SPORTING OLIO. EXTRACT. I enclose you some pedigrees which have been called for-Trimmer, in a form which will not be good Dove, imported by Doctor Ham by that noted horse Partner, and from a full blood- | horse on the continent. He was got by Col. Sharpe's leap, or five pounds to ensure a colt, with five shil- bred by Mr. Croft, of Yorkshire, in England-his March 28th, 1775. JAMES M'CULLOUGH. AMERICAN DRAY HORSE. To cover this season, at the stable of the subscriber, in Francis. He is rising four years old, and is counted by the as questioned. Old Cub, also, he was the sire of much Marcus-Hook, March 27, 1775. THE CAPITAL HORSE, CALLED DON CARLOS. Will cover this season, at Col. Benjamin Nicholson's plantation, near Baltimore Town, for 10 bushels of merchantable wheat, delivered at any mer Wye Queen-Anne's county, Maryland, February 28, 1763. Will cover the coming season, on Sundays, Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, at my farm, near ye Mill; on Tuesdays and Thursdays, at Cosden's Cross Roads; and on Saturdays, at Tuckahoe Bridge; for ten bushels of clean merchantable wheat each mare, to be paid on or before the first day of October next, under the penalty of half a bushel of wheat for every month it remains unpaid after that day. Three shillings and nine pence must be paid me when each mare is first covered, or five shillings if lest unpaid one month after. Tanner is a beautiful dark bay, full fifteen hande high, and possesses an uncommon share of action, bone and beauty. He was got by Tanner, out of Camilla. The sire was a high-bred son of Cade, and imported by Daniel Wolstenholme, Esq. of this state, and shipped by Osgood Hanbury, of London, who advised 200 guineas had been offered for him. For his performances on the turf, see Hebor, 1761 and 1762. Camilla was got by Tanner, out of Stella. Stella was got by Col. Tasker's Othello, out of his famous mare Selima, who was full sister to Mr. Gallaway's Selim. The wheat may be delivered at Tuckahoe Bridge, Cosden's Cross Roads, and at Gibson's Granary on chant mill in Baltimore county, before the 10th day Lately imported from England (and I believe the only true bred imported horse now in Pennsylvania) will be allowed to cover thirty mares this season, at my stables near Marcus-Hook, for two guineas each, and a crown to the groom. Slim is a beautiful won four King's plates) out of the famous mare sprightly horse, of fine action, sound and free from Primrose. Primrose was got by the imported horse blemish, a dark chesnut, prettily marked, full 15 Dove, out of Stella. Stella was got by Othello, out hands and one inch high, and but seven years old of Selima. Selima was imported, and got by the this grass. I might now give a long history of his pedigree and performance, proving him to be related to some of the finest in England; but as it seems unnecessary, shall only say, he was got by Mr. Wildman's Babram, his dam by Mr. Rogers' Babram, and his grandam by Sidbury, out of Lord Portsmouth's Ebony; he has won plates, and beat capital horses, both in England and America, from which, it is very clear, he justly merits the character of a horse of the first rate, and as such is recommended by ARCHIBALD DICK. Godolphin Arabian. - The best of pasturage for mares. April 20, 1780. MICHAEL NIEL. Patapsco Neck, April 19, 1780. The property of Mr. James Gittings, and the sub- This being the first of Slim's performance, in the vered at either of the owners' farms, on or before the covering way, and in order that those who send first day of November next, or one hundred and mares may have a good chance, he will not be let twenty pounds current money sent with the mare. to more than thirty, it being a great mistake in ma- Sampson is a handsome brown horse, rising 5 ny, horses, to suffer them so much years old, 15 hands high, very strong, powerful and crowded with mares, as to render the chance of colts very indifferent. Gentlemen who make choice of Slim, would do well to send in their names soon, and engage for the season. The complete country horse Lock, (so noted for getting good draft horses) which I purchased from Mr. Abiah Taylor, will also cover at the above place, for three dollars the season. active, in direct descent from that remarkable fine LIBERTY, The property of Capt. Charles Ridgely, will cover this season, at my dwelling-plantation, in Harford To Cover this season, at the stable of the subscriber, county, near David Lee's mills, about 5 miles from that noted full blooded horse PENNSYLVANIA FARMER, Without exception, the greatest beauty on the continent, bred by Colonel Taylor, of Virginia, got the first day August. HENRY CARTER. YOUNG SPOT, Will cover this season at the Rocks, Berkeley county, four miles below Snicker's Gap; he