apium gravcolens, has been changed into delici- | ous celery; and the common colewort, appears, by culture, under the improved forms of cabbage, savoy and cauliflower. How infinite and sublime are the subjects of reflection! How subtle and complex are the objects of admiration, connected with the purposes of agriculture! From the highest to the lowest rank of animated nature, are found branches of useful study for the cultivator of the soil: the very tribe of insects imperiously call for his judgment and attention; some species assist him in the pleasures and necessities of his life; and he must learn to preserve them; while others are unwelcome intruders upon the fruits of his industry; and he must learn to intrench himself against them. 2,200 " 3,000" members who sent for the same. On this point, ceptible. An association of this kind, well and AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS. spiritedly conducted, must be of great benefit to the We have frequently called the attention of far- farmer, and if we are not mistaken, has communimers to the importance of associations for mutual cated to farming operations in the town where it is The magnitude of my subject, the providential improvement, and for the promotion of their farm-located, a highly important impulse, and effected a mysteries and fascinations of agriculture,will palliate ing interests; but we hope a repetition of the call very considerable saving in the annual and necessathe offence of my devotion; its science is enchanting will not be unacceptable. Of all classes in commu-ry expenditure of the members. and boundless; its practice is co-equal and co-ordi-nity, agriculturists are most benefited by associa- however, the following certificate, which accompanate with the creation of man; its march is paritions. Living at some distance from each other, nied the constitution sent to us, will speak for itself: passu with that of his moral virtue, and his intellectu- they have not frequent opportunities to interchange Certificate.-We hereby certify that the Brookal character; it has been employed as the first instru- opinions, and consequently are less under the happy field Farmers' Association was organized in 1824, ment of his creator to accomplish his great and glo-influence of emulation than those of most other pur-under a voluntary and free constitution, in which rious ends; and he who holds it in contempt, he suits. In cities there are societies for gardeners, at year they sent to the New York market, over who holds it subordinate, he who does not assign to the meetings of which, each takes a pride in exhib40,000 lbs. cheese, 1,000 lbs. butter. it its lofty position in the temple of science, its pre-iting the best productions of his garden-societies 1825-50,000 " 66 eminence in the circle of useful arts, is entitled to for the promotion of manufactures and the me1826-88,000 " 66 our sympathy and commiseration. chanic arts, the members of which enjoy the benefits either of libraries, of periodical addresses or At a saving of from one to one and a half cents lectures, or of the exhibition of their productions. per pound over what the cheese could have been And even in the country, most mechanics, from the sold for near home, and from four to five cents per nature of their business, are often brought together pound on the butter; besides some saving on lard, in numbers sufficiently large to borrow improve- potatoes, and about seventy head of ordinary catment from each other, and promote inquiry. But tle. And from thirty to fifty per cent. on, from one the farmer works single-handed and alone, conse-hundred to three hundred and fifty dollars worth of quently the spirit of inquiry and enterprise lies dor- family groceries each year, in return to each of the mant. To this cause is to be attributed, in past ages, the slow progress of improvement in agriculture, Besides these advantages, stimulating to industry and the antipathy of farmers to any innovations in and enterprise, and tending to increase the price of established customs. But since they have begun to produce in the adjoining towns; others consist in fessor Say of Pennsylvania, has commenced a pub-ment has been made in every branch of rural pur- breed of cattle, horses and sheep, manufacturing Upon this subject of American entomology, pro-associate, and to extend information, great advance- social meetings, in which inquiries are made into the best method of cultivating farms, improving the lication of the results of his own researches; his in-suit-agriculture has opened a wide field for the choate labours offer the fair promise of a splendid display of industry and enterprise, and given a scope cloth, making butter and cheese, preserving the wreath for individual merit and national benefit; if sufficiently ample for the most active minds. In same, curing hams, meat, &c. lost for want of patronage, the American agricultor the pursuit of it, there are continual occurrences in- In 1824, the society consisted of about twentywill have neglected his interest-the student of na- viting to investigations that require the most accu-five members; in 1825, of thirty-five or forty; and tural science, a source of infinite gratification. rate and extended acquaintance with the laws of it now consists of more than seventy members; and Other and more popular branches of study, zoolo- nature. is like to become so large as to branch into other gy in general, botany, chemistry; in fact, the whole We are confident that it would be greatly for the societies. S. H. COON, President. scope of the material world, organic and inorganic, interest of the farmers of every town, to form an as- Brookfield, Dec. 1826. [N. Y. Journal. contribute to the dignity and fame of agriculture, sociation adapted to their peculiar circumstances. To and invite us to the apt effusion of the poet "mobi-illustrate our meaning, and to promote the object MANUFACTURE OF COTTON IN THE litate viget, viresque acquirit eundo." we have in view, we will subjoin, as a specimen, an