The next meeting of the Trustees of the Maryland Agricultural Society is appointed for the first Thursday in September, at the residence of Jacob Hollingsworth, Esq. on Elkridge.

well not to buy before-to this suggestion especially.rie or by primeval forests, are now covered with To those who form their estimates from data affordwe wish the Editors of papers in Virginia, Pennsyl-barks laden with the richest of all treasures-aced by the existing population in the United States, vania and Ohio, would call the attention of those tive, intelligent, and virtuous emigrants. Towns, two and a half millions in Ohio may appear an exin their neighbourhood, who rear or drive Stock cities, schools, churches, colleges, and every other aggeration; and yet that density but a little exceeds Cattle for sale in the older and more cultivated set-emblem of cultivated life, rise into existence with a that of Connecticut in 1820, and falls short of that tlements. rapidity, a number, and maturity, which mock all of either Massachusetts or Rhode Island, at the anticipation, and outstrip every example in history. same epoch. It is not derogating from the characFrom a combination of causes, physical and mo-ter of the soil of the two latter states, to say, that ral, Ohio has taken the lead amongst the central that of Ohio exceeds either. The aggregate we states, and has, in her career, presented an unmatch have deduced for Ohio in 1850, amounts to 63 to ed development of all the essentials of political and the square mile; and as Hamilton county, including social power and comfort. That state is now open- the city of Cincinnati, comprising very nearly the ing a canal of 300 miles in length between Lake one-tenth part of the state, contained 79 to the Erie and the Ohio river, upon the line of which, square mile, it must be obvious, that two and one just forty years ago, in 1787, the first axe was laid half millions are far from amounting to the maxiupon her deep entangled woods. In support of mum which Ohio would support in the enjoyment these obvious reflections, some mathematical data of abundance. may be introduced, that will strike with wonder the readers of this journal in the old countries, if not in our own.

OHIO-bird's-eye view of what it was, of what it is,

and what it is to be.

"I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the rising prosperity of our state. In population, at the next census, it will rank next to Pennsylvania, and the time may not be remote, when New York only will exceed it. Its internal resources and the enterprise of its citizens, have kept pace with the increase of its numbers. The improvements which have lately been commenced and are now in a successful course of prosecution, have elevated the character of the state, and given an earnest of its high destiay."

The general principles upon which the advance or retardation of population depend, have so recently, and still so imperfectly been reduced to any As a section of the habitable earth, Ohio extends order which deserves the name of science, that the from N. lat. 371 to 42°; and in longitude W. from actual increase of the people of the United States Washington city, from 3° 32' to 7° 50'. The longest appears an anomaly in physiology. The solution of live which can be drawn upon its surface is from this seeming anomaly is, however, easily made, if The above is the language used by the Hon. John the N. E. angle on Lake Erie to the S. W. angle at the local features of the territory, and the moral Mc Lean, Postmaster-General, on the 13th of June the junction of the Ohio and Miami rivers. Flank- and political structure of society, are taken as elelast, at Lebanon, in Ohio-at an entertainment dured by Pennsylvania on the east, and Indiana west, ments. In the basin of the Mississippi, an exubeing a short visit amongst his old friends and neigh with the Ohio south and south-east and Lake Erie rantly fertile soil, a mild climate, and a country bours of all parties, who seized the occasion to ma-north, and drained by numerous minor rivers, the abounding in the natural channels of commerce, nifest their undiminished personal regard, and their position is admirable. Compact in its form, the were opened to a people who acted with all the high and just estimate of his publick services. area in square miles may be assumed at about forty force, elasticity and intelligent foresight, which has These sentiments of Mr. McLean are not the rhe-thousand, or 25,600,000 acres. in all ages and countries distinguished man where torical flourishes of an enthusiast, but the judgment The superfices of that part of the United States, his personal rights were secured. In the settlement of a practical statesman-and are susceptible, in actually organized into states and territories in of the west, every emigrant of sane and mattre that light, of being made the text of ample and in 1820, amounted to about 600,000 square miles-mind felt himself a whole, and moved within his teresting commentaries. consequently Ohio comprises the one-fifteenth part. sphere under the influence of laws, little less reguThe entire land surface of the earth is, from the lar in their operation than those of gravitation. Unbest data, nearly 40.000.000 square miles; Ohio, der such an order of things, especially in the nontherefore, contains the one thousandth part of the habitable globe, and what is peculiarly remarkable, already contains more than the one thousandth part of the human species.

The following tables exhibit the progressive and prospective population of Ohio:

When the revolution was consummated by the treaty of Paris in 1783, the inhabited parts of the United States extended between the Atlantic ocean and the Allegany mountains, in a long narrow strip, and comprising an area of about 200,000 sq. miles. With a few very partial exceptions, the vast unknown regions beyond the mountains were waste. The Allegany traced a line which set bounds to ei vilization on that rich territory drained by the numerous rivers of the west. At that epoch the tra veller when on the mountain brow, felt as if the bourne was passed which separated him froni culti- 1790, vated society. How prodigious is that change in 1800, the lapse of forty-three years, which suggested and 1810, justified the remarks of the Postmaster-General in 1820, reference to his state!

