that of St Peter's in Rome. The external diameter is 1954 feet, being 2 feet more than that of the Pantheon; the diameter of the interior is 139 feet, being 3 feet less than that of the Pantheon. The traveller will hardly see any greater architectural wonder than St Peter's from the Campagna. The D. of the Pantheon (La Rotonda) is the most magnificent ancient D. in existence. It is supported by a rotunda 143 feet in diameter, exclusive of the walls, which are said to be 20 feet thick. Of St Paul's in London the D. is the most magnificent feature. While the general effect is powerful and grand, the outline is varied and graceful. Unquestionably an invention of the Romans, it was at Constantinople that the D. was first employed in ecclesiastical buildings.

Domenichi'no, properly Domenico Zampie'ri, one of the first painters of the Bolognese school, born in Bologna, 1581, studied first under Calvaert and afterwards entered the school of the Caracci. His first important work was the decoration of the Nolfi Chapel at Fano. After studying in Lombardy, he went in 1604 to Rome, where he painted, among other great works, a Madonna of marvellous beauty for Cardinal Aquechi. His magnificent 'Communion of St Jerome' (1614), now one of the chief treasures of the Vatican, his Martyrdom of St Agnes' in the Museum of Bologna, and 'Diana Hunting' (Borghese Gallery), are among the greatest of his pictures. He studied architecture, and on the accession of Gregory XV. (1621), was appointed architect of the Vatican. The Aldobrandini Palace at Frascati was built after his drawings. In design and in truth of expression, D. ranks the first of his school, while his colour is at once brilliant and delicate. He was persecuted by the jealousy of contemporaries, and his death, April 15, 1641, at Naples, is supposed to have been caused by poison.

Domes'day Book, the name of the great statistical survey of England drawn up by order of William the Conqueror during the years 1081-86. The name is the 12th c. form of the Old English domesdaeg, the 'day' on which a local court gave its 'dooms or decisions; the D. B. thus meaning the book compiled from inquiries made on local court days, and perhaps, from the prevalent fears of the conquered English, had an additional reference to the 'day of judgment.' Its technical name was Liber de Wintonia, as it was at one time preserved in the treasury at Winchester. Camden calls it the 'tax-book of kinge William.' The object of the survey was to show the king to whom and in what proportions the country was allotted, to guard small landholders against the encroachments of the great proprietors, and, in general, to facilitate administrative, legislative, and fiscal measures. 'Domesday,' says Mr Freeman, is the first known statistical document of modern Europe; it was the first survey of the kind which had been made since the days of the elder Roman Empire.' It was compiled by commissioners from information rendered on oath by the chief laymen and churchmen of each district. The survey gives the name of each estate, the name of its owner in the reign of Eadward and in the reign of William-for the reign of Harold is studiously ignored its extent and the number and size of its woods, pastures, ponds, &c., the number of freemen and villeins upon it, its total value in William's and in Eadward's time, and the wealth of every freeIt is of great historical value as a minute and thoroughly faithful picture of England before and immediately after the Norman conquest. It is not a mere colourless inventory, but is rich in details, which throw light on the manner of the confiscation of English estates, on the division of the country into shires, &c., on the different condition of various districts, and likewise on the character of William. It is marked by an air of consistent impartiality in its statements of the rival claims of Englishmen and Normans, King William himself being in one place included among those wrongfully holding the lands of others. The lawfulness of William's succession to Eadward, and of the transfer of lands from Englishmen to Normans, is throughout assumed, and the nature of the great confiscation is carefully veiled under legal euphemisms. 'Domesday teaches us better than any other witness of these times can teach us, that the England of the 11th c. and the England of the 19th are one and the same thing. Never was there a dry legal record so full of human interest of every kind as the great survey of England' (Freeman). The taxes were raised according to the divisions of the country given in the D. B. until 1552, when a new survey, called popularly the New D. B., was made. See General Introduction to D. B., by

man.

Sir Henry Ellis (new ed. 2 vols. 1833), Stubbs' Select Charters, and especially Freeman's Norman Conquest (vol. v. 1876).

