same degree that comfort is promoted. Heat, of tentimes alone, but sometimes in conjunction with other agents, is the common cause of fever. The inhabitants of houses exposed by position and by want of shades, and particularly the unhappy tenants of lodging rooms annexed, as is oftentimes the case here, to the west side of a house, or of a second story that has small or high windows, are usually its victims, while those better exposed to the summer breezes, and better protected from the sun, usually escape. The town of Edenton has been rendered much healthier than formerly by having its streets and houses shaded by trees. The vicinity of trees to buildings have been objected to, because it is said they will occasion the latter to rot. Indeed!! Then are not health and How exquisitely has a kindred thought been ex-Childers, great grandam by Makeless, out of a full panded by the pen of one who never touches the sister to the Honeycomb Punch, son of the Taffolyre without thrilling the bosom of sensibility with let Barb, his great great great grandam was a naits tones: tural Barb mare. The grandam of Lath was the grandam of Col. Tasker's famous mare Selima and Lord Rockingham's famous horse Weasel. This horse, in 1767, then four years old, won the great eight hundred guineas at Newmarket, beating Lord Bolingbroke's Tartuffa, and seven others. Tartuffa won one thousand guineas and two plates the same year. "Twas a lovely thought to mark the hours, By the opening and folding flowers MRS. HEMANS. But the whole poem cannot but live in the memory of all who worship nature, or render homage to genius; and therefore we return to the subject of this number. comfort objects for which houses are built? and it THE JESSAMINE-EMBLEM OF DELICACY. In 1768, Lath was landed in America, and that year won the fifty pound weight forage plate at Newmarket, Long island. In 1769, he won the jockey club purse of one hundred pounds, at PhilaWhat a beautiful similitude! One of the most delphia, beating the best running horses from Marycaptivating traits of the human mind and persons land. In 1770, he also won the one hundred pound typically characterized by a comparison with the purse at the same place. In 1771, he won the one sweetest ornament of the flower garden: the delici-hundred pound purse at Newmarket, Long island, ous perfume of the jessamine is truly illustrative of and never was beaten in this country till last year, that "breathing emanation of the soul," that purity when he ran out of condition, otherwise it is thought of thought, and word, and action, which constitutes he would have won easily. As Lath is descended the peculiar charm of delicacy. This beautiful from the most valuable blood in England, including shrub, with its slender branches, its delicate flowers, the Godolphin Arabian, Childers, Crab, Makeless, and its fragrant odours, loading the air with sweet- and the Taffolet Barb, together with the Bald Galness, is a most appropriate emblem of a young and loway and honest old Partner, and is a horse of lovely female just entering upon the enjoyments of speed, game and temper. He doubtless promises the world, when life is but a fairy dream, and all to prove very eminently the breed of horses in 3. To preserve buildings from danger by Fire. around her breathe the atmosphere of delicacyShingles, by being suddenly wetted and as sud-"And oh! that the world had no picture but this— this country, and may be justly pronounced the best bred stallion in America, Wildair excepted, which denly dried by a hot sun, very soon suffer a change horse has lately been sold and embarked for Engthat gives them the nature of spunk; a spark land-bis blood being in such repute there, that of fire falling on this is very liable to produce a though nineteen years old, a large price was paid flame. To prevent this rot, the roof of a house, in for him. Lath's grandsire, on the dam's side, was preference to any other part, should be painted. full brother to Old Cade, the sire of the above menThe common oil paints, or the durable lime and chalk washes, which are of late getting into use, and tioned Wildair, also of Matchem, Young Cade, on account of their cheapness to be preferred, will Sprightly, and many other very high-formed horses. CHARLES SALLARD, Sr. secure it against sparks or even coals of fire. The police of all towns, as a measure of general safety, ought to require that all roofs, particularly of old houses, should be painted. That all the bright forms which have gilded life's hours. Might rove through its bowers, and taste of its bliss, THE WORMWOOD-EMBLEM OF ANGUISH. The peculiar qualities of the wormwood plant are "For what shall banish heartfelt sorrow, proper state of preparation, has been found of infi 4. Of the colour proper to render a house cool, and to LADIES' DEPARTMENT. (From the New York Mirror.) It was in the true spirit of poetry-not of romance, but of nature; that the idea was conceived of likeening the various creations of the vegetable world to the feelings, character, and attributes of humanity; to the ever-varying sensations of the corporeal frame, and even to the almost inscrutable workings of the mind: the heart insensibly yields to the truth of these emblematical allusions, because it traces in them a continuation of that beautiful symmetry of connexion which pervades the wonderous mysteries of nature. SPORTING OLIO. March 1st, 1779. THE CELEBRATED HORSE COLLECTOR, A most beautiful dark bay, nearly fifteen hands high, and as to activity and muscular strength, he is equal, if not superior to any horse on the continent, will stand twelve miles below Halifax town, No. 6, and cover mares at the price of ten dollars the leap, twenty dollars the season, and forty dollars the insurance. Collector, when on the turf, was thought by the best of judges of horses in this country, to be as fet a horse as ever started. He ran frequently and never lost a race, and in fact was never put to his speed when he would run kindly, except once at Tarboro', when he had the misfortune to fall in running, though evident to every spectator that he would have won with the greatest ease, had he not fallen. But, owing to his uniform restiveness in running, he trained off the turf, and was put to covering. But few of his produce have as yet appeared on the turf, all of which have been winners, except one; he was second best, five others starting, though he was in extremely bad order. Doctor Edward Pasteur's Snap Dragon, at present, confessedly the hero of the turf, is one of his getting. THE FAMOUS HORSE LATH. It is given up by every person conversant with Lath is fifteen hands one inch high, strong and the turf, that had Collecto have had an equal numboney, was got by Shepherd's Crab, sire of Mr. ber of blood mares with other good horses on the Vernon's Shepherdess, (at present the best mare incontinent, that bis stock would have been the faEngland,) the Duke of Devonshire's celebrated vourite turf horses of the present day. Fairy, and many other famous racers. Shepherd's Pedigree.