Population.

TABLE I.
Progressive Population.

TABLE II.

slave states, effects have been produced to which the history of Europe and Asia offer no parallel. The improvements made in architecture, the inechanick arts; in artificial modes of intercommunication, and seminaries for the cultivation of the human intellect, have, on the eastern continent. followed density of population; in the United States, the order of advance has been inverted

To dwell upon this new and prominent feature in the history of human society, is far indeed from an idle indulgence of national vanity. Every good, however great has its attendant evils, and the aug Imentation to such enormous relative wealth and power of individual states of the United States, must be productive of effects more or less operative on the general confederacy. To watch this unequal accumulation of political consequence is decidedly an important part of our internal policy. In regard to our relations with foreign states, the United States, as a body, is the sole object of regard:—but in respect to interior legislation, every statesman, or every legislator, deserving the name of a statesman, will pay undeviating attention to those revolutions, which change the centre of wealth and powThis attention will be paid by the real statesman, not to widen natural lines of separation; or to foster sectional animosities in order to gratify fac60,438 tious passions; not to trace, but to remove geogra63.460 phical barriers It will be paid to establish those 66.633 adamantine bonds of union, ROADS and CANALS. 69.965 It would be ignorance to misunderstand or deny 73,463 the gigantic growth of Ohio in the "central basin," 77.136 and of New York on the Atlantic coast; and it 89.993 would be culpable negligence in other members of 85.042 the Union to remain regardless of a prosperity they 89.294 93.700 cannot prevent, of an active use by these states of 98,895 natural resources in a manner which they should ad103.839 mire, and may imitate.

3,000-71 to 100 square miles. 42.000-a little more than 1 to each sq. m. 227.843-5 6-10 to the single sq. m. nearly. 581,434-144 to the single square mile. In the valurble Geographical Dictionary of the Let us only reflect, that savage murders were per-worthy W. Darby, under the article U. States, he petrated between Washington, Pennsylvania, (then has used a ratio of 5 per cent. per annum, for the a briar thicket.) and Wheeling, until 1795. It was increment of population in the central basin of North not, indeed, until after the treaty of Greenville, that America. This ratio is at least sufficiently mode the western settlements were relieved from the ap-rate when applied generally, and certainly too low prehension or actual pressure of war, and war in as respects Ohio; to be, however, within the bounds its worst forms. When we turn a retrospect upon of reality, the subjoined Table II. was calculated the period since the surrender of Cornwallis, we from that rate of increase. can hardly give credit to the evidence of our senses. The change appears as the shifting scene of a theatre. Let the reader but review that brief period, and run his eye over that space on which has since been traced Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, In diana, Michigan, and Ohio. Over this then wide waste, the marks of civilization were few and rude. There were not, at the utmost, in 1781, thirty thousand civilized human beings, where now exist more 1825, than three millions. At that epoch, no fields, orch- 1826, ards, meadows, towns or villages, spread their enli- 1827, vening features before the eye. The landscape was 1825, 859.053 gloomy and desolate, broken at long intervals by 1829, 902,006 Cabins, inhabited by the poor but brave pioneer of 1830, 947,106 central North America. 1831, 994,461 Civilized has succeeded to savage society. Agri- 1832, 1,044.184 culture, with plenty, health, and gladness in her 1833. 1.096.393 train, has taken place of war and hunting The 1834, 1,151,213 rivers and lakes, once environed by the lonely prai- I 1835, 1,208,773

Progressive Population of Ohio for 30 years, from
1820 to 1850 inclusive, calculated by a ratio of in-
crease of 5 per cent. per annum.
1820, 581,434
11836, 1,269,202
610,506 29.071 1837, 1,332,662
641,030 30,525 1838, 1,399,299
673.091 32,06 1839, 1,469,264

1821,

1-22,

1823,

1824,

706,746 742.083 779.187 818.146

er.

33,654,1840, 1.542.727
35,337 1841, 1,619.863
37,101 1842, 1,700.856
38,959 1843, 1,785,898
40.907,1844, 1,874.194
42.953 1845, 1.977,894
45,100 1846, 2,076,789
47.355 1847. 2,180.628
49.723 1848, 2,289.659
These reflections may be closed by a comparative
52,209 1849, 2,404,142
table, which at a single glance, will exhibit the pro-
54,820, 1850, 2,524,344 120,202 digious capability of population in the United States
57,560
generally, and more especially of a region of such

