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be; but since the errors which might be expected in their de- consider his testimony as on that account less valuable, nor, tail are of far less importance than those which may arise as I conceive, less genuine and authentic. The manner in from a mistaken turn of expression or from the omission, in which the knowledge was first obtained is the single point on a sentence, of any connecting or explanatory member.-For which the question of originality depends; and, let the help one person in the lower or middling ranks of society who is be what it may by which that knowledge has been preserved competent to repeat the exact expressions of another, five or refreshed, that help can do no more than add probability or thousand may be found who are adequate witnesses to what certainty to the natural recollection of the witness. they see him do or suffer; and, if the supernatural influence And there is yet another way in which the assistance of of the Holy Ghost were necessary to enable the apostles to the Holy Ghost may be useful and necessary, even where all remember and relate the discourses of their Lord with the ac- our knowledge had been acquired and retained by our outcuracy which such blessed instruction merited, it might seem, ward experience and natural abilities; and that is by suggeston the other hand, that they could hardly, without a miracle, ing, out of several circumstances or expressions of which all forget any material circumstance of those most wonderful are equally remembered, the selection of those particulars facts "which their eyes had seen and their hands had han- which are best adapted to the instruction and advantage of dled." It may be thought, therefore, with some apparent ourselves, or of those for whom we are writing. Nor can we reason, that when we have proved the miraculous nature of think it improbable that in this manner also, the narratives of the assistance given to the apostles in the doctrinal parts of the apostles are inspired, since, in the circumstances which the New Testament,-we have already proved all which is they have recorded of the life and conversation of Christ, so necessary to the faith or practice of Christians, and that, little is to be found whereby mere curiosity is gratified; and while the words of Christ are reported to us by supernatural since, notwithstanding the brevity of the Gospels, the picand infallible authority, we may safely commit the certainty ture which they afford of the character of Jesus is at once so of his actions to that same human evidence on which we at complete and instructive. It is possible, therefore, for infirst believed them. spiration to be useful and even necessary, though the circumMichaelis accordingly maintains, and I myself was once stances which we relate are such as we have in our own perof the same opinion, that though the promise of our Lord is sons witnessed; and there is no room for saying that, when express as to the Holy Ghost assisting the apostles to recol- we suppose the grant of God's assistance to the narratives of lect his words, yet we have not the same grounds in Scripture Matthew and John, we suppose a needless miracle. for supposing that, in relating every particular occurrence of It is, at the same time, certain that, wherever the aid of the his life, they were to possess the same infallible accuracy. Holy Ghost is bestowed, whether to suggest, or preserve, or But though the promise, it must be allowed is not so explicit, discriminate, the results of such aid will be of an authority and though the necessity, it will be granted readily, is neither alike divine, and the doctrine or example which they convey so urgent nor so uniform, of divine assistance in relating his-alike imperatively binding on the obedience and the faith of torical events as it has been shown to be in the case of oral Christians. Though the propositions which are thus selected communications; yet it is certain that the Spirit's guidance and approved should have been, in the first instance, advanced into all truth must imply a perfect accuracy in every circum- by human craft or wisdom, yet will the choice of the Holy stance, at least, where religious truth is concerned: and that, Ghost establish them as the adopted word of God; nor will as there is no recorded action of our Lord which can be re- that be less infallible to which he has set the seal of his asgarded as unimportant to the belief or imitation of his follow-sent, than that which immediately proceeded from him. If a ceers, so are there some facts relating to him recorded in the lestial messenger had recommended to our faith and obedience New Testament, which, without celestial illumination it was some certain pasages in Plato or in Porphyry, would it be doubtimpossible its authors should have known; others, of which ed that, whatever were the general character of those authors it is not, perhaps, too much to say, that no human testimony or their productions, the words thus cited would be, thencewould be of itself, sufficient to establish them; and others, forth, the laws of the Most High? At the same time, though yet more, where a human error in the narrative would have such particular passages would be thereby invested with diconducted to consequences exceedingly dangerous to our faith vine authority, it is plain that the question would remain unor practice. And as, in all these instances, the necessity of touched, whether the writings from which they were taken the case would induce us to expect that they would not be de- were inspired or no, and whether they were, in truth, the proprived of divine assistance, so there is a case exactly in duction of those authors whose names they bore. And we point, from the analogy of which we may infer that such as- thus may understand how the human learning and human disistance has been actually, in these instances, accorded to ligence of an apostle might, no less than the use of previous them. When Paul was to be instructed, as an apostle, in the documents, be perfectly consistent with the internal dictacircumstance of our Saviour's life and doctrine, it might have tion of God's Spirit, and that whatever truth was found in an appeared to men to be sufficient had God referred him for in- apocryphal or heathen writer might be suggested by their ceformation to his elder brethren in the Church and to those who lestial guide to James or Jude or Paul, without subscribing to themselves had eaten and drank in the presence of his Son. the general contents or prophetic dignity, whether of the books But though, as it should seem, an adequate knowledge might of Enoch or Aratus or Epimenides.