-Collector was got by the celebrated Crab was a very excellent son of old Crab, and racer Mark Anthony; his dam, the famous race out of the famous Witherington mare, daughter of mare Lady Legs, by the imported horse Centinel; old Partner. The dam of Lath was got by old grandam by Spadille, (he by Janus, out of an imLath, one of the best sons of the Godolphin Ara ported mare,) great grandam by Old Fearnought, bian, and out of Roxana, a daughter of the Bald out of an imported mare of Colonel Randolph, of Galloway, the fleetest horse (the Devonshire Chil- Virginia. ders excepted,) that ever ran over the Newmarket course. His (Lath above,) grandam by Flying March 1st, 1803. STEPHEN K. CARNEY. NOVEL UNDERTAKING. Mr. T. Barnes, a gentleman of fortune, residing near Hackney, England, recently undertook, for a wager of 500 guineas, to walk one mile forward, one mile backward, run one mile, bowl a hoop one mile, draw a gig one mile, and wheel a barrow one mile, all of which he undertook to do in fifty minutes. The remaining part of his task was to trot one mile, gallop one mile, and drive one mile in harness. This was to be done in ten minutes, for two hundred guineas more; two minutes allowed for harnessing. He then made a bet of three hundred guineas more, that the whole should be done in an hour, making the total undertaking for 1000 | guineas. This match had been anxiously looked for by the sporting world, and betting ran thus: five to four against the first undertaking being done in fifty minutes; seven to four and two to one against the second part being done in ten minutes; and six and seven to four against the completion of the whole in one hour. Owing to the unpropitious state of the weather, the ground was but thinly attended. The match took place upon a one-mile piece of ground on the Bristol road and was done as follows: FIRST PART. Walking a mile, 11 24 | Trotting a mile, TO COLOUR GUN BARRELS. OYSTER BEDS. One ounce of blue stone vitriol, dissolved in a teacup full of warm water, six ounces of sweet spirit ture of New Jersey, on the value of the oyster beds In a report made by a committee of the legislaof nitre, one ounce tincture of steel, that which in Delaware bay, Cumberland county, it is stated, causes rust; put these into nearly half a pint of that the number of vessels employed on those beds, spring water, shake it well and it is fit for use. Let for three hundred days in the year, is more than the barrel be properly cleaned with a buff strap, or five hundred sail, employing about two thousand fine emery paper. A little unslacked lime will take men, and taking about one hundred and fifty thouthe oil or grease off; then take of spirit of salt, sand bushels of oysters per year. aqua-fortis and water, equal quantities; shake it well, and rub the barrel with it; let it stand still next day-this is called pickling. Then apply the mixture with a piece of soft rag; let it stand one day, and rub it with a superfine steel scratch-brush, repeating it till it comes to your mind. Wash the barrel over with boiling water, then apply a little sweet oil with alkanet. MISCELLANEOUS. SIZE OF BALTIMORE. M. S 2 3 4 5 8 10 1 Story. 5 10 | Harness, 3 40 Ist and 2d wards, 302 Bowling a hoop, 6 20 Drawing a gig, Wheeling a barrow 8 52 | Total, first part, 49 44 11th and 12th do. 309 Grand total, Thus finally winning the match by only twenty seconds. The cognoscenti, on this occasion, were forced to confess that the thing was well done. 1487 7772 1897 113 HUMAN LIFE. RECIPES. PRECAUTION AGAINST DROWNING. of sinking from the weight of the passengers, the EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING. Persons apparently dead from lightning have been recovered by repeatedly throwing cold water over the whole body. Many instances are recorded. The Rev. Mr. Steele, of Paris, in the state of New York, has lately in the newspapers mentioned a case of this kind. A lady was with her husband in the house, and the latter was struck apparently dead by lightning. The lady happily recollected having a few days before read in the newspapers of the efficacy of cold water, and had the presence of mind to make trial of it; on the effusion of the first bucket full, he began to move, and on the repetition of a ing recovery the pulse is slow and extremities cold, few more was restored to sense and health If durbleed largely at the arm. A gentleman now living KILLING BUGS. [ib. (From the Cambridge Chronicle.) ON CUTTING OUT HAWS, OR HOOCKS. Before I was acquainted with this subject, two what a brave fleet there is around us, as stretching "When we set out on the jolly voyage of life, years ago, I had two fine young horses sacrificed our fresh canvas to the breeze, all 'ship-shape and to this mistaken and ruinous operation. Ignorant Bristol fashion,' pennons flying, music playing, in Johnson county, (R. Gully, Esq.) was a few years quacks do not know that the horse has a membrane cheering each other as we pass, we are rather amus-ago struck down by lightning, and recovered by expeculiar to the animal, which is at pleasure drawn ed than alarmed when some awkward comrade goes posure to a heavy fall of rain. over the eye. The enlargement of this, by a fever, right ashore for