whilst a new species, E. suberea, was obtained in the dredge by ing subject.' He delights in the 'nice distinctions of a sophisthe Challenger expedition. See also SPONGE. Eu'poda, a family of Coleoptera (q. v.) or Beetles, belonging to the section Tetramera, including those with four joints in the tarsus. The segment of the limb named the 'thigh' by entomologists is usually very long in this group, which is represented by a few British and many exotic species. Eure, a department of France, and part of the old province of Normandy, is bounded N. by Seine-Inférieure and the estuary of the Seine, E. by Oise and Seine-et-Oise, S. by Eure-et-Loir, and W. by Calvados and Orne. Area, 2301 sq. miles; pop. (1872) 377,874. It is very flat and woody, and is watered by the Seine, Eure, Iton, Risle, and Charentonne. The soil is a fertile alluvium, except along the Seine, where it is in part sterile and sandy. Besides grain, hemp, and flax, E. yields large quantities of apples and pears, of which are made excellent cider and perry. The breeding of horses, cattle, and sheep is largely carried on, and there are important manufactures of woollens, paper, glass, copper-ware, &c. E. is traversed by several lines of railway. Evreux is the capital, and among the other towns are Pont-Audemer, Louviers, Les Andelys, and Bernay.-The river E. rises in the W. of Orne, flows S. E. into the heart of Eure-et-Loir, winds abruptly N. through Eure, and enters the Seine near Pont-de-l'Arche after a course of 100 miles. Eure-et-Loir, a department in the N.W. of France, bounded N. by Eure, E. by Seine-et-Oise and Loiret, S. by Loir-etCher, and W. by Sarthe and Orne. Area, 2268 sq. miles; pop. (1872) 282,622. It is traversed from E. to W. by the Plateau de la Beauce, separating the basins of the Seine and the Loire, and is watered by the Eure in the N., and the Loir and its affluent the Huisne in the S. The low country (La Beauce) is level, and produces excellent wheat, hops, &c., while the elevated region du Perche is intersected by rich valleys and covered with oak and birch forests. E.-et-L. produces good cavalry horses (chevaux du Perche). The value of the annual yield of grain, fruit, and vegetables amounts to 18,500,000 francs. The chief railway in E.-et-L. is the Paris à Brest. Capital, Chartres. He Eurip'ides, the latest in order and the least in fame of the three great tragic poets of Greece, was born at Salamis, B. C. 481. His parents were persons of rank and wealth. In early life he was a painter, and received a complete philosophical education, Prodicus having been his instructor in rhetoric, and Anaxagoras in physics; and he was the friend, if not the pupil, of Socrates. At an early age he devoted himself to tragic poetry, having exhibited the Peliades in his own name when twenty-siderably wider. The chief projections of the coast are Scanfive years old, but did not succeed in gaining a prize till B.C. 441. His attachment to the new philosophy and to the sophistical education of the time drew upon him the splendid slanders of Aristophanes, and the populace of Athens only granted him the prize five times out of seventy-five. In B.C. 408, E. sought refuge from the party violence of the Athenians at the court of Archelaus, king of Macedonia. It is said that he was there torn in pieces by hounds let loose upon him by two poets, Archidæus and Cratinus, whose enmity he had excited. died at the age of seventy-five (406), and was buried at Pella. The dramas of E. are said by some to have been seventy-five, and by others ninety-two, in number, Of these, eighteen have come down to us, of which the following is a list, with the dates of their representations:-Alcestis, B.C. 438; Medea, 431; Hippolytus, 428; Hecuba, 424; Heracleida, 421; Supplices, Ion, Hercules Furens, Andromache, Iphigeneia in Tauri (dates uncertain); Troades, 415; Electra (about) 415; Helena, Iphigeneia in Aulide, Baccha, Phanissa, Cyclops (dates uncertain); Orestes, 408. In tragic power the Medea excels all the other dramas. The Cyclops is the only example of the ancient satiric drama now extant. In regard to the structure of his plays, E. has been severely criticised for his use of the prologue, so thoroughly undramatic in its character; and for the frequency with which the difficulties of his plots are solved by the intervention of a deity. Mrs Browning has applied to E. the epithet 'human,' in recognition of his touches of things common, till they rise to touch the spheres.' Sophocles, it was said, represented men as they ought to be, E. as they really are, From the supernatural įn Eschylus and the heroic in Sophocles the Greek drama passes in E. to the romance of everyday life, the unexaggerated picture of manners in which the human heart, and the affections which influence it in its domestic relations, constitute the lead 150 Belgium is by far the most densely-peopled country, having 462 inhabitants to the sq. mile; Russia is among the least populous, with an average of some 34. Great Britain, Germany, France, Austria, Russia, and Italy are known politically as 'the six great powers.' Nine of the European states have possessions in other divisions of the world, the aggregate area of which amounts to nearly five times as much as that of all E. Physical Aspect.