have been thus acquired of Christ's behaviour during the last That any part of Scripture can be found where inspiration supper, yet we find that these particulars were not entrusted was an useless or superfluous blessing, is a doctrine, then, not to the memory of even an apostle, but were made the subject easy to be maintained. Undoubtedly, it will be difficult to to St. Paul of an immediate revelation from the Lord. An show that those passages in the Epistles which have been equal help, we may reasonably conclude, would be given chiefly instanced as too trivial to call down a celestial interwherever it was equally important; and in relating the deeds ference, were really unimportant to the persons whom they, in no less than the words of Christ, the recollection of the sa- the first instance, concerned, or in the instruction which the cred writers would be, absolutely, therefore, infallible. Church might, in after ages, draw from them. The saluta

And it may be, at the same time observed, that such assist-tions which St. Paul, in his official writings, addresses to parance as is here described, since it does not amount to the in- ticular believers, may have produced a moral effect of the ternal suggestion of a new idea to the soul, but simply to the strongest and most beneficial character, as so many testimonies preservation or revival of an idea originally suggested by the of that approbation with which the Holy Ghost himself beheld natural and external process, is, therefore, perfectly consistent their inward feelings and their outward conduct. The books with that character to which the Evangelists lay claim, of and garment which were left at Troas have furnished more witnesses speaking from their own distinct experience and than one important lesson to the Christian world; and where recollection, and by their separate testimonies, confirming the the apostle reproves, in his epistle to Timothy, the excessive veracity of each other. For, the promise of our Lord is not abstinence of his disciple, a testimony is borne which a Prothat the Holy Ghost should prompt to the Apostles what tes-phet might fitly bear against those ascetic doctrines which timony they ought to bear, (in which case I am ready to al- were, thus early, invading Christianity, and which imposed, low that the Holy Ghost himself, and not his human organ, at length, on the faithful a yoke of unprofitable restrictions, as would be the person who bore witness;) but that the Holy grievous and as manifold as the burden of that law which they Ghost should enable them to give better and more accurate had cast down.

evidence of what they had heard than they could otherwise Should this be thought, however, to savour of scholastie have been considered or expected to be. But if, of two wit- refinement, I can perceive no inconsistency with that chara nesses, the one had, by an artificial system of memory, or by ter to which the Scriptures lay claim as an inspired and intal notes taken at the time, acquired the power of speaking after lible rule of faith and practice, if, in circumstances where a lapse of years, more positively to certain facts or express- the unassisted powers of the writer's intellect were amply ions than his companion could do, we should, certainly, not sufficient to answer the purposes of Providence, we should

admit that the Prophet was left to his private judgment. whom Christ foretold, and by those blessed aids which When the counsel was given, or the discovery made, which he has for Christ's sake dispensed to mankind, the faithful of it was the object of the Holy Ghost to enforce or communi- every age and nation are, no less than the Apostles themcate, it can excite no surprise, that, though the heavenly selves, infallibly conducted to that truth which is in Jesus: voice was silent, the Apostle might still conclude his letter and that "for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, and for inwith the usual forms of salutation to his friends, or with the struction in righteousness," the Scriptures of the last, no less mention of his private necessities. Where the Evangelist than of the former covenant, is "given by the inspiration of was already in perfect possession of the fact, or where a God.