109,031 114,488

exuberant fertility as the great "central basin." ed accumulation of numbers, wealth, and solid Offers for the purchase of one-half of Rinaldo The surface of Europe, if taken in its full extent, by power. will be received by the Editor of the American Farno means equals that of the United States, in res- If we turn our eye to a map of the world, for somer. He is decidedly, and in the opinion of the best pect to either soil or climate. We are persuaded extensive a tract as 160,000 square miles, we find no judges, one of the finest horses ever offered to the that for so large a contiguous surface as 40,000 place equal in natural advantages to the region par-use of the publick-in reference to his blood, and square miles, that no part of France, Germany, celled out into Eastern Missouri, all Illinois, Michi his colour, figure and qualities. Last year, when he Hungary, or Southern Russia, nor the most produc gan, Indiana and Ohio. Either limited or drained was five years old, was his first season. He was litive tracts in Europe would bear a successful com- by numerous rivers; flanked by the Canadian sea, mited to thirty-five mares, and has proved a very parison with the state of Ohio; and yet the most and with a surface unbroken by mountain chains, sure getter of foals of the highest promise. The betthinly populated parts of either of the former ex and in its most elevated part only a few hundred ter way to diffuse the benefit of this superior horse, ceeds the maximum of the latter in 1850, as given feet above the level of the Atlantic ocean, the ex- would be to make up a joint stock in shares of $15 in the preceding sketch. tent of its improvements admit of no assignable or $30 each. The entire control of the Horse will boundary. In this favored region, Ohio occupies be surrendered to the purchaser or purchasers, of the vantage ground, and her citizens seem deter- the one-half of him, under certain stipulations. mined to maintain their rank In the emphatic language of the Postmaster-General, they have elevated the character of the state, and have given an in sq miles. the sq. earnest of its high destiny. The child is, perhaps, born to live to be one of more than ten millions in Ohio, and one out of upwards of forty millions between the western limit of Pennsylvania and the western limit of Missouri! These are warm and high anticipations; but, are they not reduced to probabilities by the very data which have been ad duced?

TABLE III. EXTENT, AND DISTRIBUTIVE POPULA-
TION OF THE STATES OF EUROPE IN 1821.

Political section.

Population.

British Islands,

21.318,743

France,

30.000.000

Spain and Portugal,

14,000,000

Italian states,

19,000,000

Switzerland,

1.700,000

Netherlands, king

50,000,000 480,000 104 1.400, 00 21.000 70 2,440,000 188.000 13 42,000,000 1,400,000 30 5 000,000 200.000 25 191,858,743 2,978,040

to

64

The list of premiums to be distributed at the next Easton Cattle Show, in November, will be published in our next.

We have on our table a sample of most beautiful yellow tobacco from Calvert county-sent to market by Mr. Benjamin Gray-it attests his skilful management, and may afford the means of comparison to ascertain the real difference between it, and Ohio yellow, at first sight, apparently similar qua

The man may not be very old, who has been,lity. himself, one of a few thousands in the "Mississippi basin," and who has yet lived to see some millions ex- MARKETING.-Apples, per bush. 37 a .50; Butist upon its surface. Who has lived to hear the veter, per lb. .25 a 31; Beets, .64 per bunch; Chickens, ry idea in project of propelling vessels by steam, doz. $1.50 a 2.00; Corn, in ears, per doz. .6 a 12; treated with the utmost derision, and who has yet Canteleupes, .64 a 87; Eggs, doz. 12; Beef, prime been conveyed in floating palaces, propelled by steam. pieces, per lb. .8; Veal, 5 a.6; Lamb, 4a .5; Pears, Who heard the name of Fulton scouted as that of per bush. .374; Potatoes, .50; Peaches, 75 a 1.25; an idle scheemer, and has also heard the name of Onions, .37; Tomatoes, 124, Sweet Potatoes, per FULTON associated with those illustrious charac- peck, .50; Beans, (Lima,) per bush. .75; Cabbages, ters who have contributed to enlarge the happiness .4 a .6 per head. and mental power of their species. Who has heard the idea laughed to scorn, of a single state opening a canal from the Atlantic tides into the St. Lawrence basin, and has yet lived to behold, not one, but two canal lines between the Atlantic tides and the St. Lawrence basin. The project of a rail-road, from the city of Baltimore to the Ohio river, is at this time treated with as little respect as were either canals or steam-boats; and still we hope to perform a Seconds, as in quality, $3.00 a 6.00-common crop, passage from Baltimore to Cincinnati in a rail-road 3.50 a 4.00-Do. red, 4.50 a 4.75-good red, 5.00 a 6.00 carriage. Finally, we hope to see telegraphs take-Fine red, 7.00 a 8.00-Yellow and red, 7.00 a 10.00their appropriate rank amongst American improve ments, and by their means give to intelligence the wings of light.

BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT.

Reported for the American Farmer, by Lewis Sutton & Co.