want of pilotage! Alas! when the produces the appearance, which, in the jocky slang. voyage is well spent, and we look about us, toilis called the hoocks. Reduce the fever by deple-worn mariners, how few of our ancient consorts tion, such as bleeding plentifully, purging, &c., and still remain in sight, and they, how torn and wasted; have the horse well rubbed, and the hoocks will and, like ourselves, struggling to keep as long as disappear; that is, the membrane is restored to its possible off the fatal shore against which we are all natural size and office, which is to clear the eye finally drifting." from dust, &c. accidentally entering it. I need not [Walter Scott. mention the cutting out of this useful membrane unnecessary, as I have proved the uselessness of this operation by restoring a horse without it, a few days ago. W. V. MURRAY. table spoonful of carraway seeds, all beat fine in a mortar Lay it in small parcels where they frequent, three or four nights, till they eat it freely; then add prepared arsenic; set water in different places, with spirit of salt on it till it dissolves. When it is thus some infused into it. To prepare the arsenic, pour managed, it will not make them sneeze, which is the cause of their refusing to eat it. You will often find their runs in banks very thick; cut little benders, dip them in treacle and meal mixed with poison; pass them into the holes, leaving the bottoms clear, this will stick on their backs, and they will lick it the traps amongst it, and drop two or three drops off. When you trap them, use only the feed, plant of musk on the bridge of each trap. This will cause them to be taken by the head, which will prevent their crying to alarm the others. been burnt to death, renders the knowledge of a dis-dium, two ounces loaf sugar, eight cloves, and a The late shocking instances of females having One pound flour of malt, three drops oil of rhocovery lately published by sir Richard Phillips, in the Monthly Magazine, for their total prevention, of the highest consequence. He deduces from the principle of the ascension of fire, that ladies ought be on fire; that the progress of the flames will by to lie down as soon as they discover their clothes to that means instantly be checked, and may be easily and deliberately extinguished without any fatal in jury, as usual, to the head, face, bosom and throat. He proves his principle by the following experi ment; he took two slips of printed cotton, a yard long, and on lighting one of them at the lower end, and holding it perpendicularly, it was consumed to a cinder in the fifth of a minute, and the volume of flame was so great as to rise nearly two feet. He then lighted an exactly similar piece of cotton and laid it horizontally on a pair of tongs, so as to lie Three ounces of black lead, half a pound of hog's | hollow, and in this situation it was five minutes burnlard, one quarter of an ounce of camphor, boiled ing, and the flames, at no one time, ascended an over a slow fire; the barrels to be rubbed with this inch in height, and might have been extinguished mixture, which, after three days, must be wiped off by the thumb and finger. This plain and easy ex with a linen cloth. This process need not be re-periment ought to be read in the presence of the peated above twice in the winter. females of every family. 1st litter 14th August, 1822, 2d do. 11th April, 1823, 3d do. 20th March, 1825, 4th do. 19th June, 1826, 5th do. 10th Feb. 1827, do. 7 To Preserve Gun Barrels frOM RUST, OCCASION [Old Almanack. A CORN PLASTER. One ounce of naval pitch, half an ounce of galnia, and one drachm and a half of diachylon, mixed banum, dissolved in vinegar, one scruple of ammotogether. 400 THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 29, 1828. One of the most important articles of intelligence EASTMAN'S MANUFACTORY OF AGRICULTURAL contained in the English papers, is the departure of the ambassadors from Constantinople. Whether there IMPLEMENTS, No. 36, Pratt street, Baltimore. Messrs. Jona. Alden, Philadelphia. The three ambassadors quitted the capital of the On hand, a supply of superior cast steel Axes—also, Their Mattocks and Grubbing Hoes of cast steel; also, improved Turkish empire on the 8th of December. RAIL ROAD FROM THE CHESAPEAKE TO THE families and effects had been embarked several days patent Cornshellers, that can be recommended, price Mr. Stratford Canning embarked for $15. Also, Brown's vertical Wool Spinners, embracing DELAWARE.-Publick meetings have been held, af previous. family use. Also, the subscriber's patent cylindrical ter due notice, in the towns of Wilmington and Corfu, and M. de Ribeaupierre for Odessa. The every thing desirable in an implement of the kind for New Castle, which have resulted in resolutions to French accounts say that an attempt was made to Straw Cutters, which have never been equalled in any apply to the Legislature of Maryland for an act of detain the ambassadors by a proposition of a gene- country for chaffing all kinds of long forage with ease incorporation to make a rail way from Wilmington ral amnesty to the Greeks. This not being the sort and facility, such as hay, corn stocks, cane tops, &c. &c. to Frenchtown, on the south side of Christiana of concession the ambassadors were instructed to the machinery permanent and not liable to get out of creek, with branches from the main stock to New require, it was of course not accepted. The Aus-order; price of small size, including extra knives, $55; The union of the towns of trian Internuncio yet remains at Constantinople.the second size, with extra knives, $61. Also, West's Castle and Elkton. Wilmington and New Castle, augurs favourably to Now that the negociations of the allies have failed patent spring Washing Machines, can be highly recomthe success of the undertaking; and as it is propos- of their object, which was to induce the Ottoman mended; price $15. Also, a complete assortment of ed, we believe, to rely for the means of making it government to accept of their mediation, nothing Gideon Davis' highly improved Patent Ploughs, made of and single, &c. &c. on individual