trifling inaccuracy could have no practical effect on the faith Nor do we expect, nor do we desire those further aids to or life of his brethren, the tenor of the history might proceed, knowledge and to holiness which the Romanists would seek it may be thought, as before, though the historian had in that for in the authority whether of their collective Church, or of instance to depend on himself alone. All that can be in such a single ecclesiastical officer. To us it seems presumptuous case required is, that celestial aid should be supplied, and unreasonable, when a rule has been given by God himwherever human authority was insufficient; and that a broad self, to go on demanding at his hands another and yet another and competent line of demarcation should be established be- criterion; to peer about, in the full blaze of sunshine, for the tween such divine and earthly ingredients as might mingle in beams of a supplementary star; or to subject the inspiration the same treatise or history. And while we are assured of the of the immediate Apostles of our Lord to the authoritative first of these necessary circumstances by the promise, that decision of their, surely, less enlightened successors. Bnt, the Spirit of God should guide us into all needful truth: so neither in the ancient synagogue, nor in that primitive Church the reason of the case, and our knowledge of those definite which the Messiah formed on its model, is any claim to be objects which Scripture has in view, might seem amply suffi- found, when their language is rightly apprehended, to a pricient for the second. vilege so extraordinary as that of themselves interpreting the If, then, it be objected, lastly, against the divine authority charter whence they derived their authority. In things inof the New Testament, that, in the narratives which the different, and in controversies between the brethren, the senEvangelists have severally furnished, there are certain difficul- tence of the Church was unquestionably binding on the ties which the followers of Christ have not yet been able to conscience of all its members. But where God and man reconcile, we may demand, in explanation of this charge, whether the circumstances objected to can properly be said to belong to the actions or doctrines of our Saviour, or whether they are not, on the other hand, of a nature strictly secular, and very slightly and incidentally, if at all, connected with the Life and Gospel of Jesus Christ?

were parties, they could express their opinion only; and the most awful denunciation which they had it in they power to utter, is a confession of their own incompetency. The anathema, of which so formidable ideas are entertained, is in its very terms no other than an appeal to the final judgment of that Lord who shall hereafter come in glory; that Lord before On the first of these suppositions the Christian is, indeed, whom, as before his proper Master, every individual must very deeply concerned to vindicate the integrity of that work stand or fall; and whose laws must be applied by every inwhich is his charter to immortal life. In the second case, it dividual for himself to his own case, and at his own exceedwill be enough to reply that, if the infallibility of the Apos-ing peril.

tles extended to every single circumstance in which their mis- If, then, the Scriptures be, as these pretend, obscure, they sion was interested; it was neither to be expected nor desired, are obscure to those who perish. No remedy was provided nor does their Heavenly Teacher ever give us to understand that under the elder covenant for those to whose instruction neithe same supernatural accuracy should be possessed by them ther Moses nor the prophets sufficed; nor does St. Peter in in their incidental mention of men and topics unconnected the New (though in a case where he admits the difficulty of with that errand for the due performance of which alone they God's word) direct the ignorant and unstable to apply for either needed or hoped for inspiration. It was the history further light to himself or his Roman successors. Nor, inand doctrines of the Son of God which they profess to give deed, is it intelligible, even on the established principles of to the world—and it is something too much to impeach the popery, in what manner the rescripts of their pontiff, and the divine authority of their narrative on subjects worthy of ce- decrees of their council, could produce, any more than the lestial interposition, because, on points of no importance they ancient books of Scripture, the effects which they fondly were, possibly, left to themselves. ascribe to them. Unless the inspired interpreter were om