TOBACCO-this article is about the same as last week; we perceive no variation in prices, since some sales of Maryland common and middlings have been made for $3.50 a 4.50 to 4.75, from St. Mary's and Calvert counties, yesterday and the day before.

nearly This table affords instructive lessons to American legislators. Figures, if correctly stated, comprise much in a small space. We perceive, that in Europe, density of population does not so much depend upon physical as on moral causes. Some of the most cultivated sections of Europe at the present, were during the middle ages nearly waste, and from any document we have seen, it is doubtful whether all Europe at the end of the fifteenth century, when America was discovered, contained a population of 50,000,000. That section of the earth is at present peopled by nearly, if not altogether, 200,000,000; DEFECTIVE SEED WHEAT.-The sad expeand what is worthy of remark, the most dense po- rience of the last season admonishes the farmer that pulation has followed, what we in the United States he cannot be too careful in the selection of his seed so emphatically call "INTERNAL IMPROVE wheat; and the bad quality of the grain on the MENT." Compare Great Britain with France; Eastern Shore, as indicated by the following ex--FLAXSEED, .75 a 90-PEAS, .50-WHITE BEANS, 1.25France with Spain, Italy and European Turkey; tract, further shews that too much caution cannot France with the Netherlands and Germany. The be exercised.

Yellow, 6.50 a 1.00-Fine Yellow, 15.00 a 20.00-Virginia fine, 6.00 a 8.00-Rappahannock, (none)-Kentucky, fine, 3.50 a 6.00--do. wrapping, 7.00 a 8 00. FLOUR-Super. Howard-st. $5.00-do. ordinary, city mills, 4.50 a 4.75-Susq. 4.00 a 4.50-white wheat famiy, 6.00-GRAIN, best white wheat, 1.00 a 1.08-best red RTE, .40 a .50-OATS, .20 a .25-CORN MEAL, per cwl. wheat, 80 a .85-ordinary, .70 a .75--CORN, .48 a .501.62 a 1.75-CLOVER seed, 3.50 a 4.00--TIMOTHY, 3.00 BARLEY, 1.00-COTTON, Virginia, 9 a .104-North Carolina, .9 a.10-Louisiana, .11 a .13-Missouri, .10 a 11-Alabama, .10 a.11-WooL, washed, .18 a .22mixt do. .22 a 24-half blood, .24 a .26-three-quarter hhd. .28 a .29-do. bbl. .29 a .31-FISH, Herrings, 2.25 .10-hog around .6 a .7-middlings, 7-WHISKEY, per 2.50-Mackerel, 3.50 a 4.8 74 a 5.50-Shad, 6.00 a 7.00.

Netherlands have, in great part, been wrested P. S Wheat generally yields much worse than from the briny ocean; and there canals of com- was expected-doubts are seriously entertained if a merce and drainage commenced in an age of ig-great deal of it will vegetate--some has been tried,do. .26 a .28-full blood, .30 a 35-BACON, hams, .9 a Horace and poverty; whilst in the United States and totally failed. Corn is burnt up with drought. these improvements are aided by all the resources of science and wealth.

The Cattle Show, near Baltimore, was fixed as late as possible in October, with express reference to the convenience of the farmers, and especially those on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, who, it was understood, could not sooner absent themselves from home, on account of seeding their wheat

In fact, with superior soil, a milder and more equa-
ble climate, the United States will, in all human
probability, make full use of still more inspiring ad
vantages over Europe, in more liberal and more
stable principles of civil government. In this
march of improvement amongst the individual fields.
states, New York on the Atlantic coast, and Ohio
in the interior, have taken the lead. In a very SBED WHEAT.-We are requested to state,
short period of time, an unbroken water communi- that six or eight hundred bushels of nice rare ripe
cation will exist from the city of New York to the wheat, fit for seed, will be with Mr. James Barroll,
city of Cincinnati, through the sea of Canada. of Bowly's wharf, by the last of August, from the
to those states. Their own exertions have already tlemen who have spoken to Mr. Goldsborough for
The advance of power cannot, happily, be confined crop of Robert H. Goldsborough, of Talbot. Gen
led to very active emulation; but still New York seed wheat, and others desirous of having it, will
and Ohio stand pre-eminent, not alone in the Uni- please to apply to Mr. James Barroll, Bowly's
ted States, but on the whole earth for unprecedent-wharf, Baltimore.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Berry-On Yolk in the Wool of Sheep, Turnip Seed, &c. An Essay on Breeding of Live Stock, by the Rev. H. &c. selected by David ap Owen-Prospect of CropsRise, progress and present state of the Silk Manufac ture in Great Britain-Blight in Pear Trees-Garden Seeds-To dress Flax to look like Silk-Bread-BeesMemoirs of the Baroness de Reidesdel-Tribute to Beauty-Poetry, Beautiful Sketch-The Pedigree of Oscar, Junior-Pedigree of Marshal Durock-Bedford Mare-The Military Family-Editorial, Bird's-eye view Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for of Ohio, what it was, what it is, and what it is to be, &c. JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts., where every description of Book and Job Printing is handsomely executed

No. 24.-VOL. 9.