Finally, gentlemen, the present distresses of our account of an Improved Agricultural Society, formagricultural community demand of us to exert our ed three years ago in Brookfield, Madison county, best energies; to adopt the sentiment of a homely, New York. though wholesome motto, "excitari, non hebescere:" Among the officers, (says the Journal of Comit cannot be concealed that our farmers are labour-merce,) are of course, a President, Secretary and Sir,-Some of your highly respectable and inteling under unparalleled misfortunes, their wheat Treasurer, whose duties are too obvious to require ligent correspondents, have stated in the Farmer, crops blasted, their corn, in the full luxuriance of explanation. The other officers are one or more in- the prices of slave labour in different parts of Virits promise, arrested in the very crisis of fructifica- spectors, and not less than three nor more than five ginia and Maryland, as well as the expense of maintion, by a hapless and fatal drought; our incipient appraisers. The duty of the inspectors is to inspect tenance. I now transmit to you a bill furnished by and flattering reclamation of marsh lands, has been all the property of members belonging to the so- several very skilful machinists and cotton manufacfrustrated by the floods; a tremendous storm has li-ciety intended for market, (except live stock,) and turers, of the cost of machinery and number of terally swept off, and annihilated our cotton in the decide whether it is suitable and in good condi- hands required to card, spin and weave one hunpromising infancy of its experiment; and odious bul- tion; and no property, not thus inspected and ap-dred yards of cotton, for cotton bagging, per day. letins are daily announcing some new victim to ad- proved, shall be sent to market by the society. This bagging is 42 inches, and will weigh one versity; it may truly be said, the heavens are filled The appraisers' duty consists in viewing and ap- pound per yard. with clouds, and all nature wears a lowering coun- praising all live stock, intended for market by the tenance; inactivity will universalise the evil; sloth members of the society. When a sufficient quanand indolence will merit no relief; and they will ex-tity of live stock, and other property, is prepared to piate their crimes by bitter penance. be sent to market, one or more agents are appoint SOUTHERN STATES. COTTON RECOMMENDED AS THE MATERIAL FOR COT- 2 Cards, to work 100 lbs. per day, will cost $680 1 Stretcher, (80 spindles,) Roving frame, or speeder, Drawing frame, 3 Looms. Cans, Bobbins, &c. 320 150 . 100 60 90 $1400 By well disciplined efforts and economy, another ed to attend its transportation and sale. When this and more propitious sun, under the divine influence, is effected, he returns with a full account of his may shed bis genial lustre upon us; irradiate, with sales, and the monies accruing therefrom are dis his etherial presence, our clouded prospects; pre-tributed to the members in proportion to the proserve us from the precipice of our imminent situa-perty owned and forwarded by them. Another tion; reward us with the fruits of our toil; and heap part of the duty of the agent consists in making Ten hands, mostly women and children, will be upon us, in return for a virtuous perseverance, those purchases. For this purpose, previous to his de-sufficient with an overseer, to manufacture six hunnecessaries, those comforts and those luxuries of parture for market, each member gives to him a dred yards per week. The above machinery is life, which the beneficent great God of nature had minute of the articles he desires, which he accord- well suited to the fabrication of negro clothing. ordained, for the enjoyment of the highest order of ingly purchases, and distributes to the individuals The Virginia and Maryland farmers can readily inhis creation. BROWN BREAD.-Dr. Majendie has shown that if a dog is fed on white bread and water, and confined wholly to that diet, he will die within fifty days; but if the bran is left in the bread, no bad effects are experienced by the animal. requesting them. The conditions of admission are Such is a hasty outline of the organization of the form you what would be the quantity of such goods manufactured by ten hands, employing the common cards, spinning wheel, and old fashioned loom in use on all the southern plantations, where domestic goods are manufactured. I am assured by the manufacturers that a common log or frame building, 25 or 30 feet square, would be sufficient for the above named machines. They can be moved by MR. SKINNER, CARTS.AND WAGONS. a single blind horse, or an ox, or an inclined wheel, | country. In introducing the subjects of sheep and or by a band attached to a water wheel in a mill. wool to you, as I have often done, it was never Either Baltimore or Richmond could furnish houses my intention to give rise to any unprofitable conand power for one hundred such establishments, troversy or strife among my brother wool grow- In answer to the inquiry of "A Subscriber," in and profitable employment for thousands of ne- ers; but, on the contrary, to excite a laudable vol. 9, p. 256, of the American Farmer, as to the groes, "who do no work to-day." Mechanical talent emulation, with a view to build up fine flocks of preference to be given to a cart or a wagon, I would is at market in all the eastern states, and much Merino sheep, and thereby aid in consummating say that it depends whether they are wanted for capital would collect around the new manufactories our independence, which must ever remain incom plantation or road use. Carts are best for the foron account of the cheap labour and abundance of plete so long as we have to rely upon Great Britain mer, and wagons for the latter. The reasons may the material produced in the vicinity. Dr. Jones is or any foreign country, for woollen goods, which be given in a few words: surely good authority for the opinion that the best can so readily and certainly be made at home. I On a plantation, many short turns are made; of