is a thorough bred horse, 15 hands 1 inch high, and complete in every respect, imported by Mr. Hyde of Fredericksburg. The following pedigree will prove him to be as high bred as any horse in England. The original may be seen here, and runs in the following words:-"The chesnut horse I sold Mr. Hyde was bred as follows: He was got by Edmund Turner, Esquire's, horse Spot; Spot was got by the Duke of Ancaster's horse Blank, which covered at ten guineas a mare; Spot's dam was got by Mr. Martindale's old horse Regulus, which won nine King's plates; the chesnut horse's dam was got by Jig, and Jig by the Duke of Bolton's Goliah, which here won nine King's plates; his grandam by Tom Jones, his great grandam by Young Grey Hound; Tom Jones was got by Old Partner, which horse covered at Elkington, Lincolnshire, July 9, 1785." Young Spot will cover at one guinea the single leap, Joppa, at 12 bushels of wheat, to be paid in Octo- or two guineas the season. No mares will be cober next, or 240l. continental cash, to be paid at vered unless one half the money is paid down and a the time of covering. He is 15 hands 1 inch high, note for the other half when taken away. I will re8 years old, a beautiful bay, with black legs, mane ceive corn at los. per barrel, rye at 2s. 6d. and and tail, and is equal, in figure and blood, to any wheat at 4s. delivered at my mill. Good pasturage Young horses generally are accustomed to live and breathe in a pure and open air till they come of age, and are fit for labour; it is then found con venient to house them. This produces a considerable change in their bodies, and makes them liable to be greatly affected by the temperature of the air which surrounds them, and in which they breathe. That the generality of stables are kept too close and hot, requires no demonstration, as every one who goes into them, (even when the weather is pretty cool) must have discovered this from their own feelings; and in the summer season the heat within them is increased to a very great degree. What renders it still worse it frequently happens that from the situation and structure of many stables, no opening can be made to allow a sufficient quantity of fresh air, so as to enable horses confined in them to breathe with any tolerable degree of freedom. The door is the only entrance for air, RECIPES. REMEDY FOR A SORE THROAT. We are informed by a person, who has experienced its good effects, that the essence of tar is a remedy for that affection of the throat, which oftentimes terminates in ulcers, and sometimes proves fatal. The essence of tar may be had of apotheca rowing,) upon the first setting out in life, start with a stranger, I of course could not re- toms of the complaint are selt, in CURE FOR THE FEVER AND AGUE. ten years old with the question, "Dadda wants to without advice from a regular physician. mended it is wanted for my own use. and that can only happen occasionally when it is to beat the blame till it comes to my ears, when I Commence by cleansing the stomach with Caloopen. It is true the intercourse that must unavoid ably take place through the day in going out and in knowledge. Thus things go on till hardly a tool is an adult is two table spoonsful every two hours, durrenders such stables tolerably fresh aired; yet in the mornings, when the door has been shut for some hours through the night, and especially in the summer, the heat is intolerable, and the air so foul that a man can hardly breathe in it, whilst at the same time the sharpness of the salts, arising from the horse's urine, &c. attacks his nose and eyes, and occasions a copious discharge of tears. MISCELLANEOUS. METEOROLOGY OF AUGUST, AT BALTIMORE. Mean temperature early in the morning, 68.3°. Mean temperature in the afternoon, 85.2°. Lowest 15th, 25th and 27th, 74°-26th, 68°. Mean temperature at 1 hour past sun-set, 77.8°. WINDS-From N. to E. the latter alone inclusive, 12 WEATHER-Rain on 9 days; thunder twice. Dear Sir-It has been said by an eminent writer that "The spirit of inquiry is a characteristic of the age in which we live." Had he lived in the neighbourhood of this place, and, perhaps, of many taken occasionally for a few days after the patient has got well. The great charm in this medicine appears to arise from the Volatile Salts, for which the find that the borrower has returned it without my mel and Jalap, or Calomel and Salts. A dose for "cream of tartar" is no substitute. Bark is frequently known to bring on a return of fever, with this mixture-never. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1827. In our number of the 24th ult. a bird's-eye the latter of which, I think, will be the best. Can view was taken of what Ohio was, what it is, and no remedy be afforded by you; I hope some one of A. P. stand in the stable Yours in affliction, A. P. To FATTEN FOWL.