AGRICULTURE.

'AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, AUGUST 31, 1827.

(From the British Farmer's Magazine.) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF EMINENT AGRICULTURISTS.

MR. COKE, OF NORFOLK.

185

The magnificence of the family mansion of Holk- destroy the supernumerary plants, it is easily effectham has been the repeated theme of every writer ed by women and young persons. The Swedish on the beauties of Norfolk. It is one of the most turnips form Mr. Coke's principal crop, and are stately edifices in the kingdom, and whole pages sown upon the best soils, from the middle of May might be filled with a mere catalogue of its nume- to the middle of June; but he still continues to culrous and costly pictures, statues, curiosities, &c. tivate, on his lightest soils, the common and the It is said to have been begun in 1734, by the Earl Scotch yellow turnip, both of which are sown from of Leicester, and completed by the Countess Dow the middle of June to the middle of July. Mr. There are no subjects more generally interesting ager in 1760. The general plans, elevations, &c. Coke is liberal in the application of manure to his than concise biographies of eminent characters; were given by the Earls of Burlington and Leices- turnips; he allows not less than 14 loads of manure and no class of literature seems better adapted for ter, assisted by Mr. Kent. The central part of the per acre; and in his wheat crops he manures with utility and effect, than that which preserves the mansion is built with brick, and is accompanied by oil cake drilled in with the seed, one ton being suffleeting and perishable memorials of men noted in four wings or pavilions, which are connected with it ficient for six acres. The farm-yard dung he mixes their times for publick spirit, private character, and by rectilinear corridors or galleries. Each of the in compost heaps, by which means he not only ingenuine benevolence. Of the many individuals fronts, therefore, displays a centre and two wings. creases the quantity, but improves the quality of who have flourished in this country, in the reign of The corridors communicate directly with the lawn, the manure, and grows much better crops of turGeorge the Third, few are more highly respected or the offices below the basement story, a perfec nips. The oil cake he considers better adapted for than Mr. COKE, of Norfolk; a gentleman whose tion which seems to have been borrowed from an the wheat crop. In drilling the wheat, the allowlong and prosperous career has decidedly obtained idea of Palladio. The library contains a most va ance is four bushels per acre in October, and even the approbation of his agricultural contemporaries, luable collection of MSS. among which is one stat- tive bushels in November; and being an advocate not merely from its own merits, powerful indeed as ed to have been the actual MS. of Livy quoted by for early sowing, no time is lost in carting the mathey are, but by the discerning patronage he has Havercamp. A catalogue raisonnée of the whole nure. The best crops are always when wheat is invariably vouchsafed to every real agricultural im-collection is, we understand, nearly ready for the very thick in the rows, and if the finger can be provement. In the various publications of the day, press, under the superintendance of Mr. Roscoe, passed readily through the stems, near the ground, sketches of, and remarks on, his talents, hospitality, whose well known abilities eminently qualify him it is not deemed thick enough. The wheat is cut zeal, and publick virtues abound, and it will be the for the task. very early, even when the ear and stem are green, object of the present article to condense, in a use- Upwards of sixty years have elapsed since the com- and the grain not hard; and the samples then proful and agreeable manner, the scattered and miscel-pletion of the mansion of Holkham, during which pe- duced are better, and bring higher prices, than laneous particulars, and thus preserve in the pages riod, the bricks, manufactured on the spot, of a fine wheat cut in a more mature state. There is little or of the British Farmer's Magazine, a succinct ac-yellow tint, and great durability, have been exposed no loss by shedding on the ground, which, when the count of a gentleman as universally known as de- to the action of the weather-yet they remain as ear is ripe, and the weather windy, is often not inservedly esteemed. ' sound and perfect as when first laid. The architect considerable. Mr. Coke is equally early also in THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, Esq. M. P. is a descen- very judiciously took care that no part of the princi- cutting oats and beans; he observes, that the straw dant from the great and enlightened chief justice of pal walls should be supported by timber, lest, in de- in such cases is of more value than if cut later. that name, and his family is one of the most an- caying, damage might accrue to the fabric. The encient in the county of Norfolk. The titles of Baron tire building was erected under the superintendance Lovel, Viscount Coke, and Earl of Leicester, exist of Mr Brettingham, of Norwich, whose son has in his roll of ancestors. The estates of the olden since published plans and elevations of this magnitimes, including the modern and magnificent man-icent structure. Over the entrance door of the hall sion of Holkham, have descended to their present is the following inscription: possessor, who was born on the 6th of May, 1753. On the demise of his father, in 1776, he succeeded to the estates, and was soon after chosen one of the representatives for his native county, which he has since that period, (with the exception of a short in terval,) and does still faithfully represent in Parliament. Mr. Coke has hitherto constantly voted on the popular side, and baving been, through a long and useful life, a friend of the late right hon. C. J. Fox, his sentiments have not disgraced the feelings which gave rise to their connection. It should not be forgotten, that the reconciliation between the present king and Mr. Fox, took place at Holkham. It is also worthy of record, that the Address which first put an end to the American war, was moved by Mr. Coke in the House of Commons, and pre- Mr. Coke's system of husbandry is the drill syssented by him to his late Majesty; on which occa- tem, which he adopted at a very early period, and sion Mr. Coke took it up in the dress of a country has so improved by constant practice, that it effec gentleman. His Majesty is reported to have smiled tually answers the purpose of loosening the soil at on receiving it, and, with much goed humour, to different seasons, and of extirpating weeds. The have said, "By G-d, Coke, if you ever come up great improvement he has made consists in his hav again with such an Address, I will assuredly knight ing gradually drilled at wider distances. He now you!" In 1775, Mr. Coke married Jale, sister of the drills wheat at nine inches distance, which admits late Lord Shelburne, by whom he had issue three ample room for horse-hoeing in the spring and sum daughters; the eldest of whom marred, first, Vis-mer months. In the drilling of turnips he has gracount Andover; and after his death. Capt. Digby, dually extended his lines on ridges from 12 to 15, R. N The second daughter is now the widow of to 18, and even to 27 inches. These wide drills the late Viscount Anson. The third narried Spencer Stanhope, Esq. of Cannon Hall, rear Barnsley, Yorkshire. Mrs, Coke died on the 2d of June, 1800; and on the 26th of February, 1822, Nr. Coke married the Lady Anne Keppel, daughte of the Earl of Albemarle, by whom he has three ons.*