operatives can be found among your slaves, and was conscious that we had in this neighbourhood as backing is required to receive or deposit loads; corn that their condition would be greatly ameliorated fine a stock of Merinos as Saxony could produce, ridges are often encountered; loads are to be tumby their employment in manufactories. It is hu- and seeing that a mania was about to rage for "Sax-bled out ten times in a day-and for all these carts mane, it is wise, so to employ them as to enable ony sheep," and the country (as I thought,) about are preferable. On the road, where the labour is their masters to feed and clothe them, and to give to be laid under contribution, I was disposed by ac continual, it is important there should be no weight those habits which would fit them, in due season, tual demonstration, to open the eyes of the farmers upon the necks and backs of the animals, in order for freedom and independence. of the country, and prove to them, that the Ameri- that they may derive ease and rest from standing can Merinoes of the west were equal, in every essenstill, and when moving along a declivity. Hence tial respect, to the boasted Saxons, (indeed, they are wagons, here, have an advantage. precisely the same race of animals;*) and that it was useless to send to Saxony for an article which might On Saturday last, a meeting of the people of be procured at home upon much better terms. And Fredericksburg, Falmouth and the adjoining coun- hence, I have proposed to you the occasional exhi-four feet, and the rims should be rather broader try, was held for the purpose of inquiring into the bition of fine stock rams at some central point of than common, say from 2 to 3 inches wide, to prepolicy of establishing manufactories at the falls of the United States, as well as comparisons of fine vent the injury of the land, or the heavy draught the Rappahannock. Messrs. Harrison and Storrow samples of wool and fleeces. I wish to see as corresulting from a deep cut. All the wheels of a waaddressed the meeting in favour of the project, and rect a feeling cultivated in this country, on the sub-gon should be of the same height, and ought never a number of resolutions were passed, which the ject of wool, as was ever felt in England during her to exceed four feet. One ox, in a cart, can do the Editor of the Arena states he should have been proudest days. work of two horses; and light carts are more con"glad to publish for the benefit of other parts of the venient and useful than heavy ones. state; but that a gentleman to whom they were EXPERIENCE. lent for perusal, carried them off with him, nobody can tell where!" PHILADELPHIENSIS. Manufactures in Virginia. The real value of Merino sheep is not as yet known, and never will be, until our government shall completely protect the manufacturers of the raw material which they produce. Then, and not To the high tariff we were opposed; but as it is until then, will it be discovered that they carry on established, and is likely to remain as the settled their backs a mine of wealth of more intrinsic worth policy of the country, we think Virginia and the than the boasted mines of Potosi-and one altogesouthern states generally, would be playing a churl- ther inexhaustible; which will not only yield its anish part, not to make use of the many advantages nual revenue, but will continue to grow, in proporwhich nature has given them, and avail them-tion to the care and attention bestowed upon it by selves of present favourable circumstances. In our its owner. Both cart and wagon wheels are usually made much too high for ease of draught, or convenience of use. Cart wheels should be considered high at HORTICULTURE. GRAPES. [Extracted from "Prince's Treatise on Horticul ture." The numbers refer to the enumeration in his Catalogue.] opinion the time has arrived for considering this In the American Farmer of the 13th of last July, called the Madeleine. It is the earliest grape known 1. July Grape, or Morillon Hatif. This is also matter seriously; and in order to furnish the best you have published two letters, which have perplex-in France. The bunches are small; the fruit is also information in relation to it, we have recently pub-ed some of our shepherds of the west, by reason of small, of a deep violet colour, and pleasant flavour; lished a number of valuable essays from the Ame- the strange discrepancy in the opinions of the wri- but it is not much esteemed, except for its early marican Farmer, as well as other respectable sources, ters, with regard to the value of two samples of turity; ripens here early in August. tending to show the policy, nay, absolute necessity wool; one from the Saxon flock of Mr. Hurlbert, of of establishing manufactories among us, on a scale Connecticut, the other from my Merino flock; and is a round grape, with a thin skin, and of a delicate 2. White Muscadine, or Early Sweet Water. This suited at least to the home demand. We regret have been appealed to by several persons for an flavour; it is a great bearer, and resembles the the accident which has denied us the pleasure of explanation; to all of whom I have told the plain, White Sweet Water in almost every respect, exlaying before our readers the views of our fellow unvarnished truth, that Mr. Sykes had been himself cept that it ripens much earlier, being usually in citizens of Fredericksburg, on this interesting sub-deceived in giving his opinion as to the value of perfection from the 20th to the end of August. It Petersburg Intel., Nov. 16. of Mr. Hurlbert's wool; and that he had been inno-is recommended as particularly suitable for the cently deceived too, because Mr. Hurlbert "in sending the sample to Mr. Skinner, never intended it for with attention, it will be sure to yield plentifully and country, and for more northern latitudes, where, exhibition, it having been taken from a sheep which regularly. died of sickness." ject. SHEPHERDS' DOGS-SHEEP AND WOOL. DEAR SIR, This information I obtained from Mr. Hurlbert of the earliest grapes; the berries