-The surface of E. consists of two large unequal portions of distinctly marked character. North-eastern E. is a plain 2,500,000 sq. miles in extent, and of great uniformity, while South-western E. is a tableland traversed by high mountains, and intersected by considerable plains and valleys. The great north-eastern plain extends from the Black Sea and the Caucasus N. to the Arctic Ocean, and from the Ural Mountains W. to the low shores of Holland and Hanover. Of plateaux the chief are those of Bavaria in Germany, Bohemia in Austria, Castile in Spain, and Auvergne in France. The mountains of Southern Europe, forming a great girdle, may be said to centre in the system of the Alps (q. v.), which reaches a height of 15,783 feet in Mont Blanc. Hence radiate the German Mittelgebirge, with their highest point of 5000 feet in the Riesengebirge; to the E. the Carpathians, enclosing in a vast crescent the entire W. plain of Hungary; to the S. and S.E. the ranges of Italy, Turkey, and Greece. The mountains of Spain, including the Pyrenees, are also linked to the Alpine system by the Cevennes and other chains of France. The Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, the table-topped mountains of Norway, and those of Britain, are isolated masses. Mount Elbruz, in the Caucasus Mount Elbruz, in the Caucasus (18,493 feet), is the loftiest peak in E. The higher European ranges are covered with perennial snow, and send down enormous glaciers. Volcanoes are comparatively numerous, the most notable being Vesuvius in Naples, Etna in Sicily, Hecla in Iceland, and those in the Lipari Isles. There are also many extinct volcanoes in Catalonia, the mountains of Auvergne, and in S. Germany. The rivers of E. are smaller than those of America and Asia, but are admirably distributed for purposes of fertilisation and commerce. They may be grouped into two systems, one flowing in a direction generally N. or W., the other S. or E. The latter includes the largest rivers, as the Volga (2400 miles), Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, Don, Po, Rhone, Ebro, &c.: the former has the Tagus, Garonne, Loire, Seine, Rhine, Weser, Elbe; the Oder, Vistula, Düna, Tornea, &c., entering the Baltic; the Onega, Dwina, Mezen, and Petchora flowing into the Arctic Sea. Most of these are navigable, and conduce greatly to the development of commerce in the inland countries. The lakes of E. are only inferior in extent and number to those of N. America, They are chiefly grouped round the E. coast of the Baltic and among the Alps. In Finnland are lakes Ladoga and Onega, by far the largest sheets of fresh water in E.; those of Switzerland and Italy are famous for their beauty. Islands.-The aggregate area of the islands is about 191,000 sq. miles, or one-twentieth of all Europe. Proceeding from Proceeding from the N. the principal are Novaia Zemlia, Spitzbergen, the Lofodens, Iceland, the Faroe Isles, the British Isles; the Danish Isles, Bornholm Rügen, Gottland, and Aland Islands in the Baltic; the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Malta, Crete, the Ionian Isles, and the Grecian Archipelago in the Mediterranean. E. is generally regarded as including the Azores and Madeira. Climate.-E. is the only great division of the globe which nowhere touches the torrid zone, and is almost wholly within the temperate. The climate is partly continental and partly oceanic, and is throughout greatly more temperate than other countries of equal latitude. Britain and France are on the parallel of Labrador, and the line of 41° F. annual mean temperature, which leaves America from the State of Maine in lat. 45°, is carried N. to beyond lat. 60° on the coasts of Norway. The extremes of mean temperature are 58° and 106° F. In the N.E. the air is dry, and the sky clear; in the S. and S. W., where the climate is milder and more oceanic, the air is humid and the rains heavier. The Scandinavian mountains shelter the countries of the Baltic from the cold winds of the N., while the Alps and Apennines arrest the Sirocco from the S. The heaviest rains fall on the western shores, where the S. W. rain-clouds of the Atlantic deposit their loads of moisture. On the coast of Portugal the yearly rainfall, the heaviest in E., amounts to 118 inches; at the foot of the Alps it is 100; on the W. shores of Ireland has no On Britain 35-100; and on those of Norway 32. fewer than 208 days in the year during which rain falls. the other hand, the fall in the Russian plains is only some 15 of rainy inches, and there are not more than half the average The fall of snow depends on temdays that occur in the W. perature, and increases from S. to N. There are on an average 1 days annually at Rome, 10 at Milan, 12 at Paris, 21 at Karlsruhe, 30 at Copenhagen, and 171 at St Petersburg. Geology and Mineralogy.