This seat, on an open barren estate, was planned, planted, built, decorated, and inhabited, the middle of the eighteenth century, by Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester."

Mr Coke's succession of crops is general throughout Norfolk, and is called the four or five course. First year, turnips; second year, barley, laid down with clover or other grass seeds; third, grass to cut or teed; fourth, wheat He cultivates sainfoin, cock's-foot grass, mangel wurzel, Heligoland beans, &c; but no cabbages, succory, burnet, or parsnips.

Mr. Coke's flocks have been, and are, highly ap proved by judges, as reflecting upon him most distinguished skill in this department of rural affairs. The park is supposed to contain about 3,500 His sheep are all Southdowns; formerly his stock acres within the paling. Its circumference is up-consisted of Norfolks, but experience has convincwards of ten miles. The interar contains all that the eye or imagination can desire-lakes, obelisks, statues, temples, &c. The pleasure-grounds are most tastefully laid out, and the effect of the whole is grand and beautiful. The gardens are very extensive; that devoted to the kitchen contains eight acres, and the extent of walling comprises about 1400 yards in length, and 14 feet in height, well covered with fruit trees.

allow a horse-noe of the largest dimensions to pass
most readily; ad in favourable circumstances, 12
acres a day may be readily hoed. Drilled turnips
obviously require cross-hoeing, which must neces-
sarily be done by the hand; but as this is merely to

bim of the superiority of Southdowns, and all others have been excluded. His dairy consists of North Devon cows, which possess a superiority of form over those of Norfolk.

Mr. Coke's rental, when he came to the estate, upwards of 40 years ago, was about 2,200l. per ann.; the produce of his woods and plantations amounts, now, to a much larger sum. He had the spirit and judg ment to plant 1500 acres with trees, the greater part of which are become magnificent woods, not only protecting the soil by checking the cold winds so prevalent on that coast, but, by their picturesque beauty, greatly improving the landscape. The annual fail of timber, poles, and underwood, from them, averages about 2,700l. The farm-houses, stables, cottages, &c. on his estate, are all in excellent repair, and on an extensive scale. Much of the timber and poles is applied for building purposes, constantly carried on at Holkham, and the remainder is generally sold in the neighbourhood. In the plantations, &c. are fine growing oaks, Spanish chestnuts, firs, French willows, Canada and Italian poplars, with cherry and other useful trees.

The plan pursued by Mr. Coke in letting his estates, is as excellent as is his general farming system. A long lease and moderate rent. He usually grants a lease for twenty-one years, and has alreatained a select party to dinner on the occasion, and, in dy seen the termination of several such leases on late hour. On the following day Lady Anne present in the value of landed property almost unexampled. the evening, the amusements of a ball were kept up to many of his farms His Norfolk rental now amounts to nearly 20,000l. per annum, an increase of wealth ed Mr. Coke with a third son. Mr. C's annual donation of four fat bullocks was distributed on the 30th of On the renewal of his tenants' leases Mr. C. usually December, amongst the workmen and labourers belong-gives the bonus of a capital house, many of which are strikingly ornamental to the county. Several

2d of January, (ult.) being the anniversay of the birth a
*The Norfolk papers inform us that of Tuesday, the
of the heir of Holkham, it was announed by a salute
of cannon from Mr. Bloom's battery, he ringing of
bells, and a rich display of colours on ne ships in the
harbour of Wells. Mr. Coke and Lay Anne entering to the Holkham establishment.
No. 24.-VOL. 9.