Domestic An'imals are those which man, for various purposes, as for food or as beasts of burden, has trained and bred in near proximity to himself. This subject has already been partly noted under the head of Acclimatisation of Animals (q. v.). It will be found that, as civilisation advances, man's inroads upon both the animal and plant worlds grow more and more extensive; and his demands for articles of food, dress, and luxury, year by year open up new sources of supply, by the enlistment into his catalogue of resources of hitherto unknown kind; while he may also take advantage of natural forming those combinations of their features which present the qualities and phenomena, by interbreeding animals, and thus qualities or substances most in demand. (See BREED and SPECIES,) The circumstances that favour the domestication of animals are those that present to animals the qualities and conditions to which they have been accustomed in their natural state, although in many cases they may adapt themselves more or less completely to other environments and unwonted surroundings. We should perhaps distinguish between acclimatisation and cultivation of animals on the one hand, and their complete domestication on the other. The silk-moth, cochineal insect, ox, and horse, &c., may strictly speaking be described as 'cultivated' by man, whilst in the same sense we may talk of the dog and cat as 'domesticated.' But apart from strict etymological reasons, the term 'domesticated' is used to include all animals of use to man, to the breeding of which he gives his attention. It is not necessary to specify the various and diverse animals which are of use to man, or to indicate the many different sources which are being at the present time opened up for fresh experiments in the cultivation of commercial zoology. Pisciculture (q. v.), for example, is beginning to give important results even in its early stages of cultivation, and other departments of biology cannot fail in the future to afford as gratifying evidence of the rich stores that await our attention.

Domestic Ar'chitecture. The first consideration in build

ing a house ought to be to make it healthful, the second should be to make it convenient, and the third to make it pleasing to the eye. These ends being in no way antagonistic, it ought to be possible to attain them all. Efficient drainage, with the means for efficient ventilation, are the chief requisites for a healthful house. Of course, the means existing, it must be seen

classes to airing their little rooms, by opening their windows, is that they are properly exercised. The inattention of the poorer most blamable, and the evil effects of it ought to be pointed out forcibly, and due ventilation insisted on by those in a position to kitchens, should be avoided; hence in D. A., where means are do so. Sleeping in kitchens, or in little rooms or alcoves off sufficient, it should be made impossible to do so. In the houses of the middle and professional classes, servants' sleeping-rooms should be above-ground-at all events, quite apart from the kitchen. The arrangement of water-closets is a very important matter, which has so far not reached perfection. Every middleclass house ought to have three or four, with carefully-arranged communication with the house, but not in the heart of it. As regards convenience, arrangement of staircases, cupboards, closets, &c., the two latter are the important points. Scotch houses have generally more than English houses; but it is to be feared that this sometimes leads to the abuse of their being kept in dusty confusion. An airy, well-ventilated larder is a point of great consequence. It also should be well apart from the hot kitchen. In our country, to keep out the cold must of course always be a main object of D. A.; in Southern climes it is to keep out the heat. With us the problem of the day is from a minimum consumption of fuel to extract a maximum of heat.

Domestic Man'agement. A considerable and perhaps increasing number of people are forced to lament over the insoluble nature of the problem how to make one bank-note do the work of two. Seeing that this is impossible, the only plan, with a narrow income, to make ends meet,' is to lessen the work to be done by self-denial and thrift, and out of expenditure so regulated to extract as much rational pleasure as possible. To attain thrift, careful account-keeping is a necessity. With all housekeepers who do not attend to this it is a subject of constant wonder where money goes to. You have exceeded your

income one year; keeping careful accounts for the next will not bring back that which is gone, but by so doing you will discover where the leak is, or where the many leaks are. On one side enter all sums received; on the other side there should be various columns of £ s. d., headed according to the various branches of your expenditure; thus, rent and taxes, coal and gas, butcher, baker, education, furniture, &c. Each item of expenditure should be entered under its appropriate head, and the book periodically balanced. If this system be carefully carried out, the mystery cannot fail to be solved. It will probably be found to consist largely in a wholly incredible consumption of various articles. In regulating expenditure the first consideration should be given to matters affecting health. When incomes allows, let every one have an airy, cleanly, and cheerful home. (See DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE.) Let there be fitting decoration. In and about the cottages of the poorer classes there is no decoration so pretty as flowers, and they cost almost nothing. Perfect cleanliness, it is to be feared, requires a certain income; yet much may be done by means of two inexpensive articles a tub and

water.

