the American species being much superior. A kind of ‘wine' is made from the juice of the British D. See RUBUS.