enterprise and capital, it is not to be seems to remain for them but to fulfil the conditions the best materials; Cultivators, Swingle Trees, double All orders by mail post paid, will receive prompt apprehended that any difficulty will be found in ob of the treaty into which they have entered, and the attention. JONATHAN S. EASTMAN. taining the charter. Local jealousies and rivalry conditions of which the Greeks have accepted, and Agents for the subscriber, where gentlemen can leave their orders: have too often and too long prevented or retarded to compel the cessation of hostilities on the part of the commencement of great publick improvements. the Turks, both by sea and land. We hope that none may spring up in this case to will be a war, we suppose, will depend upon the orparalyze the good and liberal spirit which seems ders which the Turkish forces may receive from now to animate all parties. The least reflection on their government as to the manner in which they the subject does, indeed, lead us to wonder that the are to treat the requisitions of the forces of the alpracticability and advantages of rail ways, were not, above all other places, first illustrated by the construction of one across the peninsula of the Delaware, to facilitate the intercourse between Bal timore and Philadelphia, or rather the eastern and Where southern states on the Atlantic border. could one be made that would be used by so many How travellers, from every part of the Union? could the knowledge of what a rail road is, and its advantages over other modes of conveyance, be so easily and so widely diffused, as by a rail way from the Chesapeake to the Delaware-a distance of about 16 miles, over ground peculiarly well adapted in a topographical view, to the execution of such a work, with timber on the spot, and the means of transporting stone to within a very short distance by water. Every thing seems to invite to the com pletion of this work, and we trust that not many years will elapse before we shall have seen it realized. BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL-ROAD.-The bill for authorizing the construction of this Rail-road hav ing passed the Senate of Pennsylvania, was taken up in the House on the 20th instant, and the first section, which contains the whole principle of the bill, was agreed to-ayes 70-nays 16. HOUSE OF DELEGATES OF MARYLAND, On motion, by Mr. Thomas, of Cecil, it was or dered and declared, That John S. Skinner being the only person put in nomination, be, and hereby is, unanimously elected by the house of delegates, a director on the part of the state, in the Bank of Baltimore, for and during the term prescribed by lies. The report of the destruction of the Greek fleet been formed. Barr, Auchincloss & Co. New York. BALTIMORE PRICES OURRENT. Corrected for the American Farmer, by Edward I. Willson, Commission Merchant and Planters' Agent. No 4, Bowly's wharf. TOBACCO.--Scrubs, $4.00 a 7.00-ordinary, 2.50 3.50 -red, 3.50 a 4.00-fine red, 4.00 a 4.50-wrapping, 6.00 a 9.00--Ohio yellow and red, 4 00 a 7.00- Yellow, 7.00 a 20.00. There prevailed a report in London that the goFLOUR-white wheat family, $6.00 a 6 25—sup. Howverument were about to send consuls to Greece A change has taken place in the French minisna, 4.624-CORN MEAL, bl. 2.62--GRAIN, best red wheat try-M. Villele has resigned and a new ministry has ard-street, 5 00 a 5.124; city mills, 4.75; Susquehan.95 a 97-best white wheat, .95 a 1.10-ordy, to good, LIVERPOOL MARKET, Jan 8. Şi a .95--CORN, .36 a .38-RYE, 45 a 47- OATS, 21 a.23 There was a good demand for cotton last week; BEANS. .80 a 1.00-PEAS, .45 a .50-CLOVER seed, the sales amounted to 14,400 bags, of which 5000 4.50 a 5.00-TIMOTHY, 1.75 a 2.00-BARLEY, .60 a,6. bags American were taken by speculators. The FLAXSEED, .75 a .80 COTTON, Virginia, .9 a 10-Loui sales include 130 Sea Islands at 114d. to 164d., 5460 | siana, .10 a 13-Alabama, 9 a 12-Mississippi, 10 a Boweds 5 1 Sd. to 64d.; 1230 Orleans 5d. to 9d.;.13-N. Carolina, .9 a .101-Georgia, .9 a 10-WHIS4000 Alabamas, &c. 5d. to 6 1-8d firm There was a good demand for cotton on Saturday and to-day, the sales amounted to upwards of 5000 bags, about 2000 of which have been on speculation. There is no alteration in prices, but they continue There was an extensive inquiry for pot ashes, during the week, and more business would have been done it holders had not demanded higher prices. The sales comprise about 600 bls. Montreals at 258. 6d. for old, and 30 to 32 for new; and 20 bls. old New York Pearls at 31s. KEY, in hhds 1st proof, .21-in bbls. 23 a 234-WOOL, common, unwashed, .15 a. 16-washed, .18 a.20-three quarter, .25 a 30-full do. .30 a 35-HEMP, Russia, ton, $280--Country, dew-rotted, ton, 136 a 140-waterrotted, 170 a 190-FISH, Shad, Susquehanna, No. 1, bbl. 00 a 6.50; do. do. trimmed, 6 50 a 7.00-Herrings, No. 1, bbl. 2.874 a 3.03; No. 2, 2.624-Mackerel, No. 1, 5.75; No 2, 5 374; No. 3, 4.50-BACON, hams, Balt cured. .9; do. Eastern Shore, .124-hog round, cured, .6 a .7— Feathers, .26 a .28. 6 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMFER Report of the Committee on Manufactures, in the House of Representatives in Congress, concluded-Letter from Thomas Gold to G. W. Jeffreys, Esq. on Agricultural Societies; Manufacture of Cotton in the South eru States, No. XVI -Letter from a Gentleman in Vir 25th February, 1828. On motion, by Mr. Gantt, the house agreed to proceed to the election of a director on the part of Naval stores-There has been nothing done last the state, in the Bank of Baltimore, this house be ing entitled to the privilege of choosing such direc-week in rough turpentine except one small parcel of 50 bls fine quality, from the quay, at 11s. per cwt tor-when Mr Gantt nominated John S. Skinner sales of tar are 600 bls. American of good qua-ginia to Mr. Thomas Massey, with Mr. Massey's Reply for that office-whereupon, lity at 12s. and 200 bls. Stockholm, in bond, at los.Inquiries on the Culture of Hemp and Flax-Hemp proposed by Gov. Clinton to be cultivated in New York 6d. In rosin little doing. bbl. per Hides, &c.