of Mr. Coke's large farms are of the extent of 1200 the agriculturist, are Dr. Fleming's Philosophy of of those naturalists who have contributed to the adacres, and that in his own occupation is said to be Zoology, and his British Fauna. It is from the first vancement of these sciences, yet the generic titles not less than 2000 acres. The situation of his lands, of these works that we have extracted the principal of animals are never derived from the same source, in many respects, does not admit of a complete sys- part of the following-which we have arranged as nor similar honors bestowed on zoological observtem of irrigation; but much has been done even in Systematic Zoology, Animal Anatomy, Chemistry.ers. Specific names are, as in botany, adjectives this particular. Large capitals have been most Physiology, Pathology, Distribution, Uses, and Ar-in concord with the generic name as a substantive; beneficially employed, and the result has been prov-tificial Improvement, or Animal Culture. and should express some circumstance connected ed by an increased scale of productiveness, and a with colour, form, habit, station, or distribution. In Systematic Zoology, or the Language, Nomenclature, vast accession in the amount of corn grown on some cases the specific name is a substantive, and Description, and Classification of Animals. lands in many instances light and naturally sterile. occurs either in the nominative or genitive case, and Mr. Coke is no friend to the small-farm system, and The technical terms introduced in zoology are much without reference to the gender of the name of the thinks that much may be done in the way of improve- more numerous than those of botany, because ani genus. This want of concord happens, when a spement, by employing large capitals in the cultivation mals differ more among themselves than plants; and Pies has been long known by a distinct appellation, of extensive tracts of land. The turnip husbandry, because the anatomy of animals is greatly more and when this is employed in science as its specific the drill system, the breeding of cattle, with the complicated than that of vegetables. The techni- name. Thus, in the genus Turdus, while one spesupport Mr. Coke has uniformly given to the wool cal terms most important for the agriculturist, are cies is distinguished in the ordinary manner, viz T. trade, all proclaim the enlightened views and phi-those made use of in the veterinary art, and which torquatus, another, T' merula, furnishes an example lanthropic motives of this worthy individual. With he ought to study in works on that subject, and in of the exception here referred to. When the spean hospitable feeling, eminently creditable to him, scientific treatises on the domestic quadrupeds. As Mr. Coke has encouraged the visits of farmers and the terms of zoology are much less fixed, and have country gentlemen to witness his annual agricultu- not engaged the attention of naturalists so much as ral exhibitions. The utility of thus bringing toge- those of botany, the chief dependence of the stu ther, from all parts of the kingdom, numerous bo-dent must be on a knowledge of the Latin language, dies of enlightened agriculturists, must be too ob in which they are generally composed. vious to need any comment. Their royal highnesses the Dukes of York, Sussex, and Gloucester, have for many years been in the habit of paying an an nual visit to Holkham, for the purpose of enjoying the sports of the field.

We hope Mr. Coke will long continue to enjoy the happiness he has so often fostered in others; and that this imperfect sketch of an useful agricultural life, will not be uninteresting to our numerous readers.

ZOOLOGY.

cific name is in the genitive case, it is always derived from the proper name of the zoologist who discovered it, or who contributed to illustrate its characters. The Liparis Montagui was so named by Donovan (British Fishes, tab. lxviii) in honour of the late George Montagu, Esq. who first detectIn describing animals, naturalists follow the same ed it on the Devonshire coast. The application of rules in zoology as in botany; but much more atten- the proper names of zoologists to the construction tion is requisite to the internal characters than in of the specific names of animals, ought to be rethe latter science. In all cases the male is consi stricted to those who have illustrated the species. dered as the representative of the species. While Of late years, however, this honour has been bethe female, in some species, differs remarkably from stowed on observers to whom the species has even the male in external characters, there is still an been unknown; and not content with using the agreement in structure, with the exception of the names of zoologists, those of wives, friends, or pa organ of the reproductive system, and the modifi-trons have been extensively employed. To bestow cations of some parts subservient to their functions. zoological honours on those who are not interested When a female individual comes under notice, it is in the progress of science, is ridiculous; and to neg frequently very difficult, if not impossible, to deter lect the original discoverer, in order to do this. is mine the species to which she belongs, while exter-base. It were better, perhaps, to proscribe the nal characters alone are employed. This difficulty, practice.

