within their walls, the legate and the high lords of the army, but as their lord and king, and pay him their homage; and he that these being introduced into the city with their attendants, made them confirm this promise by a solemn oath. The matook possession of the gates in contempt of the capitulation. lady soon reached its last stage, and he expired on the 8th of Neither the king nor the legate thought themselves, in con- November, 1226. science, obliged to keep any faith with excommunicated heretics, but they owed some regard to Frederic II, and it was probably on his account that they contented themselves with requiring three hundred hostages, as a guarantee for the submission of the citizens to the commands of the church and the legate; with imposing on the city a warlike contribution; with throwing down parts of its walls and towers; and with putting to the sword the Flemings and the French who were found in the garrison. It is probable that, but for the recommendation of the emperor, all the inhabitants would have been put to death.

CHAPTER V.

Affairs of the Albigenses from the Death of Louis VIII, 1226, to the Peace of Paris, 1229; and its final ratification, 1242. At the death of Louis VIII, the monarchy which had been Louis remained a short time at Avignon with his army. raised to a high degree of power, by the skill and good forFifteen days after he had taken the city, a terrible inundation tune of Philip Augustus, appeared in danger of falling into of the Durance covered all the space which had been occu- that state of turbulent anarchy from which he had with diffipied by the French camp. If the soldiers had not taken their culty rescued it. He had obtained great advantages over his quarters within the walls, they would all have been swept away vassals, which his son, during his short reign, had not had time by the water, with their tents and baggage. At this epoch to lose; but those vassals had still the consciousness of their Louis confided the government of Beaucaire and of Nismes strength, and the love of that independence of which they to a French knight, who, from that time took the title of had been so recently deprived. To keep them in their obeseneschal of the two cities. The king afterwards passed dience a high degree of energy was required in the depositathrough the province, and arrived within four leagues of Tou-ries of the royal authority, and that authority was confided in louse, magnificently entertained and feasted by the bishop a woman and a child.

Fouquet, who followed the army; respectfully admitted into Louis VIII had married, on the 23d of May, 1200, Blanche, their castles by the Languedocian lords, from whom he daughter of Alphonso IX of Castille; he had eleven children successively received an oath of fidelity; giving a seneschal by her, five of whom survived him. Blanche was born, acto Carcassonne, as he had done to Beaucaire; rasing the city cording to Bollandus, in 1188, and most probably three or of Limoux, the capital of Razez, which was situated upon a four years sooner, so that she was, at the death of her hushill to rebuild it on a plain; and in fine, receiving, in the band, at least thirty-eight years of age. Louis, the eldest of month of October, in the city of Pamiers, the submission of her sons, born the 25th of April, 1215, was, at that time, all the bishops of the province. eleven years and a half; Robert the eldest of his other three

But throughout this whole expedition Louis VIII had not sons, was ten years; Alphonso, the second, seven; the the opportunity of signalizing the bravery of his soldiers, by youngest, Charles, was only six, and the daughter, Elizabeth, a single warlike exploit. The counts of Toulouse and of was only two years old.

Foix, who had renewed their alliance, under the guarantee of Blanche was a Spaniard, and possessed of the qualities the city of Toulouse, avoided every battle, and every kind of common to her nation, the qualities peculiar to great minds. action. They determined to suffer the crusaders to exhaust She was handsome; her heart was ardent and tender; relithemselves by their own efforts, supposing that if Louis re-gion, partly occupied it, but love was not excluded; and her turned into their province in the following year, as he had deportment, especially towards the king of Navarre, and the threatened, he would at least not be followed by so large a pope's legate, gave some colour of probability to the reports body of fanatics; that they would have received a lesson from which her enemies circulated against her. Jealous of her the mortality and sufferings before Avignon; and that their authority, jealous of the affections of those whom she loved, persecuting zeal would be much abated, by having observed even when she married her sons, she was still watchful to none of these heretics in the province, of whom so much had prevent their wives obtaining an ascendancy over them which been told them. By the same reasoning, but with a quite might interfere with her own; she had, besides, inspired contrary interest, the king, the legate, and the bishop Fouquet, them with a high idea of her prudence and capacity. She earnestly desired to find in the country where they had made possessed their love, but that love was mingled with fear, war, some of those enemies of the church, for whose extir- and even when she placed them on the throne, she did not pation the whole of France had been put in motion. Nothing accustom them to relax in their obedience. Although she was more difficult than this, after fifteen years of persecution, was herself, probably, destitute of a literary education, which during which they had either been expelled or put to death. was in those times rarely given even to men, she compreIt was with the greatest exertions that they at last discovered, hended the advantage of useful studies, and surrounded her at Cannes, in the diocese of Narbonne, an ancient preacher sons with those who were the most capable of teaching them of the Albigenses, named Peter Isarn, who being too old to all that was then known. She gave to the masters whom quit the country, had concealed himself in the most secret re- she chose an authority over the princes, as absolute as they treats. He was condemned by the archbishop of Narbonne, could have had over the children of a citizen; and as the and burned with great ceremony. After this execution, Louis ferula was then the only system of education known to the prepared for his return: he entrusted his conquests to the pedants, so, as the blessed king himself used to say, the government of Humbert de Beaujeu, a knight distinguished aforesaid master flogged him many times to teach him things both for his birth and valour, and took the road towards Au- of discipline." But above all, Blanche endeavoured to invergne in his way to Northern France. spire her children with the same religious sentiments by