-The geological formations of E. indicate that the S. and central part of the continent remained submerged under the ocean for ages after the northern portion existed as dry land, and that the Caspian, the Black Sea, and the Arctic Ocean were united in comparatively recent times. The great mountain ranges and Scandinavia, Bohemia, Auvergne, Normandy, and parts of Britain, consist of gneiss, granite, syenite, &c., and the highly-contorted strata of the older Paleozoic formations, The Old Red Sandstone or Devonian occupies vast tracts in Russia, the Rhine basin, and Britain, and crops up continually, like the other primary groups, on the flanks of the southern mountains. flanks of the southern mountains. The secondary formations occur in England, Denmark, France, W. Germany, Turkey, Greece, the S. E. and N.E. of Russia, and in patches in Spain and Italy. Tertiary strata stretch, with few interruptions, in a broad zone from the S. of the Baltic to the Black Sea, extending in breadth from the Niemen to the Carpathians. To the W. and S. of this belt they cover the basins of all the great rivers, including those of the Danube, Seine, and Thames. The minerals of E. are mainly useful, and are distributed in great abundance. Gold is produced in greatest quantity in the Carpathians and Urals; silver in the Erzgebirge, Harz, Carpathians, and in Scandinavia. The richest iron-mines are those of Britain, France, the Eastern Alps, the Riesengebirge, and the Scandinavian Alps. Lead is plentifully found in the Sierra Nevada, Cornwall, Saxony, and Bohemia; tin in Cornwall; zinc in the Riesengebirge; mercury at Almaden in Spain, and at Idria in Carniola; copper in the Carpathians, Urals, Pyrenees, and in Cornwall and Norway; cobalt, bismuth, and antimony in various parts of Germany. In the Russian government of Perm are found diamonds the opal in Hungary, and rubies in France. Coal is generally most abundant where iron is found, but especially in Britain, Belgium, and France. Salt-mines are numerous in the Carpathians and Alps, and sea-salt is obtained extensively on the coasts of the Black Sea, &c. In the volcanic regions, as the Solfataras of Naples, Sicily, and Iceland, there is much sulphur, and petroleum occurs in Wallachia, Italy, and Wales. Amber is procured on the Prussian shores of the Baltic. Mineral and brine springs are of frequent occurrence. ; Botany. The flora of E. does not probably contain a single indigenous plant unknown in Western Asia or Northern Africa. It is naturally divided into four great zones :-(1) To the N. of lat. 64°, including Iceland and part of Russia and Scandinavia, is the region of mosses and saxifrages, which has only stunted birches and firs, and along its southern limit some oats, rye, and barley. (2) The N. middle zone, extending from Scandinavia to the N. of France, also known as the region of the Umbelliferæ, the predominant trees of which belong to the Coniferæ and Amentacea, as the beech, oak, birch, plane, alder, poplar, willow, and cypress. The pastures are singularly fine, and the forest trees shed their foliage in winter. Besides the species of grain found in the northern zone, there are here wheat, hemp, flax, leguminous plants, apples, pears, cherries, and other northern fruits. (3) The S. middle zone, or region of the central mountain system, where the plains are clad with oaks, beeches, and chestnuts, and the elevations with pines. Here are produced much wheat and wine. (4) The southern or evergreen zone, the region of the Labiata and Caryophylle, embracing the three southern peninsulas and the S. coast of France. The vegetation of this zone is famous—its olives and date-palms, its winter flora and its fiery wines. In the extreme S. the orange flourishes, and rice is cultivated in E. Spain and N. Italy. Among the rare fruits are the fig, almond, lemon, pomegranate, and citron. On the other hand, the pastures, which are interspersed with copse of the heath tribe, are less luxuriant than those to the N. of the Alps. Zoology.-The fauna is on the whole less varied than that of the other divisions of the Old World, but is peculiarly exempt from noxious species. The chief rapacious animals-most abundant in Scandinavia and Western E.-are the bear, wolf, wild boar, and lynx; vast forms are now wholly awanting, while there are but few reptiles. Domestic animals, however, are plentiful almost everywhere. The buffalo feeds in the marshes of Hungary, Wallachia, and Italy; the reindeer is peculiar to the far North, and the camel thrives near the Black Sea. Many of the quadrupeds yield rich furs. The Barbary ape occurs at Gibraltar. In the Pyrenees and higher Alps are found the chamois, wild goat, and eagle. Among the commoner birds of prey are the vulture, falcon, and kite. The birds are inferior to those of other divisions in size and brilliancy of plumage, but are unexcelled for their sweetness of voice. The northern seas, lakes, and rivers surpass those of the S. in abundance of fish, chief of which are the cod, salmon, mackerel, and herring. Northern E. has a greater number of species of animals; the S. is more abundant in individuals. Ethnology and Language.