-The only business in hides is 1620-Arthur Young's Agricultural Experiments, continued; salted North American at 4id. for middling quality, Buel Answers to Inquiries on getting out Clover and On Peas, Turnips, and Carrots, with observations by J. Orchard Grass Seed, by R. Sinclair, and Experienceand 54d for 1000 prime. Wm. Prince, Esq. on the Greville Rose and scuppernong Grape-On American Grapes and Wine-On Dwelling Houses-The Jessamine, emblem of delicacy; the Wormwood, emblem of anguish-Pedigrees of Lath and Collector-Novel Undertaking-On Cutting out Haws, or Hoocks-Produce of a Pointer Bitch-To preserve Gun Barrels-Size of Baltimore-Human Life-B rning to Death-Oyster Beds-Recipes-+ditorial-ComA situation wanted immediately, by one who under-mercial Record-Advertisements-Prices Current. stands the management of a farm and servants, and who can come well recommended. Inquire of Mr. ichard Battee, No 13, Light-st. wharf. The shortest notice will be punctually attended to. law. COMMERCIAL RECORD. (From the New York Evening Post, February 26.) LATEST FROM EUROPE. The packet ship Birmingham, which arrived last evening from Liverpool, has brought us Liverpool dates to the 8th, and London dates to the 7th of January. The splendid thorough bred Horse RINALDO, a capital son of Sir Archey-will stand the ensuing season at Wilmington and Newark, in the state of Delaware. Particulars hereafter. OVERSEER. Feb. 29. Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER. 5ditor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts. No. 51.-VOL. 9.] AGRICULTURE. (For the American Farmer.) AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, MARCH 7, 1828. EFFECTS OF THE PROTECTING SYSTEM Brighton, near Boston, 15th Feb. 1828. TO JOHN S. SKINNER, Esq. 401 the globe. Often have 1, in times of great agricul struction from this article, I shall attempt a brief tural distress, leaned over the pens or fences, and history of its progress towards improvement: Becommuned with them for hours on the causes that fore the adoption of the federal constitution, much led to such a lamentable state of things. I have the greater portion of cheese made in New Engalso associated with many of the most intelligent of land, was disgustingly inferior to what it now is;the mercantile classes in the capital and principal nearly all the wealthy classes in the commercial trading towns of New England, during the period cities and southern states, were supplied with foreferred to, and anxiously sought their opinions on reign cheese-chiefly English; there were a few the measures of the national councils for promoting good dairies, but so rare that their product was disthe commercial prosperity of our country, in which, tinguished by the names of the proprietors. The Dear Sir,-By an editorial article in a late Ameri. from investments dependent on it, I felt a strong in farmers who brought their poor stuff to the grocers, can Farmer, (No. 42,) we learn that you are "in a terest. I doubtless have not profited by such ad- saw English cheese selling for three times, and that quandary on the tariff question," that you saw the vantages, so much as many others would, thus situa- from those dairies I bave named, twice as much as system of 1824 established, and in 1827, the farm-ted. I have deemed it necessary, sir, to speak thus they could get for theirs, entered into a spirited ing interest more depressed than you ever knew it" far of my own affairs, in order to shew the causes competition before the impost of four cents a pound Every friend to his country, who has witnessed which placed me on the field of observation, among was laid in September, 1790. Foreign cheese was your zeal and untiring exertions to promote its best such practical men as I have named, during a pe- considered a luxury, and was taxed as a fair object interests will, from motives of gratitude, feel dispos-riod of thirty years, which has enabled me to assert, of revenue. The preamble to the act which coned to lend a helping hand to relieve you. Thus that the positions I am about to assume, are not tains this item, recites:--"To make provision for actuated, I proffer my feeble aid. founded upon hasty reflections, elicited by recent the payment of the debts of the United States." RevI shall commence with an expression of my de disappointments, or my conclusions drawn from peenue was the only object-no one ever dreamt that liberate opinion, that a mania with regard to the rusing the writings of political economists. Thus it was for the protection of a particular class of citiquestion at issue, has been somewhat rife in our supported, I fearlessly declare my most solemn con- zens. The discovery that Congress possessed the country for several years past; and, as in the physiviction, that the interests of agriculture require no power of imposing prohibitory tariffs, was reservcal system, when an epidemic prevails, the robust other protection than a free unshackled commerce, ed for more "evil times." This is an excrescence are often its victims, while the feeble escape, so in and a fair scope for competition in foreign markets. that has attached to the constitution since that the intellectual, when a mania rages, it not unfre. And that to legislation upon the model of what is period. Had it appeared then, every hand of those quently passes by the weak and puny, and seizes termed the counting house policy, or monopolising illustrious patriots who organized the government, upon the wise and sagacious. system of Great Britain-to protecting statutes, ex- would have been put forth to pluck out the concited by circumstances of the moment, may be at structive tumor by the roots. They would have tributed by far the greater portion of agricultural pronounced most emphatically that "the state legisdistress and public calamity, that has befallen the latures were the only legitimate almoners of the nation since the days of the first Adams." We people's money!" then heard that exalted patriot and profound statesman, declare, that "the interests of agriculture and commerce were inseparable-their only effectual protection, wooden walls.'" But before we proceed to discuss the subject, I