It is certain, however, that the seeming inaccuracies of the nipresent as well as infallible, his edicts must, no less than Evangelists and whatever variations have been most insisted every other composition, whether human or divine, be liable on by infidels in the accounts which those Evangelists have to perversion or cavil. If the secular arm be withdrawn, it severally furnished, belong exclusively to such details as, may be suspected that the sentence of a council will not very whether true of false, are neither subjects capable of a reli- greatly avail with those by whom the words of Peter or Paul gious faith, nor by any possibility affecting our practice; are evaded or despised; nor will any solid satisfaction be variations which can do no more, at most, than leave their afforded by the cuinbrous mazes of the canonists and schoolreader under some degree of hesitation as to the hour of the men, to those weak brethren who have already lost their way crucifixion, the title on the cross, or the year in which our in the narrow compass of one little volume. Saviour drove forth the money-changers from his temple. I But, in the essentials of salvation, and to those who do not mean that the difficulties which I have instanced may sincerely desire to be taught of God, are the Scriptures not be, and have not been satisfactorily solved, and that without really obscure? Let those bear witness, whom, by these impeaching in the smallest degree the accuracy of the sacred means alone, the Spirit of God has guided into all necessary historian; nor will I dissemble that confidence which a Chris- truth! Let those bear witness who have fled from the pertian may be well allowed to feel, that such discrepancies as turbed streams of human controversy to this source of living yet remain to try our faith and our humility will, hereafter, water, whereof "if a man drink he shall never thirst again." in God's good time receive their perfect solution. It is a Let the mighty army of the faithful bear witness, who, beproverb of the Jews, that when Elias shall come, every knot lieving no less than they find, and desiring to believe no more, of their sacred book shall be loosed; and we may safely have worshipped in simplicity of heart, from the earliest ages trust that a greater than Elias will vindicate at his second com- of the Messiah's kingdom, the Father, the Son, and the coming the truth of his written word,. and that of the genuine fortable Spirit of God! I do not, God forbid that I should Gospel, as of the genuine Pentateuch, no jot or tittle shall in this place, and before so many of those who must hereafter pass away. Meantime, however, I am most anxious to prove, unite their amplest stores both of classical and sacred learnthat mistakes in points where inspiration did not properly ing in his cause from whom we have received all things!-I apply can by no means derogate from the inspired character do not deny the efficacy, the propriety, the absolute necessity of a work in those respects where inspiration was either of offering our choicest gifts of every kind on the altar of that needed or promised. I am desirous to impress on your minds religion to whose ministry we are called, and of concentrating that circumstances, which, whether true or false, have no all the lights of history and science to the illustration of these possible bearing on the doctrine or character of Christ, may wonderful testimonies. But, though, to illustrate and defend beloug, indeed, to his history, but are no essential parts of the faith, such aids are, doubtless, needful, the faith itself his Gospel; and that we may admit the New Testament as can spring from no other source than that volume which an unerring and imperative rule in every point of belief or of alone can make men wise to everlasting salvation, that enpractice, though we should be for ever ignorant of the year grafted word which, though the ignorant and unstable may in which Cyrenius governed Syria, or whether the apostate wrest it to their own destruction, is, to those who receive it Judas met his fearful end by strangulation or by rupture. with meekness and with faith, the wisdom and the power of Above all it has been mine aim to show that by the Comforter God.

VOL. II.-20

By this book the Paraclete has guided the church into whatever truths the church of Christ has, at any time, believed or known; by this book and the doctrine which it contains, he has convinced the world of sin, and justified the Son of Man from the malicious slanders of his enemies; by this book he consoles us for the absence of our Lord, and instructs us in things to come; by this he reigns; where this is found his kingdom reaches also; by this weapon, proceeding from the mouth of God, shall the enemies of his Christ be at length extirpated from the world; and by this, it may be thought, as by the rule of God's approbation, shall the secrets of all hearts be, finally, made known, in that day when "whosoever is not found written in the book of life, shall be cast into the lake of fire."