The art of cookery should be carefully studied by all women of the lower and middle classes, and even by those of the higher. It would be well that they should acquire a certain amount of gastronomical acumen; because there is often a very unhappy discrepancy in this respect between a man and his wife. Women are often unable themselves to see the difference between a good article of food and a bad one, and they think their husbands unreasonable, who see a very great difference. Then by means of science a good dinner may be had for less cost than a bad one unscientifically prepared. Besides, good cookery is essential to health. So also, especially in our climate, a woman ought to have an economical and hygienic knowledge of clothing. Many young children die annually from being insufficiently clothed; purposely sometimes, under the mistaken notion of 'hardening them. With regard to the furniture of a house-we speak here rather of the houses of the middle classes-harmony is especially to be studied. Showy articles should be avoided. In themselves they are probably not highly tasteful, and in combination with other articles, perhaps somewhat faded, the effect is unhappy. A drawing-room ought to look what it ought to be, a room for use and not for show. It ought not to look as if it was only used on special occasions. We should study to produce a tasteful, cheerful effect in selecting and arranging the furniture. Let signs of rational, pleasant occupation be habitually seen in it, books-books for reading, that is, not for show-music, and

needlework of a rational kind.

With respect to the difficult question of servants, it would be well if women of the middle or even somewhat higher classes would learn to do much for themselves which, from false notions of dignity, they depend on servants doing. But as the relationship will probably always be necessary in some measure, the responsibility of improving the terms of it must obviously rest with the mistresses, for the plain reason that they have, as a rule, received a better education and culture,

Dom'icile is the place of residence of any one according to The D. of a minor is that of the father, unless the child law. be illegitimate, when, having no father in the eye of the law, the D. is that of the mother. A married women has the D. of her husband, which she retains on his death till she acquires another. The place where a man lives is presumed to be his D.; but the presumption may be overcome by proof of an intention of going back to a former residence. Mere temporary absence from home does not change D. But in many cases, after legal residence has been determined, there arise questions of the utmost nicety in the application of international law. For example, a Scotchman and a Scotchwoman had, in Scotland, an intimacy, from which issue was afterwards born in England, the father and mother having gone into England before any of the children were born, and continuing to reside there, where the father subsequently married the mother. According to Scotch law, an illegitimate child is made legitimate by the subsequent marriage of its parents. By English law it is not so. The question then was, were the children in question entitled as lawful issue to Scotch heritage? The Scotch court held that they were legitimate, and the House of Lords affirmed the decision.

The general rule of law is that personal property follows the person of the owner, and on his disease must be distributed

Dom'inant, in music, the note a fifth above the key-tone. In connection with the chord of the D. and of the 'D. seventh,' see CADENCE and CHOrd.

Dom'inant Ten'ement, in Scotch law, is the name of a tenement in favour of which a servitude exists. The tenement over which the servitude is, is called the servient tenement.

Domin'go, San, the capital of the Dominican Republic (q. v.), lies at the mouth of the Ozama, in a deep bay on the S. side of the island. It is quadrilateral in shape, and is surrounded by ramparts. Its principal buildings are a cathedral (1540), large barracks, an arsenal, a palace, and several convents and churches. Only small vessels can enter the harbour, and there is therefore but little trade. Pop. 15,000. Pop. 15,000. D. was founded by Bartolommeo Columbus in 1494, and may be regarded as the first European settlement in the Western World. It was sacked by Francis Drake about 1586. The name of the city has superseded Hispaniola as applying to the whole island, which is also generally known as Hayti (q. v.), although including the Dominican Republic. D, is, besides, the name of several small rivers, settlements, and villages of S. America.

Dom'inio, De Guzman, St (in Span, Domingo de According to some, he belonged to the old family of Guzman, Guzman), was born in 1170 at Calarvegua, Old Castille. which had made alliances with royalty, but this statement is logian and a fervent missionary. After studying from his foursomewhat dubious. He was early distinguished as a learned theoteenth to his twenty-third year at Valentia University, he became canon, and in 1198 archdeacon of Osma, in Castille. Being unsuccessful as a preacher in his efforts to convert the Albigenses, he gained permission from Innocent III, to call in military force against the heretics of Southern France, whom he persecuted with relentless fanaticism. however, declare that he strove to mitigate the horrors of the (See ALBIGENSES.) His admirers, the Inquisition (q. v.), of which D. is the reputed founder, but war which he had mainly provoked. This crusade gave rise to which in his time was not definitely organised. He established the order of the Dominicans (q. v.), and is said to have invented the rosary. D. died at Bologna in 1234, having won the title of 'burner and slayer of heretics.' Many grotesque miracles were ascribed to him, and he was said to have converted 100,000 souls. He was canonised in 1234. D, was a man of sincere but implacable and misapplied religious zeal, and though he his fiery, persistent intolerance stands in marked contrast to the seems to have been visited by occasional gleams of tenderness, angelic mildness of St Francis. He is mentioned in Dante's Paradiso (c. xii.) as a fellow-labourer with the Saviour. See D., and Principal Tulloch's St D. and St Francis, Theodoric du Pay's Vita S. Dominici, Lacordaire's Vie de Saint