-At this season of the year, others, he would have been ready to exclaim in its the most economical method of fattening chickens stead, "The spirit of borrowing is a characteristic of is to give them curdled milk. The practice, as far the age in which we live," and, perhaps, this last as we have observed, is to shut them up in some would have been as applicable as the former It cool place, and confine them to sour coagulated is a notorious fact that some people (forgetting the milk, with a little meal or corn two or three times old proverb, "He that goes a borrowing goes a sor- a week. On this food they soon become fat. what it is to be-suggested by the perusal of the anticipations expressed by the Postmaster-General on a late occasion, in regard to that state, which brief essay was closed with the following remark: "Finally, we hope to see telegraphs take their appropriate rank amongst American improvements, and by their means, give to intelligence the wings of light." As a commentary on that suggestion, let the reader peruse and reflect upon the two subjoined extracts. "A French paper gives the following details with respect to the rapidity of communication by means of the telegraph. At Paris, news arrives from Lisle, 60 leagues, or 180 miles, in two laiss, 200 minutes from Caconds; from Toulon, 330 miles, in thirteen minutes fifty seconds; from Bayonne, 300 miles, in fourteen minutes; from Brest, 450 miles, in six minutes five seconds; and from Strasburg, 360 miles, in five minutes thirty-two seconds." [Nat. Intel. Aug. 25, 1827. "Accounts from Marseilles [300 miles from Paris,] state that an attempt was made, by the customhouse of that place, to prevent the embarkation of a train of artillery, destined for the Greeks; upon which remonstrances were sent to Paris. By telegraphic orders returned, the armament was allowed to be despatched." [Nat. Intel. Aug. 29, 1827. This order, if we compare the time necessary to communicate with Toulon, would demand about twelve minutes to leave the minister's office in Paris, and be received at the custom-house in the city of Marseilles. Let us examine the preceding data and British Machinist," (Carey's edition, Philadelin a tabular form: Here we are taught that in six telegraphic routes, making together 1824 miles, that intelligence is conveyed in 2732 seconds. This rate of motion is about 14 seconds to the mile-40 miles per minute, or 2400 miles hourly! The velocity of sound in the atmosphere is very nearly 18 miles per minute, or 780 miles hourly. The mean rapidity of heavy cannon balls is about 480 miles an hour, when propelled by a due charge of powder; we have, consequently, in the telegraph, a vehicle of intercommunication, with intercommunication. a power of transmission upwards of three-fold greater than sound, and five-fold greater than the motion of a cannon ball. phia, 1826,) page 400, for a description of the me- FOR SALE, OR EXCHANGE, a South American Port Kent, Essex Co., N. Y., Aug. 19, 1827. I observe in your American Farmer, No. 21, a letter from Thomas Gold, purporting to bear date. The inequality in the above table arises, no doubt, from the different features of the intermediate 1807. It should have been 1817, the year Mr. Gold country. Facilities of erecting stations, must vary was President of the Berkshire Agricultural Socie on any two routes; therefore the time must of course ty. vary. We now proceed to apply the data to the United States. From Washington City to New York, the distance may be expressed in round numbers 240 miles, and if we allow five seconds to the mile, a well constructed and managed line of telegraphs, would convey intelligence to Baltimore in little more than 34 minutes; to Philadelphia, in 9 1-6 minutes; and through the whole line to New York, in little more than 20 minutes. Yours, &c. J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. ELKANAH WATSON. ITEMS FROM LATE ENGLISH PAPERS. American Funds, July 20.-Three per Cent. at pleasure, 72+ a 73; U. S. Bank Shares, 1.244 a 25; New York Five, 1837, 95%; Louisiana Five, 1834, 97 a 98; Exchange, 9 a 10 premium. MANUFACTURES.