Wherefore, holy brethren, partakers of the spiritual gift, seeing that we have not followed after cunningly devised fables, let us, each in his station, abound in the labour of the Lord, diffusing as we may that saving knowledge, the possession of which alone could make it expedient for the disciples of Christ that their Master should depart and leave them! And let us pour forth, above all, our fervent prayers to that Almighty Spirit, who hath given us these Holy records of his will, that, by his supporting grace, they may bring forth in us the fruit of holiness, and the harvest of life without end, through the mercies of the Father, the merits of the Son, and the strong protection of the Comforter.

The notes to the above Lectures, consisting chiefly of quotations from the Greek and Latin Fathers bave been omitted.Ed. Ch. Lib.

HISTORY

OF THE

PROGRESS AND SUPPRESSION

OF THE

REFORMATION IN SPAIN

IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

BY THOMAS M'CRIE, D. D.

PREFACE.

Additional light has been lately thrown on the fate of Protestantism in Spain by the Critical History of the Spanish

THE following work is a sequel to that which I lately pub-Inquisition, compiled by Don Juan Antonio Llorente, forlished on the Reformation in Italy, and completes what I intended as a contribution to the history of that memorable revolution in the sixteenth century, which, in a greater or less degree, affected all the nations of Europe.

More than twenty years have elapsed since I inserted, in a periodical work, a short account of the introduction of the reformed opinions into Spain, and the means employed to extirpate them. The scanty materials from which that sketch was formed have gradually increased in the course of subsequent reading and research. My earliest authority is Reynaldo Gonzalez de Montes, a Protestant refugee from Spain, who in 1567 published at Heidelberg, in Latin, a Detection of the Arts of the Spanish Inquisition, interspersed with anecdotes of his countrymen who had embraced the Protestant faith, and containing an account of such of them as suffered at Seville. That work was immediately translated into English, and underwent two editions, to the last of which is subjoined an account of Protestant martyrs at Valladolid. Another contemporary authority is Cypriano de Valera, who left Spain for the sake of religion about the same time as De Montes, and has given various notices respecting his Protestant countrymen in his writings, 'particularly in a book on the Pope and the Mass, of which also an English translation was published during the reign of Elizabeth.

These early works, though well known when they first made their appearance, fell into oblivion for a time, together with the interesting details which they furnish. As a proof of this it is only necessary to mention the fact, that the learned Mosheim translated the meagre tract of our countrymen Dr Michael Geddes, entitled, The Spanish Protestant Martyrology, and published it in Germany as the best account of that portion of ecclesiastical history with which he was acquainted.

merly secretary to the Inquisition of Madrid. Though confusedly written, that work is very valuable, both on account of the new facts which the official situation of the author enabled him to bring forward, and also because it verifies, in all the leading features, the picture of that odious tribunal drawn by De Montes and other writers, whose representations were exposed to suspicion on account of their presumed want of information, had the prejudices which, as Protestants, they were supposed to entertain. Llorente was in possession of documents from which I might have derived great advantage; and it certainly reflects little honour on Protestants, and especially British Protestants, that he received no encouragement to execute the proposal which he made, to publish at large the trials of those who suffered for the reformed religion in his native country.

The other sources from which I have drawn my information, including many valuable Spanish books lately added to the Advocate's Library, will appear in the course of the work itself.

My acknowledgments are due to Dr. Friedrich Bialloblotzky, who kindly furnished me, from the University Library or Göttingen, with copious extracts from the dissertation of Büsching, De Vestigiis Lutheranismi in Hispania, a book which I had long sought in vain to procure. For the use of a copy of De Valera's Dos Tratados, del Papa y de la Missa, now become very rare, as well as of other Spanish books, I am indebted to the politeness of Samuel R. Block, Esquire, London.