are black, of mo6. Meunier, or Miller's Burgundy. This is one I have to acknowledge the receipt of your several himself, at Harrisburg, who promised me, at the derate size, rather oval, and pretty closely set on letters; the last enclosing one from Gen. Lafayette, same time, that he would write to you and explain the bunches, which are short. Its leaves, particuthe beloved patriarch of Lagrange, in which he the transaction; and I am sure he would have done larly when young, are covered with a white down, kindly promises to send me another pair of shep-so, but that it has escaped his memory. I had, in- which easily distinguishes it from others, and whence berd's dogs, in lieu of those which "proved desert-deed, determined (knowing Mr. Sykes to be mis-it derives its title. The juice is pleasant and viers." As soon as they arrive, have the goodness to taken,) to "take the bull at once by the horns," by nous; it is an excellent wine grape, and produces drop me a line, and I will immediately send for proposing to Mr. Hurlbert that we would exhibit well; is very hardy, a sure grape for a crop, and is them. The dear old gentleman never fails to ma- the identical sheep from which the samples were one of those that will succeed farthest north. It nifest his love for us whenever occasion offers, even taken, at your first cattle show; and thus settle the enters largely into culture in the vineyards of upon our most minute concerns; and I am confident question. Every person conversant with wool, will France, and is well calculated to succeed for the that ours for him will never cease, but will become tell you that "dead wool" has a silky, artificial softsame purpose in this country. more genuine, if possible, as time operates upon ness, which will sometimes "deceive the very elect 89. White Morillon. The berries are nearly round, our recollections of his rare services, like its opera- themselves." W. R. DICKINSON. and form a bunch of good size: the fruit, in flavour, tion upon the pure juices of his native grape. I resembles the black Morillon, but is rather more hope he will obtain the opinions of competent judg *The Saxons obtained their stock from Spain about es with respect to the samples of fine Merino wool sixty years ago. I could mention the names of several sweet; it is a pleasant early table fruit, and ripens which I sent to you for him, and that he will make persons in this neighbourhood, who own flocks (branch-at the end of August or beginning of September. the result known to you. They were taken from es from my flock, by the by,) containing sheep as fine, 80. Striped Aleppo. This is a variety of the Mosome of the finest sheep in my flock, which I have no doubt, as those which have been recently imported rillon; the berries are on some bunches black, on been nurturing for at least fifteen years, with the my own stock (on the male side,) was selected from striped on the same bunch; the fruit is similar to from Saxony, at very high rates. As long ago as 1806, others white; but very frequently black, white, and most unremitting care; and I do not believe that one of the finest flocks in Saxony, crossed upon the the Morillon Noir in quality, being pleasant, and finer animals can be found in Saxony, or any other finest Spanish ewes, imported by Col. Humphreys. ripening early. It is sometimes called Raisin de Suisse, and by others Morillon Panache. I con sider this grape would mature its fruit in Boston, and for some distance to the north of it; ripens at the end of August or beginning of September. 14. Grizzly Frontignac, or Muscat Gris. The The best time for making butter, during summer, berries are round, tolerably large; colour brown, is early in the morning, before the sun acquires red, and yellow intermixed, and they have a high much power; and if a pump churn be used, it may musky perfumed flavour; ripens in September. be plunged a foot deep into a tub of cold water, 7. Auvernat, or Pineau Noir. This is a wine 81. Morocco, or Le Cœur. The berries are un- where it should remain the whole time of churning, grape, much cultivated in Burgundy; the berry is equal in size, of a heart shape, and violet colour, which will very much harden the butter. During not large, but closely set on the bunch, and of agree forming very large bunches; every part of the plant winter, if ever necessary to churn near the fire, able flavour; the bunches are but of moderate size indicates a vigorous state; the leaves are large and care should be taken to prevent the heat from actIt is often called Pineau Noir, but is quite distinct deeply indented; it is not considered as a very high ing on the wood of which the churn is composed; from the following; ripens the beginning of Septem-flavoured fruit, and should have a warm situation. otherwise it would impart a rancid taste to the butber. 60. White Seedless Corinth. This is the smallest ter. As soon as it is made, it must be separated Pineau Franc. A fruit of minor size and oblong, grape I have ever seen; white, round, sweet, and from the milk, and put into a clean dish; the inside with small bunches of a form somewhat conical, of delightful flavour; its size, appearance, and being of which, if of wood, should previously be well ruband the berries closely set on the bunch; it is not seedless, make it particularly interesting; the bunch bed with common salt, to prevent the butter from the most productive, but its fruit is of excellent fla- is long, winged, and regularly formed, the berries adhering to it. The butter should then be pressed vour, and produces the most delicate wines of Bur- not being too compressed; it ripens early in Sep and worked with a flat wooden ladle, or skimming gundy. The finest vineyards of that part of France tember. dish, having a short handle, so as to press out all the are mostly composed of the varieties of the Pineau milk that may be lodged in the cavities of the mass. and of the Morillon. They all ripen about the A considerable degree of dexterity, as well as of same period, and in this vicinity are at maturity