-The Parliamentary returns ex hibit a considerable decrease in the exports of Bri- If such inductions were made from rational theo ry, they would even then merit attention; but founded as they are on facts, and on the actual experience of one of the most enlightened of modern nations, ports have fallen off in the following proportions: they ought to command, promptly, the attention of the American publick. We are shown that the telegraph literally gives to the human intellect "wings of light." If we suppose the distance from Washington to New Orleans to be 1000 miles, and again estimate for various difficulties on so long a route, that it would require 30 seconds to each mile; still inter communication could be effected in eight hours and twenty seconds; and at the utmost delay, despatches sent and replied to on the second day. We may, indeed, pause and reflect on the peculiar march of improvement. One of the first maps ever brought to Europe, was one made by order of Aristagoras of Samos, engraved on a plate of brass, and brought by him to Athens and Sparta, 504 years before the Christian era; and yet maps from metallic plates, are an invention posterior to that of printing from metallic types. The telegraph, in a rude form, was used by the Greeks, five centuries before our era; or twenty three centuries past, and with all its THE METHODISTS -It was stated by the Rev. Samuel Dunn, Wesleyan Minister of this town, when preaching in the Methodist Chapel, North Shields, on Sunday week, that since the late Rev. John Wesley first commenced preaching, (which he did as a missionary in North America about ninety years ago,) the christian body, called Wesleyan Methodists, had increased to the large number of 600,000 members in church fellowship, in connexion with whom were nearly 2,500 itinerant, and 10,000 local preachers. TOBACCO.-Statement of the number of hhds. inspected and shipped, for the month of August. Inspected. Shipped. 2, BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT. Reported for the American Farmer, by Lewis Sutton & Co. MARYLAND TOBACCO has been a ready sale, and at fair prices, during the present week; we have sold some parcels of Maryland common and seconds, raised in Calvert county, at $3.874 a 4.00; and we know of much more, some of which has sold, we believe, as high as 6.00. We do not think that such tobacco has met a better sale this year in our market. Ohio is still a heavy sale, and plenty in the market. The quantity in market of Maryland is very limited-Ohio, abundant; Kentucky, a tolerable supply; Virginia fat, scarce; Maryland leafy, for cigar wrapping, scarce and in demand. Seconds, as in quality, $3.00 a 6.00-common crop, 3.50 a 4.00-Do. red, 4.50 a 4.75-good red, 5.00 a 6.00 -Fine red, 7.00 a 8.00-Yellow and red, 7.00 a 10.00Yellow, 6.50 a 10.00-Fine Yellow, 15.00 a 20.00-Virginia fine, 6.00 a 8.00-Rappahannock, (none)-Kentucky, fine, 3.50 a 6.00--do. wrapping, 7.00 a 8.00. FLOUR-super. $4.87 a 5.00-city mills, 4.50 a 4.75Susq. 4.50-super white family, 600-CORN MEAL, per cwt. 1.50--GRAIN, white wheat, 1.00 a 1.05-best red do. .80 4.90-ordinary good, .50 a 75--CORN, white .50 a 54-yellow, .48-RYE, .40 a .45-OATS, .23 a .28WHITE BEANS, 1.25-PEAS, .50-CLOVER seed, 3.50 a Cotton cloth, from 344,000,000 to 267,000,000 yds. 4.00-TIMOTHY, 3.00-BARLEY, .70.75-FLAXSEED, .75 22-unwashed, 16-crossed blood, 22 a 24-half do. .24 a.26-three-quarter do. .26 a 28-full blood, 30 a 35-BACON, hams, .9 a 10-middlings, . a .74-hog around 6 4.7-FISH, Herrings, 2.50 a 2.75-Shad, 6.50 a 1.00-Mackerel, 3.50 a 4.75 a 5.25-Beef, on the hoof, 4.50 a 5.00-hogs, do. 3.50 a 4.00-Lambs, 1 a 2Veal, a.3-Chickens, per doz. 1.50 a 2.00-Butter, new, 15 a .25. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Wool Season-Wiltshire. - Sheep-shearing is nearly over, and sheep turn out of their wool in a very varied state; some pretty fair, some tolerable, as to condition, others miserably poor; but, on the Stock-Culture of Woad-Great product and value of Original Notices on Crops and Manures, by Practical men, On Soiling Cattle, Salt, Bone dust Manure, Mangel Wurtzel and Cabbages as winter food for Live whole, as well or better than could have been exGuinea Corn-Culture of Woad in Europe-Zoology, pected after such a winter, so destitute of means of On the Study of the Animal Kingdom, with reference to Agriculture, continued-Inquiry on Stone and Live support. It is not a matter of surprise, and hardly Fences, Barley and Palma Christi-Sale of Rams at prodigious and obvious effects, remains confined to of regret, under our present circumstances, that the Brighton, Mass.-On Curing Tobacco-Silk Trade of mere local experiment, in place of being an insepa- clip of wool turns out light. The price of this un- Great Britain-Letters from Wm. Prince of Long Island, rable appendage to every very much frequented equented fortunate commodity declines rather than advances, on the Rosa Centifolia, on an extraordinary plum, road. May we hope that the United States are des- and the grower has no other alternative for the pre- called Hulings' Superb, and the Potato, (Solanum Tutined to give at once to mankind, the first efficient sent, than patience or submission to ruinously low berosum) - Cauliflowers-Germinating principle of opportunity to develope their physical and moral prices; and, for the future, can only look for relief force? The day may dawn in the current century, when intelligence will fly along the Appalachian chain from peak to peak, with a celerity outstripping the winds, and permit society at its extremes, to con verse daily. SILK.