-The vast majority of Europeans belong to the Aryan (q. v.) family; only about one-nineteenth are Turanian. The former is distinctly divisible into four great groups-the Celtic in the W., the Greco-Romanic in the S., the Teutonic in the centre, and the Slavonic in the E. Of the Aryan groups, however, the Celt has in many cases failed to retain his original tongue, and therefore linguistically there are now only three large divisions of the population-the Teutonic, the Greco-Romanic, and the Slavonic. The first of these, numbering some 89 millions, mainly embraces the Germans, Scandinavians, and English. Constituting the GrecoRomanic there are (1) the Italic (913 millions), comprising Italians, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provençal, Walloons, Rhætians (Ladins), Rumans (Wallachians); (2) the Greeks, numbering some 2 millions. The Slavs are 83 millions in all, and The Slavs are 83 millions in all, and are divided into E. Slavs-Russians, Cossacks; S. Slavs-Servians, Bosnians, Croatians, Bulgarians, Dalmatians, and Slovens; W. Slavs-Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Wends, Sorbens. Celtic dialects are now spoken only in the Highlands of Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and Bretagne. The principal Turanian inhabitants of E. are the Turks, the Finns (including the Esthonians, Livonians, Lapps, and Samoyedes), the Calmucks of Russia, the Magyars of Hungary, and probably the Basques of Spain. Gipsies are scattered in large number over E., while there are also some 4 millions of Jews. In all, some sixty separate peoples, speaking fifty-three different languages, have been enumerated. disc, with five obtuse angles, from which the prehensile arms long and contorted, but are Euryale. Euryd'ice. See ORPHEUS. Eusebius Pam'phili (i.e., E., the friend of Pamphilus) was born about 264 A.D. at Cæsarea, where he spent the most of his life. Till about forty years of age he lived in great intimacy with Pamphilus, Bishop of Casarea, who had an excellent library, in which E. studied diligently and profitably. On the martyrdom of his friend he fled first to Tyre and then to Egypt, where he remained till 315, when he returned to Cæsarea, and was elected bishop. In 325 he attended the Council of Nice, in which he took a prominent part, especially in trying to mediate between the Arians and the orthodox Church party. The first draft of the Nicene Creed was made by him, the term homo-ousivs (importing that the Son was of the same substance with the Father, to which he was opposed as savouring of Sabellianism) and the E., whose theology anathemas being added by the Council. corresponds entirely with Origen's, 'was of the opinion that the Son could not be called absolutely eternal, like the Father; that it was necessary to ascribe to him an origin of existence from the Father, since thus only was it possible to hold fast the doctrine of one God; and that it was impossible to express the truth after the manner of men in any other way than by saying the existence of the Father precedes the existence and the origin of the E. was offered the patriarchate of Antioch about 330, Son.' but declined it. He died in 340. Of the writings of E., his but declined it. He died in 340. Chronicon, a history of the world down to A.D. 328, is chiefly valuable for the extracts it contains from Berosus, Sanchuniathon, and other writers. The first complete edition was published by Mai and Zohrab (Milan, 1818). His most important work is his history of the Church from the death of Christ to 324. But his want of sound critical judgment is so manifest throughout-the history being full of references to spurious documents and names of unknown men, with improbable and ungrounded statements, and stories about miracles-that even his good faith has been called in question. The editio princeps of the Greek text appeared at Paris in 1549. The latest and best editions are those of Schwegler (Tüb. 1852) and Lämmer (Schaffh. 1859-62). See Neander's Geschichte d. Christl. Rel. u. Kirche (4th ed. Gotha, 1866; Eng. trans. 1858), and Baur's Epochen der Kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung (Tüb. 1852).-E. of Nicome'dia, Bishop first of Beryta (Beyrout) and then of Nicomedia, and finally (338. Patriarch of Constantinople (died about 340), was the personal friend of Arius (q. v.), whom he attempted to defend at the Council of Nice. He consented, 'for the sake of peace,' to subscribe the creed drawn up at that council, but not the anathemas at the end, in which he was joined by Theognis of Nicæa. For this the two were condemned along with Arius, and banished to Gaul, being also recalled at the same time with Arius, 328. E. was the chief representative of the Semi-Arian (q. v.) party, which took up a middle position between the orthodox and the Arians, adopting the phrase homoi-ousios (of a similar substance') to express the relation of the Son to the Father, from whom they received the name of Eusebians.