Domini'ca, or Dominique, the largest British island in the Lesser Antilles, W. Indies, lies between Guadeloupe and Martinique, and has an area of 291 sq. miles, and a pop. (1871) of 27,178. It is traversed by rugged mountains, of volcanic origin, which rise in one peak to a height of 5314 feet. There are many streams, and in various parts hot and sulphurous springs. The climate is moist and unhealthy, the soil singularly fertile. In the valleys, besides coffee, sugar, and cacao, are grown indigo, cotton, bananas, batates, and fruits. The hillsides are clad with forests of rosewood and other valuable timber. In 1870 the exports, chiefly rum, cacao, and sugar, amounted to £62,251; the imports to £60,277. The great majority of the inhabitants are liberated slaves; a number of the whites are descendants of the old Spanish settlers. Roseau or Charlotteville (pop. 6000), on the S. coast, is the capital; and the only other considerable place is the haven of Portsmouth. D. was discovered by Columbus on the 3d November 1493 (a Sunday, hence its name, "The Lord's Day') but remained unoccupied till 1759, when its possession was assumed by the English. It was captured by the French under Bouillé, 7th September 1778, but was restored to

England in 1783. In 1802 England surrendered it to France, eventually to receive it again on the peace of 1814. Between D. and the islet Les Saintes, Rodney gained his famous victory over the French fleet under Grasse, April 12, 1782.

Domin'ical Letter, or Sunday Letter, one of the seven letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, used to mark the days of the year, A marking the 1st of January, B the 2d, and so on; A marking the 8th, 15th, 22d, &c,, and all days which have the same letters. falling on the same day of the week. Consequently all the Sundays of the year are marked by the same letter, which is hence called the D. L. (from Dies Dominica, the Lord's Day,' or Sunday). The 1st of January 1875 falling on Friday, Sunday is the 3d, and the D. L. for the year is C. Common years consisting of fifty-two weeks and one day, the D. L. for the next year is one earlier; but leap-years having two days more than fifty-two weeks, and the 29th of February having no letter attached to it, have necessarily two Dominical letters, the first for January and February, and the second, which is the letter immediately preceding, for the Sundays of the rest of the year. Domin'ican Republic, The, forms the Spanish or eastern part of the island of Hayti (q. v.). It was early colonised by Spain; but in 1795 it became French, as the west part of the island had already been. In 1814 France relinquished its authority in favour of Spain. The colony threw off the yoke of Spain in 1822, and united with the negro republic of Western Hayti, but again asserted its independence in 1843. In 1861 it once more placed itself under the government of Spain. A revolt, however, broke out in 1863, and Spain finally relinquished its changeful child. The D. R. has an area of 20,596 sq. miles, and an estimated pop. (1875) of 136,500. Its chief productions are tobacco and sugar. The capital is San Domingo (q. v.). Domin'icans, a religious order organised by St Dominic (q. v.), who established the order of Dominican nuns in 1206, and of Dominican monks at Toulouse in 1215, the last foundation being confirmed by Honorius III. in 1223. A third section, the military order of Christ, composed at first of nobles and knights, and intended to war against heretics, was known, after Dominic's death, as the Tertiarians, and included members of both sexes. The D. were also known as Predicants-Chaucer's 'frère prechours or preaching friars, in England as Black Friars, and in France as Jacobins, from their convent in the Rue St Jacques, Paris. They rapidly grew in power and numbers, and were distinguished by their bitter hatred of heretics. (See ALBIGENSES.) They preached in the streets, administering the communion from portable altars, and wandered as missionaries into Asia. The Popes, of whom they were staunch allies, granted them many privileges, freed them from episcopal authority, and in 1272 recognised them as a mendicant order. They received the entire control of the Inquisition in Spain, Portugal, and Italy; and ceasing to be mendicants in 1425, held wealthier benefices than any other order possessed. Along with their rivals the Franciscans, with whom they had fierce controversies (see SCHOOLMEN), they were all-powerful in the Church, and very influential in politics, until the rise of the Jesuits (q. v.). The D. were opposed at times by the regular clergy, and by the University of Paris. Guillaume St Amour, Doctor of the Sorbonne, wrote a treatise against them, which was answered by the great Dominican Thomas Aquinas (q. v.), and condemned by Pope Alexander IV. They devoted themselves to polemic theology and to foreign missionary work. To their order belonged Albertus Magnus (q. v.) and La Casas (q. v.). They were at first governed by the rule of St Augustine, with some additional regulations, and wore a robe, a black cloak, and a black pointed cap. In the 18th c. the D. possessed 1000 monasteries.