-The interest which is now taken in the culture and manufacture of silk, prompts us to refer the reader to "Nicholson's Operative Mechanic Seeds. On ear duration children, Independence an increased briskness of trade in the manufac- -Pedigrees of Celebrated Horses, Slim, Pennsylvania turing districts, and a consequent absorption of the Farmer, American Dray Horse, Don Carlos, Sampson, Liberty, Tanner, and Young Spot-On Stables-Meteorology of August at Baltimore-On Borrowing and The Gazette, of Tuesday, announces the ap- Lending--Recipes, Remedy for a Sore Throat-Cure pointment of the Marquis of Lansdowne to the office for Fever and Ague Editorial Remarks on the Teleof Secretary of State for the Home Department; of graph-Items from late English papers-Prices Current. the Earl of Carlisle to that of Keeper of the Great Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Tov, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts., where every description of Book and Job Printing is handsomely executed. No. 26. VOL. 9. AGRICULTURE. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, SEPTEMBER 14, 1827. ORIGINAL NOTICES ON CROPS AND MA NURES, BY PRACTICAL MEN. On substitutes for Hay-Indian Corn sown broadcast Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. The drought of the last spring so much diminished the crops of hay, that various substitutes were suggested for long fodder. A field was ploughed early in June; part was manured with ashes; part with rotten horse dung; part with bones broken and strewed, at the rate of 250 bushels per acre; the ashes at the rate of 200; the horse dung in quantities equal to 350 bushels per acre. On substitutes for Hay-Indian Corn sown broadcast Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. After a rye crop had been taken, the richest part of the field was ploughed; yellow Scotch and white turnip seeds were sown with Bennett's trough, and were managed as before. One acre of the same field was at the same time ploughed; four bushels of Indian corn were sown and ploughed under, with a very shallow furrow; an 201 sons, which I have explained at length. Mr. Dupont, of Delaware, has cultivated it extensively, and continues to entertain the highest opinion of its value. I am not aware of any evil attending its use as long fodder, except when it has been allowed to become ripe; some danger is then to be apprehended to neat cattle, from swallowing the grain unbroken, which, adhering closely in the stomach, cannot be ejected for the purpose of rumination: in one instance I have known it to cause death. Si milar effects are sometimes produced by feeding cattle upon Indian meal, without mixture with cut adjoining acre, which had not been previously hay or straw. The animal having been tied in a ploughed, was sown with the same quantity of the stall, and tempted to consume as much as possible, same corn, which was in the same manner ploughed the system is made sluggish by the want of exer under with the stubble; it was all harrowed and cise; the stomach loaded with fat, becomes unrolled. The land had been limed five years since, able to perform its office-the indigestible meal coand was in fine tilth. The turnips failed entirely; heres, causes sometimes apoplexy, and always inthe corn vegetated regularly, covered the ground jury to the beast. Upon one acre of the field, three bushels of In- was mown when in full blossom; treated exactly as dian corn, and a bushel of millet seeds; were sown hay; but from the succulence of the stalks, it retogether; the land was heavily harrowed and roll- quired much more time and attention, before it ed. As the millet seeds were bad, and the Indian could be housed. corn had been a long time threshed, twice the quan I found my cattle to day contending for it eager thickly, and put out tassels when five feet high. It Graziers, feeders, and dairy farmers, have various appellations for the diseases, with which their animals are assailed; and if the nostrums and hard names which cattle doctors have given in English books were to be regarded, the maladies of neat cattle might be considered almost as numerous as those of our own race; whereas, in fact, they are very few, exhibiting in different stages various symptoms, in most cases to be ascribed to sudden changes of temperature; to bad management; to external injuries and excess, or deficiency in the supply of food. Free circulation of air; due proportions in tity was sown, which it was supposed would vege-ly, when