-E. of Emisa (Phoenicia) was born at Edessa, and studied there, and at Alexandria and Antioch, one his instructors being E. of Cæsarea. As early as 312 he was distinguished for scholarship and modesty. He refused the bishopric of Alexandria when Athanasius was deposed in 341, but accepted that of Emisa soon after. He spent the close of his life at Antioch, and died about 360. In reference to the theoroot-logical controversy of the day, E. probably belonged to the SemiArian party, of which his friend E. of Nicomedia was the chief. See Thilo, Ueber die Schriften des E. von Alex. und des E. von E. (Halle, 1832). Religions.—All the nations of E. are Christian excepting Turkey, which is Mohammedan. Christianity is split into three main divisions-the Roman Catholic, the Greek, and the Protestant Churches. The Catholic Church has the greatest number of adherents (138, 100,000), embracing the majority of the GrecoRomanic nations, about one-half of the Germanic, as well as a large proportion of the Slavs and Celts. Protestantism prevails in Britain, the Netherlands, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The Greek form of religion is professed in Russia, There are 66,000,000 Greece, and parts of Turkey and Austria. Protestants and 74,630,000 members of the Greek Church. The Mohammedans number 6,500,000, while there are also in the N. idolatrous Lapps and Finns. For the history of the continent see GREECE, ROME, and the various modern countries of E. Authorities Schows' Schows' Europa (1833), Hoffmann's Europa und seine Bewohner (8 vols. 1835-40), Brachelli's Staaten Europa's (1853), Ritter's Europäische Vorlesungen (1863), Klöden's Handbuch der Erdkunde (1876). Euro'tas, the classic name of the modern Basilipotamo, a famous river of Greece, which flows through the ancient Laconia, down a beautiful vale with dark gorges, and through a fertile plain into the Gulf of Kolokythia, the ancient Laconicus Sinus. Sparta stood upon the right bank of the E., near its confluence with its only important tributary, the Enus. Eury'ale, a genus of waterlilies (Nymphacea), of which E. ferox of China and India is a familiar example; the seeds of this species being eaten by the Hindus. The flowers are red, the leaves about 12 inches in diameter, the fruit orange-shaped, containing numerous carpels, and the seeds black. The stock, or rhizome, contains starch. The E. is known to have been cultivated by the Chinese for at least 3000 years. Euryale, a genus of starfishes (Echinodermata) belonging to the order Ophiuroidea, which also includes the sand-stars and brittle-stars. In E. the body exists in the form of a globose Eustachian Tube. This is a tube leading from the back of the throat to the middle ear or tympanum. Its function is ! probably to equalise atmospheric pressure on both sides of the drum of the ear. Closure of this tube from inflammation and enlargement of the tonsils is one of the most common causes of deafness. See EAR. Eustachian Valve. See FŒTUS. Eusta'chius, Bartolommeo, a famous Italian anatomist, born early in the 16th c., but whose place and date of birth have not been ascertained, studied at Rome, practised there as physician, and died in poor circumstances in 1574. He enriched almost all departments of anatomical science by his discoveries, upon a number of which, as the Eustachian tube and valve, his own name has been conferred. Of his works, the Tabule Anatomica, the text of which appears to have been lost, consists of a number of excellent anatomical drawings, and was first published by Lancisi, at Rome, in 1714. Other works were issued under the editorship of Boerhaave at Leyden in 1707, and at Delft in 1736. Eusta'thius, the most learned man of his age, was born in Constantinople, and flourished in the latter half of the 12th c. Successively monk, professor of rhetoric, and deacon, he died Archbishop of Thessalonica in 1198. His works consist of commentaries on Greek poets, theological treatises, &c., and establish both his learning and his oratorical power. The chief are his Commentaries on the Iliad and Odyssey (Leips. 1825–29), on Dionysius Periegetes (Bernhardy's edition of that author, Leips. 1828), and on Pindar. These commentaries are of the greatest value, as containing extracts from important works that are now lost. It Eustatius, St, a Dutch island in the W. Indies, 12 miles N.W. of St Christopher. Area, 190 sq. miles; pop. 2000. is a mountainous mass of volcanic rock covered with vegetation, but has only one, and that a strongly-fortified, landing-place. The chief productions are maize, sugar, cotton, and tobacco. The island is often visited by severe earthquakes. Euter'pe (Gr. 