strength, is requisite in this manipulation: for, if the milk be not entirely removed, the butter will inthe beginning of September. worked, the butter will become tough and gluey, fallibly spoil in a short time; and if it be much which greatly debases its quality. This effect is also occasioned by pouring cold water on the butter, for less, as the butter can be effectually cleared of the the purpose of washing it; a practice entirely usemilk in the way we have stated. APPLES A YEAR OLD. · We were presented last week with a sample of 70. Pineau Gris, or Grey Burgundy. This grape, to this time in a sound state, by Mr. Nathan Warapples, of the growth of 1826, which had been kept also called Auvernat Gris, is used in connection with the Auvernat Blanc and Auvernat Rouge Claire, toner, of Woodbury. His method of preserving them form the far-famed Champaigne wine. The bunch is very simple, and one that may be easily practiced. of this is short, unequal in its form, and moderately chaff, where they remain until some time in the The apples are to be laid down in dry flax seed large; the berries are round, pretty close, sweet, month of June following, when they are to be over fine flavoured, and of a greyish colour. Formerly: hauled, those that are unsound thrown aside, the many vineyards in France were entirely composed chaff spread out and dried, and the sound apples of this grape, and at present it forms a large pro-packed down again along with the chaff as at first.dered as clean and sweet as possible, well rubbed portion of several. It is sometimes called Griset Blanc; ripens in September. 68. Pineau Blanc, or White Burgundy. This grape is also called Bourguignon Blanc; the berries are somewhat oblong, and so closely set on the bunch, that in very rich soils, it is not uncommon for a portion to fall off in order to give space for the re mainder. The fruit, when ripe, is of a yellow colour; ripens in September. 98. Bourguignon Noir. This is another variety of the Morillon, and is somewhat allied to the Pi neau; the berries are, however, less closely set on the bunch, and the fruit less oval than the latter, they are black and sweet, and the bunch is often winged or shouldered. It is cultivated in connection with the others referred to in the fine vineyards of Burgundy, and ripens at the same time. Managed in this way, Mr. Warner has had plenty RURAL ECONOMY. THE DAIRY. sels is preferable. These should previously be renIn salting or curing butter, the use of wooden veswith salt, and the cavity between the bottom and position for preserving butter may be made, by resides filled with melted butter. An excellent comducing into fine powder, and carefully mixing together, sugar and nitre, of each one part, and two parts of the best common salt. Of this composition, one ounce should be thoroughly mixed with every sixteen ounces of butter, as soon as the latter has been freed from milk; and the butter must be imThe milk from which butter is to be made, may mediately put into the firkin, being pressed so close either be put at once into the churn, and left there as to leave no air holes, or any kind of cavities to send up the cream, or it may be made to cream within it. The surface must be smoothed; and if in milk dishes, and the cream alone churned. The a day or two be expected to elapse before more can last is generally considered the best mode, and in be added, the vessel must be closely covered up carying it into effect, the milk, being drawn from with a piece of clean linen, on which should be laid the cow, is to be strained into the creaming dishes, a piece of wetted parchment, or (if this is not prowhich should never be more than three inches deep, curable) with a piece of fine linen, dipped in meltand of about a gallon and a half, or two gallons in ed butter, exactly fitted to the edges of the vessel capacity. In general, the best cream will be fit for all round, so as to exclude the air as much as possiremoval in seven or eight hours, though for ordina-ble. ry good butter, it may stand twelve hours; but When more butter is to be added, these coverThis grape, which is the most cultivated for the where the very best buiter is wished, and such ar-ing are to be removed; the butter is to be applied table in the middle of France, but which does not rangements are formed as admit of converting the close to the former layer, pressing it down, and come to perfection in the north of that country, un-milk to cheese, or some other use when it is sweet, smoothing it as before, till the vessel is full. less in very favourable localities, does not fail to re- it may be separated after standing only two or three gularly ripen its fruit in the vicinity of New York; hours. In performing the operation, first pass the and when excellent wines are made far north of cream knife round the edges of the vessel, to sewhere this grape is found to succeed, it proves at parate the adhering stratum of cream, and then once the fallacy of the assertions made by some, draw it to one side; lift it off with the skimming that vineyards cannot succeed in this vicinity. One dish, and put it in the cream bowl to be carried to circumstance is fully proved in the experiments the cream barrel. Where quantity more than with the above grape, which is, that if our season quality is desired, the whole of the milk is churned is in reality shorter than in some parts of France, without separating any cream; the milk is kept in where it nourishes, still, that its greater intensity the churn, or in large barrels, for two or three days, compensates for the shortness of tts duration. Col. till it begins to get sour. 26. White Chasselas. Royal Muscadine, D'Arboyce, or Chasselas Blanc. This has round amber coloured berries, of moderate size, thin skin, and soft juicy flesh; the bunches are very large; it is a great bearer, and ripens in September. The two covers are then to be spread over it with the greatest care; and a little melted butter poured all round the edges, so as to fill up every part, and effectually