Mr. Coke has always taken an active part in the general and local politics of his country; and no man has, perhaps, passed the ordeal of publick opinion with more firmness or consistency of prin cipie. Indeed, the number and exalted rank of his private friends, the steady attachment of a most opulent and independent tenantry, and the just ap probation of mankind, will fully warrant every eu logium on Mr. Coke's meritorious and valuable ser vices. In 1804, a superb silver vase, valued at 7001. in the case of birds, meets he student at every The classification of animals is by no means estawas presented to Mr. Coke by his numerous tenant-step; but it in a great measure disappears, when the blished on so firm and philosophical a basis as that internal characters are chiefly relied on. ry, as a testimony of their esteem for his judicious In Great of plants. Two different methods have been emexamples and liberal conduct as a farmer and land Britain, during the latter half of the last century, ployed; the one founded on a particular system of descriptions of animals were chiefly drawn up in a organs which constitutes the artificial system of lord. There are several portraits of Mr. Coke extant, and a political pamphlet or two are said to very superficial manner. The internal structure Linnæus, and the other founded on the joint consiwas in a great manner overlooked, and the more ob-deration of all the systems of organs, external and have emanated from his pen. the more characteristic appearances of the shape. natural methods, of which the most generally vious varieties of colour were selected, rather than internal, from which has been established various Such, generally, are the descriptions of Pennant, esteemed at present is that of Cuvier. A mixed Shaw, Donovan, and even Montagu. This is the method has been adopted by many naturalists, and more surprising, as the eminent naturalists who is preferred by Dr Fleming, who suggests some flourished towards the end of the seventeenth and useful improvements, and has exhibited their applibeginning of the eighteenth centuries (the golden cation in the general arrangement of animals to be age of British zoology,) excelled in the minute de given in his Fauna. (Phil. Zool. ii. 160.) OF THE STUDY OF THE ANIMAL Kingdom with RE-tails with which their descriptions abounded. The FERENCE TO AGRICULTURE. writings of Willoughby, Ray and Ellis, furnish very Animal Anatomy. Animals are distinguished from vegetables by being striking examples. But descriptions are daily be- The lealing organs of animul structure, may be endowed with sentiment or reason, and locomotive coming more laboured in their details, from the inconvenienty arranged as external and internal. powers. A general knowledge of their nature is of erease of species, and the necessity of determining obvious utility to whoever is engaged in the rearing the characters on which their claim depends. This External Anatomy of Animals. or management of any department of them; but as will contribute greatly to the progress of zoology. All animas agree in possessing an exterior coverthey differ much more extensively in their natures The best descriptions are often insufficient, without ing, or skin, to modify their surface, regulate their than vegetables, that knowledge is necessarily very the aid of drawings or specimens. Many relations of form, and protect them from the action of surextensive. Few, indeed, can be supposed to attain parts, and many gradations of form, may be per- rounding elements. In the more perfect animals, to any degree of eminence in every branch; man is ceived by the eye, which words are unable to ex- this organ consists of the following parts: the cutifound sufficient for the physician, and the horse for press. Drawings, therefore, have largely contribut-cle-the corpus mucosum--the corium-the pannithe veterinary professor; a slight general knowledge ed to the progress of zoology. Specimens can only culus-and the cellular web. of the whole subject, and a more particular ac be obtained generally of the smaller animals, though The cutice is destitute of blood vessels, nerves quaintance with the names and physiology of the examples of the largest sorts are to be found in the and fibres, and usually consists of a thin transpaquadrupeds, birds, and insects of Britain, are what publick museums. They are generally exhibited in rent membrane possessing little tenacity. In those the agriculturist should chiefly aspire to. a dried state; but sometimes immersed in spirits of animals which live on the land, it is more rigid in The subject of zoology has not been cultivated wine. Marine objects are prepared by maceration its texture, and scaly and dry on its surface, than in with so much success as that of botany; the systema- in fresh water. Dried substances are commonly those which 'eside in the water. In aquatic animals, tic part, indeed, was attended to by Linnæus, in com- anointed with some poisonous liquid, to preserve it is in geneal smooth, often pliable; and, in many mon with the two other kingdoms of nature; but them from the attacks of insects. In a small tract cases its texture is so soft and delicate, that it ap his arrangement of animals is much less satisfacto- entitled Taxidermy, will be found plain instructions pears like mucus. It assumes, likewise, other apry than his classification of plants; and scarcely any for collecting and preserving zoological specimens. pearances, such as scales, nails, shells and plates, thing was done in comparative anatomy and physi- In naming animals, the same principles are fol which deserves the attentive consideration of the ology, till within the last half century The great-lowed as in naming plants; but it is remarkable, as naturalist, a furnishing him with important characest improvers of this science are Hunter and Cu Dr. Fleming has observed, that while in botany and ters for the arrangement of animals vier; but the most valuable works for the study of mineralogy, generic titles are frequently the names

The mucu web occurs immediately underneath

Certicates will be required of the quantity of milk given, and the mode of feeding for thirty days, together with the quantity of butter produced in any one week; the date of the week from the time of calving being specified.

For the best heifer under three and over one year old, .

For the second best of any age,

10

Each of a size for man or woman. The dyeing of all domestic fabrics to be done $15 at home; and in deciding upon their qualities the 10 judges will award the premiums to such as shall be 5 not only the best, but also the handsomest, in their 10 colours, figures and texture.