'the charming one') was the Muse of lyric poetry She was represented in ancient works of art with a flute. Euterpe, a genus of Palme or palms. Of this group E. montana, the mountain cabbage-palm, and E. edulis, are familiar species. These plants occur in S. America and the W. Indies. The male and female flowers occur on the same inflorescence. The stems are faintly annulated or ringed; the leaves are pinnate; and the bases of the leaf-stalks are very large, and form sheaths to the stem. Eutropius, a Roman historian belonging to the 4th c. A.D., of whose life almost the only facts known are that he was an imperial secretary under Constantine, that he accompanied Julian in his invasion of Persia, and died probably about 370. He wrote an epitome of Roman history, Breviarium Rerum Romanarum, from the early kings to the reign of Jovian, which seems to have been carefully compiled, and which is composed in a succinct and singularly pure and simple style. It was once very popular, and was much used as a school-book, for which it was seemingly intended. The editio princeps appeared at Rome in 1471; the best modern editions are by Grosse (Halle, 1813), Ramshorn (1847), and Dietsch (1849). Eu'tyches, abbot of a monastery at Constantinople in the 5th c., who in seeking to combat Nestorianism fell into heresy himself. When the orthodox doctrine of the perfect equality of the Son with the Father had been established at the Council of Nice (325), the next difficulty was the union of this perfect God with the man Jesus; and Apollinaris (q. v.), holding the idea of a God-man to be a logical monstrosity comparable to a minotaur, affirmed that the Logos took the place of the mind in Jesus, whose soul and body alone were human, so that there was in reality but one nature in Jesus. In opposition to this the orthodox doctrine was next established (Council of Constantinople, 381) of the complete and real manhood of Jesus. But now the divine and the human nature, in being distinguished so carefully, came to be separated; they were held by some to be conjoined but not united. Nestorius, for instance, separated them so far as to refuse to call Mary the mother of God, which she was declared to be at the Council of Ephesus, 431. That council decided that in Jesus the two natures were not merely 596. annexed but united. It was in pressing this doctrine one step too far that E. and his partisans revived the Monophysism of Apollinarius. E. declared that though there were two natures before the incarnation, there was but one after. He was also wont to call the body of Christ the body of God, and though he did not deny to him a human body, yet from a feeling of reverence he would not call it the same in essence as other human bodies. The Council of Chalcedon (451) condemned E., and defined the orthodox doctrine to be that in Jesus were united the two natures of a true God and a perfect man, unconfounded, unchanged, undivided, inseparable. After this E. disappears from history, but his doctrines are still held by the Armenian and Coptic Churches. See Neander's Geschichte d. Christl. Rel. u. Kirche (4th ed. Gotha, 1866; Eng. trans. 1858), and Reville's Hist. du Dogme de la Divinité de Jésus Christ (1870). Eux'ine (Gr. euxeinos, 'hospitable') is a name of the Black Sea. The earliest Greek navigators called it Axeinos (or 'inhospitable'), from the savage tribes that surrounded it; but when these had been civilised by commerce, they changed the name to Euxeinos. Evan'der, of Pallantium, in Arcadia, was the son of Hermes by the nymph Themis, or according to Roman legend by the prophetess Ĉarmenta or Tiburtis. Sixty years before the Trojan war, E. sailed for Italy with a Pelasgian colony. He landed on the bank of the Tiber at the foot of the Palatine, and there built the city Pallantium, from which, according to Varro, the names Palatium and Palatinus are derived. He taught the people laws, music, and the art of writing. He received Hercules after the conquest of Geryon, and raised altars to that hero, as well as to the Lycæan Pan, Demeter, and Poseidon, and assisted Æneas on his arrival in Italy. Divine honours were paid to E. at Pallantium in Arcadia and on Mount Aventine. Evangelical Alliance, The, 'for the union and co-operation of Christians throughout the world,' was organised in London in 1846, at a meeting of some 800 professing ChristiansEpiscopalians, Methodists, Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists, Moravians, Lutherans, and others, and has taken root in many countries. Branches now exist in Great Britain and the Colonies, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Australia, India, New Zealand, and the United States. The chief object of the E. A. is 'to exhibit the unity of the one Church of God in doctrine, ment of evangelical truth throughout the world,' its motto being mutual recognition, and Christian co-operation for the advance'Unum corpus sumus in Christo.' The basis of the Alliance is that it is to be composed of such only as hold evangelical views in regard to the following points of doctrine :-(1) The divine inspiration, authority, and sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures; (2) the right and duty of private judgment in the interpretation of the Holy Scriptures; (3) the unity of the Godhead, and the Trinity of Persons therein; (4) the utter depravity of human nature in consequence of the Fall; (5) the incarnation of the Son of God, his work of atonement for sinners of mankind, and his mediatorial intercession and reign; (6) the justification of the sinner by faith alone; (7) the work of the Holy Spirit in the conversion and sanctification of the sinner; (8) the immortality of the