to exclude the air. A little salt may then be strewed over the whole, and the cover firmly fixed down. Butter thus cured, does not taste well till it has stood at least a fortnight after it has been salted. After that period, it acquires a rich marrow taste, and will continue perfectly sweet in a moderate climate, for many years. It it be quickly consumed, it may be taken up as wanted, without any other precaution than that of keeping it carefully covered up; but if it is to be used slowly, and Clapp, of Oxford county, New York, has found The operation of churning, where the cream and this grape to ripen perfectly well in that locality, milk are both to be agitated, is necessarily tedious but he covers the vines in winter; they ripen with and laborious; but a great weight of butter is un-it acquires a rancid taste, from exposing it to the him the beginning of September. This is some-doubtedly obtained, the quality and flavour of which air, a strong brine of salt, (strong enough to float an times called Chasselas de Fontainbleau. will depend a good deal on the peculiar properties 'The varieties of the Chasselas are considered in of the milk. In the process of churning, great niceFrance among the finest of their table grapes, and ty is required; a regular stroke in plunge or pump are very extensively cultivated for that purpose. churns, and a regular motion in those of the barrel 17. Violet Frontignac, or Muscat Violet. The or turning kind, must, if possible, never be deviated leaves are similar to the white variety; the berries from. A few hasty irregular strokes, or turns, has are large, oblong. of a violet colour, and high musk been known to spoil what would otherwise have flavour; they are powdered with a fine bloom, and been excellent butter. Nothing is more easy than are very delicious. I consider it one of the best the process of making butter, where the cream has table grapes; ripens in September. been duly prepared. egg,) should be poured, when cold, on the surface of the butter, and although the quality of the latter will be somewhat injured by the action of the water, yet that is a much less evil than the slightest rancidity would occasion. When butter is to be exposed to the heat of a warm climate, it should be purified by melting, before it is salted and packed up. For this purpose, let it be put in a proper vessel, and this immersed into another, containing water. Let the water be heated until the butter is thoroughly melted; let it continue in this state for some time, when the impure parts will subside, leaving at the top a perfectly pure transparent oil. This, when it cools, will become opaque, and assume a colour nearly resembling that of the original butter, being only somewhat paler, and of a firmer consistence. When this refined butter has become a little stiff, but while it is somewhat soft, the pure part must be separated from the dregs, and salted and packed up in the same manner as other butter; it will continue sweet much longer in hot climates, as it retains the salt better than in its original state. It may also be preserved sweet without salt; by adding an ounce of fine honey to every pound of butter, and mixing them thoroughly, so that they may be perfectly in corporated. A mixture of this sort has a sweet, pleasant taste, and will keep for years without becoming rancid. [Farmer's and Mechanic's Mag. PREPARATIONS OF MILK IN Flanders. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. CANALS-RAIL-WAYS. open book-case, containing principally works of reference, such as the Annual Register-the Parliamentary Reports--the Poets--the Edinburgh Review-Johnson's Works--Voltaire's WorksThe number and magnitude of the various works-Swift's Works, &c. The door of this apartof internal improvement, strictly so called, canals, ment in the interior side, is fitted up artificialrail-ways, &c. in progress, and projected in variously, so as that when closed, it appears to form a parts of the United States, is truly astonishing, and continuation of the shelves of the book case. A almost incredible. We will enumerate some of stranger would not easily get over the illusion, and them from memory. To commence with our own would be at some loss, when once within, to find state-we have near 500 miles of canal completed, his way out again. In the neighbouring room, which in progress, or provided for. We have also the was prepared for the reception of the noblemen and Schuylkill navigation, 108 miles, in full operation; gentlemen who attended the funeral, the stranger is the Union canal, 90 miles, nearly completed; the at once struck with a painting which hangs over the Lehigh navigation, say 60 miles, connected with a mantle-piece. This is a picture of Mrs. Canning rail-way of 9 miles. Tributary to our state, we have and the Duchess of Portland, her sister. There the Delaware and Chesapeake canal, the Delaware appears to be a great disparity of age between the and Hudson canal, the Morris canal, and prelimi- figures, the Duchess being on the canvass much nary measures have been taken for the construc- the less youthful of the two. The latter is repretion of a rail-way from Columbia to Philadelphia; sented to be leaning towards her sister, and in the another from Danville to Mount Carbon; and for act of affectionately caressing her. This attitude, the connection of the Susquehanna with the Dela- it is said, was chosen by the painter, at the express In that country there are two curious prepara- ware, by canal or rail-way, or both, by the Lehigh. solicitation of the Duchess, and the motives are too tions of milk in common use among farmers. The There is, also, the Conestoga navigation, which, honourable to the two sisters not to be mentioned. first is a mess called sour milk, much used by the we presume, must be near completion; and meet- The father of the ladies was Gen. Scott, well known country people, and made as follows: a considera ings have been held to procure the continuation of in the fashionable circles for a great many innocent ble quantity of