orave your indulgence to egotise a little. I am not an importer of European commodities of any kind, and never have been. gour, to protect manufactures with his fangs-charm I believe it will not be denied, that the want of success in the production of good cheese, may be ascribed more to the want of knowledge in the process than to soil and climate-that a complete knowledge rests on chemical niceties which are not practised--or the making it systematically depends on the unerring rules of science, in which the conductors of dairies are not versed The dairy woman having brought her cheese, by guessing, to such perfection as to reach the point to command a market," keeps her secret and guesses no farther It is the opinion of numbers of such men as I have named, who attend the Brighton fairs, that the best machine in New England for transmuting herbage into money, is a dairy, when cheese will bring six cents a pound at the door; and I believe the same may be said of all well-managed dairies throughout the whole hill country, as far south as the cotton latitude. But we cannot well have stronger proof than that dairy farmers are more flourishing than any others; indeed, they appear to be the only class that are growing rich, except the growers of fine wool that manage prudently. I was formerly engaged in mercantile pursuits, and shipped flour to France, that was purchased, or rather taken by the French republic, for which they promised to pay silver bars, but my supercargoes nor agents, could never get them or any other pay, A long time elapsed, unhappily too long, when although some of my brethren were so fortunate as the nation united with one accord to build those to get paid for their flour from the droppings of the walls. Then arose a gleam of hope that the golden Louisiana purchase. I consoled myself, however, days were about to return; but it proved delusive. that when the revolutionary volcano had spent its The snake was not killed, nor even "scotched;" he fury, France would seitle down with a permanent laid torpid but for a moment, and has come out, government of some sort or other, and being im-clothed in a more spurious garb, with renewed vi-ready sale, at a satisfactory price, for the "home pressed with an idea that no government can be permanent unless administered upon principles of strict justice, at the same time seeing her riches "progressive," I consoled myself, as before observ I most conscientiously believe, sir, that "time, ed, that I should ultimately get my bars, or an equi- with which every thing rises and falls," will prove valent in coin. But it was not long before I was this assumption to be a "faithful saying”—that it is deprived of that consolation-for our own govern- not declamation, nor the language too highly figurament took my claim, together with others similarly tive, to pourtray the form and pressure" of the situated, into their own hands, and without our con- AMERICAN SYSTEM. I shall not plough over the sent, relinquished them to redeem a guarantee of whole surface of that field, nor explore the strata the West India islands, which had been pledged to hidden beneath it—my labours will be confined to an France at a critical period of our war of indepen obscure corner, and I trust I shall be able to dedence, for the assistance rendered in that struggle, monstrate that this same system or any of its ramifi without which it is doubtful whether our complete cations, will operate must injuriously, if not destruc- Such has been the increase of population, and emancipation would have been the result. Not-tively to the interests of the agriculturists of our the extension of new settlements where dairies do withstanding I lost my claim on France, being ha- country. not flourish, that the supply of cheese has seldom bitually an optimist, I still derived consolation; as I I begin with analysing the sugar plums heretofore exceeded the consumption. Sometimes, however, considered the redemption of the guarantee of near-given, and now held out to those sickly children to it does, and then it perishes in the warehouses of ly as much importance in its consequence, as was induce them to take their physic. the sea ports, as you informed your readers was the the assistance originally derived by the pledge;-for The first item to be examined on the catalogue, case last year in Philadelphia-the blessed effects there can be no question, but that it prevented the is a tariff on cheese of nine cents per pound, grant- of a “home market." As for the exportation of good nation from being involved with one or other of the ed in 1816-this has, doubtless, been considered by rich American cheese, it is out of the question. But belligerents, at a crisis that its very existence would the farmers as amounting to a prohibition, and of little of it will keep at home after the first year. have been imminently jeopardised. course a complete protection. But it is probable Some skim-milk cheese is exported, to which I have they, nor the national legislature, were aware that no reference; for it has been satisfactorily ascertainone more potent then existed, and still exists-ed, that the dairy-woman who robs her cheese of namely, that such foreign cheese as would sell in the cream, robs her husband's pocket: as the loss the United States, and could possibly come in com-in the quantity of curd, and of course weight, with petition, costs in the country where it is produced, the difference of price, is considerably more, than with the charges of importation, exchange and a the value of the butter. There are often a few living profit only to the importer, full three times as days in a season, however, when it is found, from much as cheese from the best dairies in our country! Dr. Franklin would have advised those who granted this boon, to "save the paper"—the parchment on which the law is engrossed, was worth more to the farmers than the protection. As we may derive in Ever since the loss of my flour or silver bars, which is more than thirty years, I have lived on my farm, chiefly occupied in horticulture, farming and breeding of animals; and being located in the vicinity of the great Cattle fair, which is attended weekly the year round, by farmers, grainers, and dairy men from all parts of the New England states, opportunities offered, which I was not back ward in improving, of mixing and conversing with a class of men, who, for strength of understanding, intelligence, and innate shrewdness, will not suffer by a comparison with any class or body of men on No. 51.