soul, the resurrection of the body, the judgment of the world by our Lord Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked; (9) tion and perpetuity of the ordinances of Baptism and the Lord's the divine institution of the Christian ministry, and the obligaSupper. Since the formation of the E. A. general conferences, to which 1851; Paris, 1855; Berlin, 1857; Geneva, 1861; Amsterdam, Christians of all nations were invited, have been held in London, 1867; New York, 1873, See an Historical Sketch of the Origin, &c., of the E. A., and a Brief Statement, &c. (1875), by Rev. James Davis, secretary; Proceedings, &c., of the E. A. Conference held at New York, 1873, by Schaff and Prime (1874). Evangelical Union, The, is a denomination of Christians which may be said to have been founded by Rev. James Morison, from whom it sometimes gets the improper title of Morisonians. Mr Morison, minister of a congregation of the United Secession Church at Kilmarnock, was deposed for heresy in 1841, chiefly on the charge of teaching the universality of the atonement, and the ability of man to believe the gospel. His Evansville, an important city of Indiana, U.S., on the Ohio, 50 miles above the confluence of the Wabash. It has a U.S. marine hospital and several public halls. As the southern terminus of the Wabash and Erie Canal, E. has great facilities for trade and navigation. There are flour-mills, iron-foundries, and manufactures of wool, leather, &c. The town has four daily newspapers. Pop. (1870) 21,830. father, Mr Robert Morison, United Secession minister at Bathgate, was also deposed in 1842, and A. C. Rutherford (Falkirk)| and John Guthrie (Kendal) in 1843-all for holding similar views. These men and others, principally elders and delegates from Christian Churches,' met at Kilmarnock in 1843, at which conference a 'statement of principles' was adopted as the basis of an association, which was forthwith formed under the desigation of the E. U., 'for the purpose of countenancing, counselling, and otherwise aiding one another; and also for the purpose of training up spiritual and devoted young men to carry on the work and pleasure of the Lord.' The E. U. does not profess to be based on any peculiar or distinctive Church polity, but to be a protest against certain of the leading dogmas of Calvinism; in short, those belonging to it take up the position of theological Nonconformists in Scotland. Their theology affirms :—I. As regards the divine purpose in redemption (1) The universal fatherhood of God, and in consequence his desire to save all men: in opposition to the Calvinistic election; (2) the universal atonement of Christ, making the salvation of every man possible: in opposition to an atonement for the elect only; (3) the universal work of the Holy Spirit, or its desire to reach all men, and its sufficiency in every case to secure conversion in opposition to the limitation of its work to the elect. II. As regards the application-(1) That the will of man must be in the matter of his salvation free and active: in opposition to the Calvinistic doctrine that man by the Fall 'hath wholly lost all ability of will to any spiritual good accompany ing salvation; (2) that a man is regenerated through faith, not in order to it; (3) that a man is elected to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth,' and not pre-ing-point. When it is considered how great a proportion of destinated by God unto life without any foresight of faith or good works, or any other thing in the creature, as conditions or causes moving him thereunto. : There are now (1876) in Scotland between eighty and ninety congregations belonging to the E. U., or affiliated therewith, that is, sympathising with it in doctrine, and co-operating in Christian work without being formally connected. În England there are few churches belonging to the Union, but a large number of ministers, its ministers being eligible for Congregational churches there. See the E. U. Annual, a Doctrinal Declaration published by the Conference of 1858; The Position and Theology of the E. U., a sermon by Rev. A. M. Fairbairn. Evangelist means (1) ‘a bringer of good news;' (2) in the New Testament, a preacher of the gospel, i.e., not a settled pastor, but an itinerant preacher or missionary (2 Tim. iv. 5), the pastor being called presbyter or elder. Eusebius speaks of the E. as if he had been a colporteur of the written Gospels, which he could not have been at the time he speaks of. This idea led to the later meaning attached to the name of the E. par excellence, as (3) the writer of a Gospel. (4) In still later liturgical language the E. was the reader of the Gospel for the day. Evans, Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy, G.C.B., a distinguished British soldier and Liberal politician, was born at Moig, in Ireland, in 1787; entered the army in 1807; distinguished himself in the Peninsular war, especially at Vittoria and Toulouse; in 1814-15 served in N. America, and was severely wounded at New Orleans; in 1815 was at Quatre-Bras and Waterloo as aide-de-camp to General Ponsonby. In 