portions of it were thrown before them tate. The millet seeds principally failed. Not more the midst of the most fragrant clover hay. The than a third of the corn appeared above the ground. quantity was estimated at two tons per acre. Upon adjoining portions of the field, ruta baga, Upon another field, which, after having been fif yellow Scotch, and flat red top turnip seeds were sewn with Bennett's trough, at the rate of five pounds per acre. The turnip seeds were lightly harrowed and rolled; the portions of the field so occupied, were in a state of as high cultivation as a garden. Wher the leaves were about an inch and an half long, ali the turnips were harrowed with a light seed harrow. For some time they appeared feebie, but they revived in forty-eight hours, and grew more luxurantly than I had hoped. I caused a line to be stretched along the field by teen years in common, was manured with oyster- half per acre. In another part of the same field, manure taken fresh from the stable, was spread upon sward which had been limed as in the last instance. About three bushels of Indian corn were sown on the dung, and which a man was enabled to scuffle rapidly, a space were ploughed under with the sward, which was equal to twelve inches, as he advanced in a straight after harrowed and rolled. Fewer seeds were used, direction. The line was removed until rows sax as it was supposed the manure would cause most of inches wide were made in succession, throughout them to vegetate vigorously. the field, leaving the plants as if they had been re- This piece of land, although much shaded by a gularly drilled; thus diminishing the expense of close row of trees on its southern boundary, pro hoeing, which, by American labourers, is little un- duced more abundantly than the last. It was cut derstood. tives; copious bleeding, large and repeated doses of remedies for disease. I have the honour to be, &c. JOHN HARE POWEL. To the President of the Penn. Agric. Society. European practices inapplicable in America-on Manures, recent and old-Composts, their application and cost. By J. H. POWEL, Esq. Powelion, Feb. 1, 1827. It will be obviously remarked, the might have from the results of all these experiments, that four stance, I am led to apprehend, is this remark more observed, that the latter part of the season was un- regulated American farms may be brought to abound, JOHN HARE POWEL. On substitutes for Hay-Millet, its value as long It has been alleged, that where old grass lands require top dressing, compos's become the most effective and cheapest manures. I am prepared to admit, that a compost heap which can be obtained without much labour or expense in its preparation, should always be regarded as an important item in The ruta baga yielded at the rate of about 400 bushels per acre; neither the 'ellow Scotch turnips nor white turnips were wortl gathering. The In- To the President of the Penn. Agric. Society. dian corn, although intended to be taken whilst green for long fodder, was alowed to become mature, as it promised to prodice much grain. It was cut close to the ground, and bound in the usual mode in small stacks. It yielded thirty bushels of Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827. corn-a very large quanity of long fodder, wnich was estimated at the time, and has since, by the Notwithstanding the success in the experiments number of cattle which it has supported, been con- with Indian corn, I should prefer millet as a substisidered equal to two and an half tons of hay. No tute for hay, and I should have last year have followed the economy of the farm. The commixture of labour was applied to the Indian corn after it was it if I could have procured seeds of good quality. I earth, ammal matter, green weeds, or other vegetarolled, until it was gathered. have obtained, in various seasons, three tons of mil- bles, should never be neglected, provided they be These experiments with Indian corn, Swedish let per acre; and in one, much more than that quan- at hand; but I am assured they should not be "maturnips, yellow Scotch and white turnips, have con- tity, so far as it could be estimated by weighing one nufactured" by repeated moving, but should be left firmed the opinions I have held, that turnips are not profitable in an Indian corn country, except with particular objects-more especially, as in this climate, mangel wurtzel supplies at much less cost, the purposes which they are intended to meet. I have the honour to be, &c. JOHN HARE POWEL. To the President of the Penn. Agric. Society.. load, and keeping an accurate account of the rest, I am not disposed to consider it a substitute for to the operation of heat and moisture, until they can be employed, and if practicable, be incorporated