-VOL. 9. the state of the weather, profitable to make skim milk cheese. There have been a few instances of good American cheese keeping sound to Calcutta, that was sold at twenty five cents a pound, when English cheese, stored in the same warehouse, sold at lifty cents. But no prudent merchant will hip rich new milk cheese to warm climates. Whereas if it was made to imitate English or Dutch cheese, in quality and keeping properties, scarcely a ship bound to the East and West Indies or South Amer ica, but would have her cargo assorted with consi derable investments, even at fifty per cent. above the present price. But the dairy farmers have had a "home market" They saw no foreign cheese and naturally supposing the tariff protected them, had no inducement to imitate it; as they were selling at their own doors at seven or eight cents a pound, they were satisfied-not being like some of their fellow citizens engaged in other pursuits, "never content but with a little more." duced to consider the tariff on wool and woollens one already existing, and the increase now contemany protection, it may with truth be said, that "cre-plated, on coarse woollens, will be alike inoperative. dulity is indigenous" in other countries besides But let us look on the other side of the wall. Will Chili. any one contend that this protecting tariff will not The committee state in their report, that "the operate, in every section of our country, as a most very rapid increase in the importation of low quali- grievous burden-a tax, and nothing but an unequal ties of wool since the tariff of 1824, furnish the tax on the many for the benefit of the few? And strongest reasons to conclude that they are supply- will not the agriculturists feel it most sensibly--do ing the demands and answering the use of which they not at this moment in a very important section the coarse wool of our country would, in most of the union?-those whom it is the fashion to style cases, supply." Without stopping to inquire whe "nabobs of the South," perhaps from the circumther this conclusion is not founded upon isolated stance of their showing a fondness for the innocent facts, or whether the real cause of these importa- luxuries and elegancies of life--a taste which, it tions is not physical; namely: that such qualities must be admitted, has no tendency to retard the cannot, and never will be, found in our country; progress of civilization and the social virtues, if it Now let us suppose that Congress, instead of would respectfully intimate to the honourable com does not promote them, and make men less jealous granting a prohibitory tariff, had offered a bounty mittee, that numbers of intelligent men, who con- of their just rights. on the importation of foreign cheese, (which, I constantly attend the Brighton fairs, and whose vera- This class of citizens seem, by the advocates of tend, they had an equal right to do,) for the pur city they will not question, could inform them that the "American system," to have been placed under pose of stimulating the farmers to enter into com the farmers throughout New England were striv-"the ban of the 'protecting' empire." Is it because petition with it, that they might bring the manufac-ing, with all their might, long before the fall of they inherit a property in "persons held to service or ture to such perfection as to compete in all foreign wool, or the importations referred to by them, to labour," which their ancestors protected with their markets-and no doubt they can-thereby creating get rid of their native coarse woolled sheep, and to blood, and which, if the constitution did not guara very important staple of export. Is it not proba-substitute those that produce fine. "Excellence is antee to them as sacredly as it does the New Engble you might, by this time, have seen the slopes of slow growth;" time is required to change the land farmer his freehold, they possess by a paraand gorges of the Alleghanies covered with dairy flocks of a country. It has been estimated by com- mount title? I am not a Southron, but a full-bloodfarms? And would not such a measure "provide petent judges, that within the last four or five ed Yankee; my ancestors fled from the tariff of for the common defence, promote the general welfare, years, half a million of native sheep and lambs James the First, and the constructive religion of and regulate commerce with foreign nations," (the have been sold at Brighton, and a great portion of Archbishop Laud, one hundred and ninety years only "pegs in the constitution the protecting sys- those that came in autumn and the early part of ago, to the banks of the Connecticut, and I now intem can hang upon,") full as well as a prohibitory winter, at prices little above the value of their pelts. herit some of the soil they then located;--nor am tariff? It is said Great Britain will take nothing of It is an unquestionable fact, that a drover has been I an advocate for slavery, sir; Wilberforce, Clarkus but cotton;-she would be glad to take our known to start from Vermont for Brighton with a son, nor the most zealous member of the society of cheese if it was equal to her own, which sells on the flock of native sheep and a drove of swine--and to friends in our country, do not hold it in greater abspot at eighteen or twenty cents a pound. Our slaughter the sheep to fatten his hogs on the road, horrence, or will go further to promote its abolimerchants could not make a better remittance for throwing their pelts into his wagon, to sell on his ar- tion, if it can be accomplished without manifest "coarse woollens," than to purchase such cheese for rival. injustice and encroaching upon rights that are fifteen cents. I have made inquiries of numbers of wool