Dom'inis, Marcus Antonius de, a theologian and mathematician, born in 1566, at Arba, an island on the coast of Dalmatia, educated by the Jesuits at Loretto, and afterwards taught philosophy and mathematics at Padua and other Ital

ian towns.

Castle of St Angelo, where he died in September 1624. The Inquisition caused his body to be disinterred and burned with his writings. In his De Radiis Visus et Lucis in Vitris Perspectivis et Iride (Ven. 1611, 4to) he first satisfactorily explained the phenomenon of the rainbow. His other works, in Italian, were translated, some of them into French and some into Latin.

Domin'ium, a Roman law-term denoting ownership. Dominium Directum and Dominium Utile.-The former term in Scotch feudal law denotes the right vested in the Superior (q. v.) of a heritable (real) subject. The latter term denotes the right of use and profit vested in the vassal. See also SUPERIORITY, CONSOLIDATION.

Dom'ino (Lat, dominus, 'lord'), originally a hood worn by mourning veil, and eventually a loose silk cloak with a hood, the canons of a cathedral, later came to mean a woman's worn by persons of either sex at a Masquerade (q. v.).

Dom'inos, a game usually played with twenty-eight oblong pieces of ivory or bone, which, with the exception of the blanks, are marked with dots ranging in number up to double six. There are various forms of the game, which is one of some antiquity.

Dom'inus Li'tis, a term of Scotch law, denoting the person having the real interest in a lawsuit, though nominally neither pursuer nor defender,

Domitia'nus, T. Flavius, son of Vespasian, and younger brother of Titus, was born at Rome, A.D. 52. After his father had been established as emperor, D. took part in the administration of Italy, but his career was marred by gross licentiousness father and of his brother, and the early death of the latter has and savage cruelty. He was jealous of the fame both of his been attributed to him. D, succeeded Titus, A. D. 81, and in the opening years of his reign displayed much energy and liberality. The external affairs of Rome under D. were of little moment, being confined to an expedition against the Chatti, A.D. 84, in which D. was successful, and an attack on Decebalus, king of the Dacians, who defeated the Romans, A.D. 87. In A. D. 84, D. withdrew Agricola from his great career in Britain, and from mean jealousy condemned him to private life. During the latter part of his reign he gave free vent to his wild and cruel passions. He sought the favour of the soldiers by increased pay, and of the common people by lavish gifts and public shows; while he shed with appalling frequency and freedom the noblest blood of Rome, and obtained a fresh supply of treasure by confiscating the property of the wealthiest citizens. He was assassinated by conspirators belonging to his own household, and with the knowledge, if not indeed at the instigation, of his wife Domitia, A. D. 96.

Do'mo d'Oss'ola, a town in the province of Novaro, N. Italy, on the Tosa or Toccia, here crossed by a long bridge. It lies in the beautiful Val d'Oscella, at the S.E. base of the Simplon, and is the chief key to the South Alpine tours. The Simplon can be scaled hence in seven hours. Pop. 2587. Don, an Italian and Spanish contraction of the Lat. dominus, dan or daun. 'lord' or 'master.' The Portuguese form is dom, the Old Eng. title to all persons of noble birth, including kings and princes, In Spain and Portugal the word is applied as a but it is also bestowed in courtesy on those who are not grandees. The Latin form was originally assumed by the popes, and descended from them to all ecclesiastics and scholars. Hence the 'dons' of English colleges, and the 'dans' of old English poetry -Dan Chaucer, Dan Lydgate, &c. Tennyson has restored the word to modern English in his Dream of Fair Women.