milk is put into a deep wooden ves- the Pennsylvania canal, from Middleton to Colum- eccentricities. He made a singular will, for it is in sel, and a certain quantity of salt is added to it. It bia upon the Susquehanna. In the west, we have that, the most solemn instrument of their lives, that is then left until the whey separates from the curd, the Ohio canal, in a forward state, which, when men seem to concentrate all their whims and oddities. when the former is poured off and given to the pigs, completed, will form a line of about 300 miles. It Gen. S. amassed an immense sum in ready money; and the latter is stirred round, and more milk is is proposed also, as our readers have lately been in-he divided 200,000l. between his two daughters; but added to it. This operation is repeated until the formed, to connect this by a cross canal with the having during his life-time contracted a strong disdesired quantity of curd is obtained, which is found Pennsylvania canals. In the south, the Baltimore like for the aristocracy, he devised the sum in questo have acquired a very acid taste. In this state it and Ohio Rail-road is in progress; and strenuous tion to his daughters, upon condition that if the is kept for winter use, and used in mixing a quan-exertions are making to commence the Chesapeake eldest married a nobleman, her portion of the betity of it with water and flour, which is boiled, and and Ohio canal. Each of these works are of im- quest should devolve to her youngest sister, and then bread is added to it. This mess is used for mense magnitude. In Virginia, there is a canal, vice versa. But it so turned out, that the elder sisbreakfast and supper, which always concludes with and one or more have been projected in South ter did resolve to unite herself to a member of the bread and butter. The second is a mess of curd, Carolina. aristocracy, the Duke of Portland, when Miss Joan, often used in the summer months, and much relishwith a generosity that did her credit, declined taking ed for supper. For making it, vessels are procuradvantage of the clause in her father's will, and aled, the one of which goes within the other, the inlowed her sister to have the full enjoyment of the nermost being perforated with numerous holes for money, as though she had not forfeited it by her the escape of the whey. The milk is coagulated by ambitious marriage. Such is the story that forms means of rennet made by infusing a small piece of the key to the abovementioned picture. the dried stomach of a young hare in white wine. To the curd, well freed of the whey, is added salt and pepper, but many consider eschallots an indispensable ingredient. [Ib. BEES. The steps which have been taken towards the construction of a Rail-road from Camden, opposite this city, to South Amboy, and the erection of the Delaware and Raritan canals, have been recently laid before the public. In Massachusetts they have the oldest canal and rail-way in the union; and preliminary measures have been adopted for the erec- Remarks.-The interesting anecdote here related tion of the Boston and Hudson Rail-road; and we of Mrs. Canning, and the recital of the magnabelieve it is in contemplation to make a Rail-road nimity which she displayed towards her sister, the from Worcester to Boston. The people of Ver- Duchess of Portland, bear honorable and lasting tesmont are engaged in a project for connecting Lake timony to the goodness of her heart, and the nobleChamplain with Connecticut river. We have not ness of her mind. Although such conduct should mentioned the public works of the state of New be expected from every one, and each and all should York. Her Erie and Champlain canals are stu- be governed by the same noble and virtuous principendous works, which cannot be forgotten or over-ples, still how rarely is it the case that we see them looked. She is also engaged upon other canals. exhibited by our species. By this single act, Mrs. We have no doubt some works have been Canning has endeared herself to the world, and omitted in the foregoing enumeration, but we chal-gained for herself a lustre of character, and a wreath lenge the world with those which have been men-of glory, which far outvies the brilliancy of the tintioned, to show any nation in any age, which has undertaken public improvements at all to be com pared with ours in extent, value and importance. [Penn. Gaz. selled title of her noble and pre-eminent sister. It is said that the Duchess of Portland, grateful for the magnanimity of her sister, has ever endeavoured to repay the debt of gratitude she owes, and in the midst of Mrs. Canning's late afflictions, has proved herself thrice a friend, and more than a sister. This little anecdote of Mrs. Canning's nobleness of mind, ought to be written in letters of gold. [Cadet. The barbarous and cruel system of smothering LADIES' DEPARTMENT. ANECDOTE OF MRS. CANNING. ceptable to the general reader: (From the North American.) THE GRECIAN MOTHER. At the desk which he usually sat, on the right The widow's pray'rs-my only joy, From danger be thy shield. Their blood shall stain the ground! Swift he sprung to his charger's back, And bounding o'er the well known track, The tear-drop glisten'd in the mother's eye- There was a quick, convulsive start, That told a pang had cross'd her heart, Her visage flush'd-she rais'd her hands on high, "And should he die!-'twere better thus Galled by a tyrant's chain. 'Twere better to weep o'er a freeman's grave, The next day came-the fight was o'er, And strangers bore him to her door, His earthly race was run! He found what many sought in vain-a tomb; So pale, she seem'd the spirit mild For still she shed no tear-she heav'd no sigh, Ye who have heard the fervent prayer Would quick have deem'd a mother there Long and silently she knelt, beside the dead- SPORTING OLIO. RACES. day, beating Fairfax. At Nottoway, Ariel won the Races yet to come, Halifax, Boydton and all the The Belfield fall races commenced on Wednes- 1st Day-A sweepstakes of $200, 2 mile heats, by 3 years olds. 1 1 2 2 33 Mr. Johnson's gr. c. Medley by Virginian, Col. Wynne's ch. m. Sally Hope by Sir Archie, Mr. Johnson's b. c. Snow Storm by Contention, 1 1 2 2 Time, 3m. 57s.