1831 he was elected member for Rye, and in 1833 for Westminster. In 1835 he accepted the command of the British Legion, of 10,000 men, raised to maintain the throne of Isabella II. of Spain against the Carlists, and was victorious before San Sebastian, Pasages, and on the heights of Amozagana, and closed the campaign by the storm and capture of Irun. He was defeated for Westminster in 1841, but was re-elected in 1846, and retained his seat till 1865, when he retired from public life. In June 1854 he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general in the British army, and in the Crimean war of 1854-55 commanded the second division of the British forces, fighting with signal intrepidity at Alma and Inkerman. Failing health forced him to return to England in the beginning of 1855, when he received the thanks of Parliament for his services in the field. ceived the Grand Cross of the Bath, the Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honour, and the degree of D.C.L. from Oxford. died January 9, 1870. He re E. Evaporation is the conversion of a liquid at its surface into the gaseous form. Dalton showed that if a liquid be permitted to evaporate in a vacuum, the E. goes on till a certain quantity of vapour is formed, whose pressure depends upon the temperature. When a liquid is vaporised, heat is absorbed, and therefore must be abstracted from surrounding matter or from the liquid itself. For instance, if a thermometer bulb be dipped in ether and then exposed to the air, the ether is rapidly evaporated, the heat necessary for this being obtained from the mercury, whose temperature is therefore lowered. Again, if a tube terminating at each end by a bulb be taken, with a little water in the one bulb and water vapour in the rest of the tube, by simply immersing the other bulb in a cold liquid a condensation of the vapour there takes place, and this necessitates an E. and therefore cooling of the water, which is thus made to freeze by its own E. Liquids which vaporise rapidly at ordinary temperatures are said to be volatile, and every liquid increases in volatility as its temperature approaches that of its boilingpoint. Pressure also has a very great effect upon E., so much so that by a rapid diminution of pressure a liquid may be made to boil at a temperature considerably below its true boilthe earth's surface is liquid, it is evident that E. must play an important part in the economy of nature. The air always contains water vapour in varying quantities, depending on the temWhen air saturated with water vapour perature and pressure. is cooled, the vapour is condensed and forms clouds of rain, snow, or hail, according to the circumstances in which it has been cooled. This physical E. is so intimately involved in other meteorological operations that for further information in this connection reference is made to such articles as CLIMATE, CLOUDS, Dew, Winds, &c. A very beautiful explanation of E. is furnished by the modern Molecular Theory (q. v.) of the constitution of matter. According to this theory the average velocity of the molecules of a liquid is less than that of its vapour; but some of the former may be moving with velocities equal to, or even greater than, the average velocity in the vapour. If such a molecule should be at the surface and be moving from the liquid, it will fly off into space as a vapour molecule. Also, a vapour molecule striking the liquid may become part of the liquid if entangled among the liquid molecules. Such is the theory of E. and condensation. The former depends on the temperature and extent of surface of the liquid, the latter upon the temperature and pressure of the vapour. If the liquid be evaporated in a closed vessel, things will go on until the pressure of the vapour is sufficient to render the number of molecules condensed equal to the number evaporated. At this stage E. is usually said to cease, but upon the theory it is going on as fast as ever, only it is neutralised by an equal condensation. Eve is the name given in the Hebrew scriptures to the first woman, who was so called by Adam, according to the narrative, 'because she was the mother of all living' (Heb. khavah, ‘life' or 'life-maker'). See ADAM. Evec'tion (Lat. evectio, ‘a carrying out '), the name applied by Bullialdus to an inequality, first noticed by Hipparchus, which consists in the alteration of the eccentricity of the lunar orbit, produced by the difference of the sun's attractions upon the moon at its apogee and perigee-a difference which depends upon the relative positions of the lunar line of apsides and the earth's radius-vector. Eve et Treve (Scotch law), a term for slaves or servants. See COLLIERS AND SALTERS. Ev'elyn, John, an English author and man of science, was born at Wotton, Surrey, October 31, 1620. Educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he seems to have been intended for the law, for he studied at the Middle Temple (1640-41); but the civil war, in which he took the side of the Royalists, compelled him to travel for a time, particularly in France and Italy. Assisting 597 |