Don (anc. Tanais, connected with the Celtic afon, 'water or 'river'), a river of Russia, issuing from Lake Ivan-Ozera, government of Tula, and after a S. E. and then a S. W. course, falling into the Sea of Azof by three mouths, its entire length The navigation, on account of the shallowness of the channel from sandbanks, is conducted princiThe traffic on the lower waters is pally by flat-bottomed boats. important, owing to the fisheries of the D., and the conveyance of Siberian produce to the S.

Don, a river in Aberdeenshire, rising in an elevated marshy district between the counties of Aberdeen and Banff, and falling, after a course of 78 miles, into the sea a mile N. E. of Old Aber425

Africa. This formidable disease is common in inter-tropical Africa, more especially after the rainy seasons, and it probably depends on the, development of larvæ from eggs deposited by some species of insect. The ulcer is always situated on those parts exposed while the natives are travelling, with bare feet and legs, through mud and water, and most generally on the shin-bones, the gastrocnemius muscle or its insertion, the instep, and the toes. On the first appearance of the disease there is not, generally, very severe pain; the skin is smooth and glazed, and the sub-lying tissues have a boggy feeling, and not fluctuating as in abscess; in the centre there is a small spot, like an abraded pimple, exuding a little serous matter. An incision made at this stage reveals an extensive, deep-seated slough; but if left to itself the glazed skin soon separates as a slough. In severe cases the sloughing proceeds with great rapidity; tendons are laid bare, and the bone is denuded of periosteum; joints are opened, and the toes or foot may be separated from the limb. The disease is of the most loathsome description, both in appearance and odour; it is very fatal, and those who recover are generally permanently lamed. Death results from purulent absorption, from extreme exhaustion, and occasionally from hæmorrhage. This disease seems to be allied to the ulcer Yemenensis, common in Arabia. The late Dr Livingstone was confined to his hut at Bambarré, in Central Africa, for eighty days with this disease. The antiseptic is the only mode of treatment of any avail. The disease was first described by Dr Christie (Cholera Epidemics in E. Africa, Macmillan, 1876).

Don'dra Head, the southern extremity of the island of Ceylon, and the site of the ancient Singhalese capital, of which many remains still exist. A village of the same name in the vicinity has a pop. of 900.

Don'egal (Celt. Dun-na-n Gall, the fortress of the foreigners,' i.e., of the Danes), a market-town and seaport at the mouth of the Eske, D. Bay, D. county, 29 miles N.E. of Sligo. Near the town are the ruins of a castle once belonging to the Earls of Tyrconnel. D. exports grain and butter. Pop. (1871) 1502. The chronicle of the town is contained in the Annals of the Four Masters, written at D.

Donegal, a maritime county in the N. W. of Ireland, province of Ulster, 85 miles long, with an average breadth of 41 miles. It has an area of 1871 sq. miles, and a pop. (1871) of 218,334, being a decrease of 19,061 since the census of 1861. D. is the most mountainous county in Ireland. Erigal in The coastthe N. W. attains an elevation of 2462 feet. line of 395 miles is indented by various bays and loughs, of which Lough Swilly is 25 miles long. Many islands fringe The the coast, of which the chief are the N. Arran Islands. streams are numerous but small, the principal being the Foyle and the Swilly. Of the lakes, the most noteworthy is Lough Derg (q. v.). Granite, metamorphic rocks, graywacke, trap, and carboniferous limestone compose the subsoil. The climate is moist. Much of the soil is poor, but the S. E. is fertile. The principal crops are oats, potatoes, and flax; there are manufactures of linen and worsted stockings; and fisheries of herring, cod, sole, and mackerel. The trade of D. is principally carried on through Londonderry. Among the minerals are marble, lead and copper ores, manganese, and pipeclay. Lifford is the capital of the county. D. returns two members to Parliament.

Dongarpur', the capital of a native state of the same name, in Central India, 155 miles N.N.E, of Baroda. It is fortified, and has a pop. of some 6000. The Rajput state of D., which is an offshoot of that of Odeyur, has been long governed with tact and intelligence. It is in part a wild hill-country, inhabited by feudatory tribes. Area 1000 sq. miles. Its revenue amounts to £7500. The Maharawal received the right of adoption in 1862.