grow-held sacred. I am sensible that it is an evil of ers, as to the relative profit of growing fine wool or enormous magnitude, that is increasing But I coarse; none fix the difference at less than three see not a finger lifted to check it. We, of the free pounds of fine for two of coarse at the same ex- states, declaim and scold about it, and complain pense. I am aware that difference in flocks and that the constitution has entitled our Southern bretheir location, may cause some variation. I place thren to votes in consequence of their slave populagreat reliance, however, on the information of a tion. Would it not be better, instead of treating gentleman of science and observation, who has the subject in this manner, and attempting any inbeen a wool grower for twenty years past, and, fringement of their rights, to consult with them as moreover, is interested in woollen manufactures, brothers of the same family, and endeavour, by the that he could raise two pounds of fine merino at joint and strenuous efforts of the whole nation, to less expense than one pound of native coarse wool! mitigate the evil, and, if possible, to lay a legitimate With such data, figures will demonstrate that, until foundation for its ultimate removal. coarse wool bears a price vastly higher than fine, it is in vain to think of obtaining a supply, except by importation. It must appear evident, that a tariff that would induce our farmers to grow coarse wool, would shut the gates of every woollen manufactory adapted to that description of material, in the country. There are facts from official sources now be The report of the committee on manufactures, fore the public, which prove that the importation and the bill presented by them to the House of Re- of wool, of all qualities, has not exceeded five per presentatives, providing for an incressed tariff on cent. on the quantity grown in the country; and wool, woollens, hemp, &c., having just come to there is the strongest presumption that the produc hand, we proceed to examine the protection held tion of fine wool has nearly reached the point of out to agriculture. The first in order are wool and demand by the manufacturers. One of the most woollen manufactures. I must here express my as-extensive wool growers in the union, expressed to tonishment at the want of information manifest me a few days since, an opinion decidedly confirmaed by the attendants on the "protecting system" at tory-concluding with this remark, "we only want Harrisburg, and of those now in attendance at to be let alone." The information I have been able Washington, of what pertains to the farming in- to collect from various sources, justifies the concluterest. Indeed, I cannot furnish a more forcible il- sion, that the period is at hand, when the staple of lustration, than to transcribe a story told of the na- our fine wool will be so much improved as to betives of Chili, by the celebrated Zimmerman, which come an article of export. The dissemination of I find quoted in a recent British publication now on considerable flocks of Saxon sheep, has caused a my table: "In Chili," says Zimmerman, "the phy-spirited and healthy competition, that will, if not sicians blow around the beds of their patients to paralyzed by tariffs, be productive of such results, drive away diseases, and as the people of that coun- when the art of stapling is better understood, as to try believe that physic consists wholly of this wind, compete with the wools of Spain, and even Saxony, their doctors would take it very ill of any person in the British markets, who should attempt to make the method of cure more difficult. They think they know enough when they know how to blow." If the farmers can be in Great Britain draws large supplies of butter and cheese from Holland; she has no land to spare for a corresponding increase of the dairy with her population. She is so much attached to home consump tion, that double the number of horses are kept for agriculture that are necessary-those and her corn laws eat up every thing. She even imports large quantities of eggs and poultry from France. Yet in what country do yeomanry, landlords and tenants complain more? The tariff intended for the protection of other products of the soil, except those which will be noticed in the sequel, may be ranked with cheese. Ten cents a bushel on potatoes is mere sound; they are a bulky perishable article. A few farmers in the vicinity of sea ports may, in some seasons, be benefitted. But it will come out of the pockets of those of the south, who are obliged to purchase their seed every year. If I have been so fortunate as to convince you that, I have never seen the question fairly met;--according to my apprehension, there has always been too much enthusiasm manifested on the one band, and irritability on the other, to lead to an investigation of the subject in that cool, dispassionate manner its high importance demands. We all ought to know, that a delusion seized the whole christian world with regard to slavery, two centuries ago, and continued till the war of our revolution. Even the Quakers, "the salt of the earth," did not scruple to hold slaves until some ten or twenty years before, when the exhortations of that exemplary man, Anthony Benezet, convinced them that it did not comport with the principles of their faith. It ought also to be known, that it is physically impossible for all the low country south of Virginia, and some parts of that state, to be cultivated by any but the African race. White cultivators, in the present state of the country, cannot exist there. In all probability it would have been a desert, had it depended on their labour, to this day. Take the slaves away, and their proprietors must starve or abandon their dwellings and the tombs of their ancestors-manumit them on the spot, and the remedy would be as bad, or worse than the disease. Can we wonder, then, that our fellow citizens of a tariff on wool will not benefit the "farming interest," that section are so sensitive on this subject? And it will not be necessary to shew that the enormous will those feelings be mitigated by taxing them |