intimately with the soil. Recent animal manures I have always considered the most effective and the most lasting, whether they be applied to the surface, or be turned under by the plough. Parts of my grass lands have been, during several years, subjected to a variety of experiments, is destined to serve. The teeth contain the largest In true joints the articular surfaces are envelopwhich have confirmed the opinions I advance. In portion of earthy matter. Remarkable differences ed with cartilage, remarkable for the smoothness of March, 1824, I caused "long dung" to be spread are likewise observable, according to the class or its free surface, and its intimate union with the upon a field of fifteen acres, adjoining one of the species. bone, of which it forms a protecting covering. The same extent, upon which equal quantities of rotten manure had, early in the autumn, been strewed. especially in youth. In the case of fracture, the cartilage, but is prolonged like a sheath over the The field was harrowed; the long straw was collect- periosteum inflames and swells, the crevice is filled joint, until it joins that of the opposite bone It ed by an horse rake; was returned to the barn yard up by a cartilaginous basis, abounding in vessels, Bone is readily reproduced, in small quantities, periosteum is not continued over the surface of the thus forms a close bag at the joint, in which nothing a mu early in May, and placed in the bottom of a deep and the earthy matter is at length deposited, giving trench, where it was saturated with the water escap- to the fractured part, in many cases, a greater de ing from the stables and dung heaps on the margin of gree of strength than it originally possessed. ssessed. In the fold. The land upon which the recent dung animals of the deer kind, the horns, which are true had been spread, produced certainly much the bone, are annually cast off; a natural joint forming larger crop of grass. In 1835, similar experiments at their base, between them and the bones of the were made by putting rotten manure in the autumn, cranium, with which they are connected. They Ligaments. Besides the sheath formed by the and fresh manure in the spring, upon equal parts of are afterwards reproduced under a skin or perios continuation of the periosteum, and which is too the field, to which the rotten manure alone had teum, which the animal rubs off when the new slender to retain the bones in their proper place, been applied in the autumn of 1823; similar results horns have attained their proper size. In some the joints are furnished with ligaments. These are cases of disease, the earthy matter is again absorb- membranes of a dense fibrous texture, flexible, elasIn the last year the same experiment was tried ed into the system, the cartilaginous basis predomi- tic. and possessed of great tenacity. They have by covering portions of the other field with old manates, and the bones become soft and tender. This their insertion in the periosteum and bone, with nure in the autumn, and a part with long dung in takes place in the disease of youth termed rickets, which they are intimately united. The motions the spring; the results were as they had been be- and in a similar complaint of advanced life, known which joints of this kind are capable of performing, were obtained. fore. The straw having been soaked and bleached by exposure, was loosened by the harrow; collected by an horse rake, and after was used throughout the summer as litter for bulls, which are necessarily confined upon a breeding farm. The crop of grass, in despite of the extraordina ry drought, much exceeded any which I have had from the same land. I have the honour to be, &c. JOHN HARE POWEL. To the President of the Penn. Agric. Society. ZOOLOGY. under the name of mollities ossium. In other in Cartilage can scarcely be said to differ in its na OF THE STUDY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM WITH RE- from an elongation of the cartilaginous basis. FERENCE TO AGRICULTURE. Internal Anatomy of Animals. Animal anatomy admits of three divisions, the osseous, the muscular, and the nervous structure of animals. Osseous Structure of Animals. may be reduced to three kinds-flexion; twisting, and sliding. In flexion, the free extremity of the bone which is moved, approaches the bone which is fixed, describing the segment of a circle, whose centre is in the joint. In twisting, the bone which is moved turns round its own axis, passing through thearticulation. In sliding, the free extremity of the bone moved, approaches the bone which is fixed, in a straight line. Muscular Structure of Animals. The muscles are the organs by which motion is executed; they unfold the most singular mechanism of par's, and an infinite variety of movements. The muscles appear in the form of large bundles, consisting of cords; these, again, are formed of smaller Where it occurs at a joint with considerable mo threads, which are capable of division into the prition, it is termed articular or obducent cartilage. In mary filaments. Each muscle, and all its compoother cases, it occurs as a connecting medium be-nent cords and filaments, is enveloped by a covertween bones which have no articular surfaces, but ing of cellular membrane, liberally supplied by where a variable degree of motion is requisite.