-4m. 4s.-won with ease. Mr. Johnson's ch. m. Sally Walker by Timoleon, 5 DEAR SIR, DEER HUNTING, &c. The fore part of last month I spent a week in our pine forest hunting deer, when I killed a fine buck and have just returned from another deer hunting when I killed another. Four of us spent four days on the sea shore, in Cape May county at Beesley's Point, where the deer are more plenty than I ever saw any where. We killed and brought home four deer, three red foxes, one opossum, three rabbits, three partridges, two wild geese, two wild ducks, five DEAR SIR, Petersburg, Nov. 1827. dozen snipe, one bittern, fifty pounds of rock and According to promise I now send you an account perch, and as many planted oysters as our wagon of all the races that have been run this fall. At could carry. You will say that we had help from the Broadrock races, Sally Walker won the four mile neighborhood; I have only to say that we paid a visit day, beating Ariel. Sally Hope won the three miles, to Mr. Thomas Beesley, where we met with more beating Trumpator and Phillis. At New York, Bet-hospitality and kind attention from him and his amiasey Ransom won the four mile day, beating Jannette, ble family, together with all the neighbours, than Count Piper, Lady Flirt and Valentine. The three can be found any where else in our state. The flatmile day was won by Sportsman, beating Richard tering account you published last spring of Salem, 3d, American Boy, Misfortune; and Jack-on-the is nothing when compared to Beesley's Point. I wish Green won the two miles, beating Lalla Rhook, La-you had as much idle time as I have, or in other dy Hunter. At Bellfield, Medley won the sweep words take, that you might in reality see sport in foxstake, beating Merlin and Ivanhoe. Sally Hope hunting. Our beaches are five and seven miles won the two mile day, beating Snow Storm; and long from fifty to four hundred yards wide, in many Sally Walker beat Ariel and won the three mile places narrow margins of cedars and bushes, the day. At Norfolk, Snow Storm won the two mile most part bare sand and short tussick grass. One day. Sally Walker the three mile day, and Betsy man goes in the small clumps of cedar or other coRansom won the four mile day, beating Pirate, Sa ver with two shingles slapping them together, and rah Bell, and Mr. Green's Archy filly. At Peters- on an average one fox for every quarter of a mile is burg, Sally Walker beat Ariel the four mile day. started. To avoid the dogs, they run in the edge of Trumpator won the three miles, beating Lafayette the surf so that each wave may wash away the and Leopoldstadt. Niger won the post stake-Ni- scent. You have only to sit down and hold the ger won the sweepstake. At Richmond, Mr. Botts dogs until the fox comes up, when away they go as won the sweepstake with his Charles colt, beating far as the eye can see. At times they cross the Merlin and Medley. Sally Walker won the four beach, and take to the salt marshes all in sight. mile day, beating Frantic and Gohannah. Arie! What a fine place to break pups; they would won the post stake, beating Trumpator. Sally Hope learn to press on much faster than if hunted in won the three miles, beating Saluda. At Baltimore, the woods in the usual way, where they hunt for Betsy Ransom won the four mile day, beating Mu-years without seeing what they are after. We shot latto Mary, Floriville, General Jackson. Forest all ours before the dogs, as we did not take our Maid won the three miles, beating Yankey Doodle, horses, which we might have done by boating Eliza White, &c. Mulatto Mary won the two mile them across the sound a quarter of a mile. I here return Mr. B's letters; he is well acquainted with hunting; his dog Calver must be a superior dog. The properties complained of by some in him is a great recommendation to me. You cannot catch a good old red fox with dogs that fall back for the track. A dog, with the proper sagacity, will, and ought to range ahead. I should as soon complain of a horse spoiling the sport by distancing all others as a dog running all others out of cry. A few years ago we lent a dog to our friends in Delaware; many of them complained of him, that he spoiled the chase; true, said one of them, who had hunted several times with us, he does in Delaware, where our dogs do not catch a fox a year, but I have seen him in Jersey only barely able to lead, where they expect to take one and two a day, if the day is good. Were he now alive, you should have him, to match Calver. Rolla, I fear, is not quite equal; but I wish to hear from them. I doubt there being many such. On Wednesday next we are to have from four to six 3 and 4 year old colts, run one mile and repeat, for a small purse. They are all Sultan's, the imported Arab. The course is fourteen miles from Salem. There will be many from Philadelphia, Cumberland and Gloucester counties, to see the race; and I understand that there are others training for the next day. This is a bold undertaking here, as the law makes the horse liable to be seized, and the parties pay heavy penalties. It is the first circular course we have ever had. Should this effort to improve the horses be tolerated, then blooded horses T. R. will be of value here. J. S. SKINNER, Esq. SIR, DEATH OF PIPER. Washington, Nov. 1827. Wilson, describing the last illness and death of I return you the letter of your friend Doctor the gallant PIPER. According to your portrait of him he must have been a true model of the genuine English fox hound. It may be lamented without affectation or misplaced regret, that such a noble creature, one that had performed his part with so the ruffian hands of some skulking coward. much courage and ambition; should have fallen by To that departed leader of a gallant pack, might not the following lines be applied with justice? TO THE MEMOky of Piper. Pride of thy race! with worth far less than thine; |