Don'gola (New), Marakah, Kase Dongola, or El Ordeh, the capital of a province of the same name, Nubia, on the left bank of the Nile. It is the seat of an Egyptian pasha, and a flourishing place of trade, with a fort, well-stocked bazaar, and a pop. of 6000. It was founded by the Mamlukes, on the loss of Old D., the ruins of which are still visible 75 miles S.S.E., on the opposite bank of the Nile. Near New D. is the charming islet of Argo, on which have been found many Egyptian and Nubian antiquities.

Do'nis, Statute de, is the statute of 13 Edward I. c. I. It is sometimes called the statute of 'great men,' as chiefly concerning the upper class and their interests. It created the power of entailing, by enacting 'that the will of the giver, according to the form in the deed of gift manifestly expressed, shall be henceforth observed.' See ENTAIL.

Donizett'i Gaëtano, an Italian musician, born at Bergamo, in North Italy, 25th September 1798, studied at Bologna, and for some time served in the Austrian army. He devoted himself at first to church-music (for writing which he was singularly unfitted), but afterwards to the opera. His operas are over sixty in number, among the best-known being L'Elisir d'Amore, La Fille du Regiment, Lucia di Lammermoor, and Lucrezia Borgia. D.'s music is more trivial, and his talent less than that of Rossini, of whom in many respects he was a follower. The flowing melody of his music has caught the popular ear, but the greater portion of it hardly deserves serious attention. D. died at his birthplace, April 8, 1848.

Don'jon (from the Low Lat. dominio, 'a lordship,' contracted domnio, domgio, dongeo), or Dun'geon, originally the principal building of a district, or the strong tower of a fortress. The form donjon is now applied, in fortification, to a large tower or redoubt, to which a garrison may retreat in case of need; dungeon, to an underground prison, such as used to be a portion of the strong tower of a fortress.

Don Ju'an, an imaginary personage, whose story symbolises the same idea as the old German legend of the Tannhauser-the idea of a soul in which regard for the spiritual has been burned out by ungovernable lust. According to the popular version of the legend, D. J. is a young nobleman of Seville, whose rare intellect and courage enable him for a time to pursue with impunity a career of eclectic profligacy. Having slain the father of one of his victims, in impious bravado he challenges the Supreme Power to animate the murdered man's statue, which he mockingly invites to a feast. The statue arrives as he requested, and carries the blasphemous libertine down to hell. This legend has been frequently embodied in literature. It was acted, as a spiritual play entitled Atheista Fulminato, in the Spanish tic form in El Burlador de Sevilla, by Gabriel Tellez, an imitator churches and monasteries, but was first cast into regular dramaand contemporary of Calderon. In this play D. J. appears as the sombre but impressive incarnation of godless, sensual sin. Translated into Italian by Cicognini, the drama passed from Italy to Paris, and gave rise to Molière's Festin de Pierre, where D. J. is represented as an unscrupulous, plausible scoffer and voluptuary, but fallen from the grandeur of the Spanish poet's creation. The legend has served also as a groundwork for Shadwell's Libertine, for Mérimée's Les Ames du Purgatoire, and for the plot of Mozart's Don Giovanni. Byron's D. J. has only the name in common with the legendary character; he is merely a youth who, being detected in an intrigue, leaves Spain to pursue a course of adventures in Greece, Turkey, Russia, and England.

Donk'ey Engine, a small auxiliary engine used on board ship for filling up the boilers and doing other work when the main engines are not in motion.

Donn, Robert, or Robert Mackay, born in the county of Sutherland in 1714, died 1778, probably the only one of the Gaelic bards who has received more attention and praise than his productions deserve. His poems were published in 1829, with a highly laudatory preface, and his clansmen raised a monument to him with inscriptions in Latin, Greek, Gaelic, and English. He is frequently spoken of as a poet of the highest order; but in truth, while one or two of his songs possess considerable merit, the great majority are commonplace, often interlarded with English words, and frequently disfigured by such coarseness as ought to have prevented their having ever been published.

Donne, John, an English poet and divine, was born in 1573. He was educated at Oxford and Cambridge, and studied law at Lincoln's Inn. Becoming master at the death of his father, a London merchant, of property worth £3000, he went abroad, and accompanied the expeditions of Essex to Cadiz and the Azores in 1596-97. Returning to England, he became secretary to Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, whose niece he secretly married. For this he was imprisoned, and on being liberated had to recover his wife by a lawsuit. He remained a poor dependant