- blood vessels and nerves. At the extremities of the The ribs are united to the breast bone in this man-muscular fibres, where they are attached to the ner. Between the different vertebræ, there are in- more solid parts, there are usually threads of a subterposed layers of cartilage, by which the motions stance, differing in its appearance from the muscle, of the spine are greatly facilitated. As these con and denominated tendon, or sinew The tendons necting cartilages are compressible and elastic, the are, in general, of a silvery-white colour, a close, The organs of external anatomy are generally considered as destined for protection; while those of the interior of the animal, or the bones, give sta- spine is shortened when the body remains long in a firm, fibrous texture, and possess great tenacity The bility to the power, support the muscles, and afford vertical position, owing to the superincumbent threads of which they consist, are attached on the levers for the execution of locomotion. Bones may be considered in regard to their composition, arti culations, and arrangement. All bones are composed of the periosteum, cartilaginous basis, earthy matter and fat. The periosteum bears the same relation to the bone as the skin to the body, serving as a covering for its surface, and a sheath for the different cavities which enter it. It varies in thickness, accord pressure. Hence it is that the height of man is al-one extremity to the surface of a bone, or other The articulations of bones, exhibit such remarka and execute all the motions of the body. The ing to the nature of the bone. Its texture is obvi- ble differences, in respect to surface, connection, causes which excite them to action, may be reduced ously fibrous; and it possesses blood vessels. Its and motion, that anatomists have found it difficult to two kinds. In the first, the will, through the sensibility indicates the existence of the nerves. to give to each manner of union an appropriate medium of the nerves, excites the irritability of the The cartilaginous basis consists of gelatine and name and character. We shall only notice the fibres; and in the second the action is produced by coagulated albumen. The earthy matter is chiefly most obvious kinds and motions, and these admit of the application of external objects, either directly, phosphate of lime, and the fat resembles that of two divisions, the true joints and the motionless the fixed oils. junctions. Bones increase in size, not as in shells, scales, or In the motionless junctions, the connecting sur horns, by the addition of layers to the internal sur- faces come into close and permanent contact, as in face, but by the expansion of the cartilaginous ba- the serrated edges of the bones of the human skull, sis, which, when it becomes saturated with earthy or the even edges edges of the bones of the heads of qua matter, is incapable of farther enlargement. This drupeds and birds. Sometimes a pit in one bone is the reason why the bones of young animals are receives the extremity of another like a wedge; as soft and flexible, while those of old animals are hard in the case of the human teeth: in other cases the and brittle. The proportion between the cartilaginous basis, and the earthy matter, differs not only in every ani mal according to age, the earthy matter being smallest in youth, but, likewise, according to the nature of the bone itself, and the purposes which it or by the medium of the nerves. The changes which take place in the tenacity of muscles after death, are very remarkable. The same force which they could resist with ease, in a living state, is sufficient to tear them to pieces after the vital principle has departed. The functions of the muscles are either those of rest or motion. Many animals protect themselves against the disturbing movements of the air and one bone has a cavity with a protuberance at its water, by placing their bodies in a prone position. To give still greater efficacy to this protecting attitude, they retire to valleys, woods, or dens, on the earth, or to the deepest places in the waters; and are thus ade, by the weight of their own bodies, and the advantage of their position, to outlive the |