The general prevalence, both among Spaniards and others, of the mistaken notion that the Spanish Church was at an early period dependent on the See of Rome, has induced me to enter into minuter details in the preliminary part of this work than I should otherwise have thought necessary.

CHAPTER I.

countrymen. Shut out from access to original documents, or averse to the toil of investigating them, foreigners have generally contented themselves with the information which common books supply. And knowing that the Spaniards catholic faith during the three last centuries, the public, as if by general agreement, have come to the hasty conclusion Erroneous opinions as to their early history, originating in that this was the fact from the beginning. To correct such vanity, and fostered by ignorance and credulity, have been mistakes, and to furnish materials for an accurate judgment, common among almost every people. These are often harm- it may be proper to take a more extensive view of the state less; and while they afford matter of good-humoured rail- of religion in Spain before the Reformation, than would lery to foreigners, excite the more inquisitive and liberal- otherwise have been necessary to our undertaking. minded among themselves to exert their talents in separating The ecclesiastical history of Spain during the three first truth from fable, by patient research, and impartial discrimi- centuries may be comprised in two facts,-that the Christian nation. But they are sometimes of a very different charac- religion was early introduced into that country; and that ter, and have been productive of the worst consequences. churches were erected in various parts of it, notwithstanding They have been the means of entailing political and spiritual the persecution to which they were exposed at intervals. All bondage on a people, of rearing insurmountable obstacles in beside this is fable or conjecture. That the gospel was first the way of their improvement, of propagating feelings no preached to their ancestors by St. James, the son of Zebedee, less hostile to their domestic comfort than to their national is an opinion which has been long so popular among the tranquillity, and of making them at once a curse to them- Spaniards, and so identified with the national faith, that such selves and a scourge to all around them. of their writers as were most convinced of the unsound foun

Review of the Ecclesiastical History of Spain before the era of have signalized their zeal for the See of Rome and the the Reformation.

If the natives of Spain have not advanced those extrava-dation on which it rests have been forced to join in bearing gant pretentions to high antiquity which have made the testimony to its truth. The ingenuity of the warm partizans inhabitants of some other countries ridiculous, they have of the popedom has been put to the stretch in managing the unhappily fallen under the influence of national prejudices obstinate fondness with which the inhabitants of the Peninsula equally destitute of truth, and far more pernicious in their have clung to a prepossession so hazardous to the claims of tendency. Every true Spaniard is disposed to boast of the St. Peter and of Rome. They have alternately exposed the purity of his blood, or, in the established language of the futility of the arguments produced in its support, and granted country, that he is "an Old Christian, free from all stain of that it is to be received as a probable opinion, resting on trabad descent." The meanest peasant or aritizan in Spain dition. At one time they have urged that the early martyrlooks upon it as a degradation to have in his veins the least dom of the apostle precludes the idea of such an expedition; mixture of Jewish or Moorish blood, though transmitted by and at another time they have tendered their aid to relieve the the remotest of his known ancestors, in the male or female Spaniards from this embarrassment, and to "elude the obline. To have descended from that race," of which, as con-jection," by suggesting, with true Italian dexterity, that the cerning the flesh, Christ came," or from Christians who had Spirit might have carried the apostle from Palestine to Spain, incurred the censure of a tribunal whose motto is the reverse and after he had performed his task, conveyed him back with of his who "came not to destroy men's lives but to save such celerity that he was in time to receive the martyr's crown them," is regarded as a greater disgrace than to have sprung at Jerusalem. By such artful managements, they succeeded from savages and pagans, or from those who had incurred at last in settling the dispute, after the following manner; the last sentence of justice for the most unnatural and horrid that, agreeably to the concurring voice of antiquity, the secrimes. "I verily believe," says a modern Spanish writer ven first bishops of Spain were ordained by St. Peter, and who sometimes smiles through tears at the prejudices of his sent by him into the Peninsula; but that, as is probable, they countrymen, "that were St. Peter a Spaniard, he would had been converted to the Christian faith by St. James, who either deny admittance into heaven to people of tainted despatched them to Rome to receive holy orders from the blood, or send them into a corner, where they might not prince of the apostles; from which the inference is, that St. offend the eyes of the Old Christian." We might go far- James was the first who preached the gospel to the Spanther, and say, that if a Spaniard had the keys of heaven iards, but St. Peter was the founder of the church of Spain. in his keeping, St. Peter, and all the apostles with him, Leaving such fabulous accounts, which serve no other purwould be removed into a corner." It is easy to con- pose than to illustrate human credulity, and the ease with ceive what misery must have been felt by persons and fami- which it was wrought upon by artifice and cunning, we prolies who have incurred this involuntary infamy in their own ceed to the period of authentic history.

estimation, or in that of their neighbours; and what bitter The facts which we have to bring forward may be arranged and rancorous feelings must have been generated in the hearts under three heads:-the doctrine of the ancient church of of individuals and races of men living together or contigu- Spain; her government; and her worship. ously, both in a state of peace and of warfare.

I. Sentiments which by common consent have been regard

* A curious specimen of the managements referred to in the text is to be seen in the alterations made on the Roman Calendar. Car

But, when the records of antiquity are consulted, the truth ed as heretical, without as well as within the pale of that turns out to be, that in no other country of Europe has there church which arrogates to herself the title of catholic, sprang been such an intermixture of races as in Spain-Iberian, up repeatedly in Spain, and in some instances overran the Celtic, Carthaginian, Roman, Greek, Gothic, Jewish, Sar- whole country. In the fourth century, Priscillian, a native of acennic, Syrian, Arabian, and Moorish. With none are the Gallicia, founded a new sect, which united the tenets of the Spaniards more anxious to disclaim all kindred than with Manichæans and Gnostics. It made many converts, includJews and Moors. Yet anciently their Christian kings did ing persons of the episcopal order, and subsisted in Spain for not scruple to form alliances with the Moorish sovereigns of two hundred years. When they boast of the pure blood of Grenada, to appear at their tournaments, and even to fight the Goths, the Spaniards appear to forget that their Gothie under their banners. Down to the middle of the fifteenth century, the Spanish poets and romancers celebrated the chivalry of "the Knights of Grenada, gentlemen though Moors." It was no uncommon occurrence for the Christians dinal Quignoni obtained the following insertion in the Rubric, rein Spain to connect themselves by marriage with Jews and ferring to St. James the elder: "He went to Spain, and preached the Moors; and the pedigree of many of the grandees and titled gospel there, according to the authority of St. Isidore." (Brevianobility has been traced up to these "cankered branches" by rum Paul III.) A change more agreeable to the Spaniards was afthe Tizon de Espana, or Brand of Spain, a book, which terwards made: "Having travelled over Spain, and preached the neither the influence of government, nor the terror of the gospel there, he returned to Jerusalem." (Brev. Pii. V.) This Inquisition, has been able completely to suppress. Nor is having given offence to Cardinal Baronius and others at Rome, the greater credit due to the opinion which has long been preva-disciples there, is the tradition of the churches of that province." following was substituted: "That he visited Spain and made some Tent in the Peninsula, that its inhabitants have uniformly Brev. Clementis VIII.) If the former mode of expression gave great kept themselves free from all stain of heretical pravity, and offence at Rome, this last gave still greater in Spain. The whole preserved the purity of the faith inviolate since their first re-kingdom was thrown into a ferment; and letters and ambassadors ception of Christianity. were despatched by his Catholic Majesty to the Pope, exclaiming The ancient state of the church in Spain is but little known. against the indignity done to the Spanish nation. At last the followModern writers of that nation have been careful to conceal or Having gone to Spain, he made some converts to Christ, seven of ing form was agreed upon, which continues to stand in the Calendar: to pass lightly over those spots of its history which are cal-whom being ordained by St. Peter, were sent to Spain as its first culated to wound the feelings or abate the prejudices of their bishops." (Brev. Urbani VIII.)

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