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But the germs of that malady, which had caused so many which she herself was actuated; and the education which ravages during the siege of Avignon, still remained in the she gave them constantly tended to the development of that army, and the fatigue, the heat, and the march across an un- piety, and that ardent faith, which was the spring of all their healthy country during the feverish season, gave them addi-actions.

tional activity. William, archbishop of Rheims, the count of 1227. Blanche, at the same time that she had to contend Namur, and Bouchard de Marli, fell the first victims to this epi- with her great barons, for the sovereign authority, and to demic. Louis VIII on his arrival at Montpensier, in Auvergne, maintain her relations with the king of England, found heron the 29th of October, felt himself attacked in his turn. self charged with the war which her husband, according to He was obliged to rest there, and soon discovered that his the exhortation of the holy see, had, in the preceding year, malady was mortal. On the third of November he called carried on against the Albigenses. But, although the army into his chamber the prelates and the principal lords by whom of Louis VIII had been almost destroyed there by sickness, he had been accompanied, viz. the archbishop of Bourges and the regent had no reason to fear the vengeance of the inhabitof Sens; the bishops of Beauvais, of Noyon, and of Char-ants of the countship of Toulouse, to whom, under the pretres, Philip his brother, count of Boulogne, the count of Blois, tence of their attachment to heresy, so much evil had been Enguerrand de Coucy, Archambaud de Bourbon, Jean de done. They were crushed under the weight of long-proNesle, and Etienne de Sancerre. He commended to them tracted calamities, and desired nothing so much as a short his eldest son, then only twelve years of age, and afterwards season of repose. The cardinal, Romano di Sant. Angelo, celebrated as Saint Louis; he confided him to the care of his had full authority from the pope to regulate the ecclesiastiwife, Blanche of Castille; he demanded of his prelates and ba-cal government of the conquered country. In the beginning rons that they would promise to crown him, without delay, of January, he gave judgment upon the demand made by the

citizens of Avignon, to be reconciled to the church. He pro- Reason, however, began afresh to attempt the examination hibited them from affording any succours to the count of of religious questions; but it was not to those controversies Toulouse or any asylum to the heretics. He condemned treated of by the Albigenses, that attention was directed. them to a fine of a thousand marks of silver to the church, From them the most undaunted speculators turned, with a and of six thousand to the army of the crusaders. He com- well-founded horror. The schools of Paris had been continmanded them to demolish their walls, their ramparts, and ually acquiring importance; new scholars flocked there, not their towers, without the liberty of rebuilding them, unless only from France, but from all Europe, to attend the lessons they should obtain permission from the king of France and of celebrated masters. A numerous body of professors, who the church. On these conditions he was willing to free them were indebted for their pecuniary advantages, their rank in from the excommunication which they had incurred; but, at society, and their fame, to the exercise of all the faculties the same time, he destined the money that he had extorted of the mind, had raised themselves, still more than they had from them, to fortifying the castle of Saint André, on the elevated the youths confided to their care. Erudition had other side of the Rhone, which was intended to keep them made indubitable progress; skill in managing both the thoughts in obedience. and the language, in disputes, had increased with exercise; During lent, in the same year, Peter, archbishop of Nar- it is not so certain that the understanding had gained either bonne, presided at a council in his episcopal city, the canons in justness or in extent. The school of theology at Paris, of which, to the number of twenty, were all intended to re- famed through all Europe for its orthodoxy, placed its glory double the rigours of persecution against the Jews and the in maintaining that reputation without spot; yet, this body heretics, the count of Toulouse, the count of Foix, and the of teachers could not help finding itself in opposition to the viscount of Beziers, and to augment the authority of the monastic orders, who also undertook the work of instruction. ecclesiastics. It was there ordered, that a testament should Their rivalship contributed to attach the French theologians not be held valid, unless it was signed in the presence of the to the defence of the independence of their national church; curate; and that, in each parish, assistants to the inquisitors, it was by prescribing the boundaries of the temporal and under the name of synodical witnesses, should be instituted spiritual powers, by their oppositions to the encroachments for the discovery of those whose faith might be suspected. of the court of Rome, that they signalized their spirit of In spite of the discouragement of his subjects, the abandon-reform, and never in any examination of the doctrine, nor ment of his allies, and the accumulation of sacerdotal hatred, even in that of the discipline of the church. the count of Toulouse endeavoured to profit by the retreat of In the midst of the troubles of an agitated regency, with the crusaders, to attack Humbert de Beaujeu, whom Louis numerous risings and revolts of the barons within the realm, VIII had, at his departure, left as his lieutenant of the pro- and threatenings and dangers from without, Blanche had the vince. He could only take from him the castle of Haute- talent to terminate the conquest of the Albigenses, and to Rive, four leagues from Toulouse, which he had attacked gather the fruits of the policy of Philip Augustus, of the zeal during the winter; but, this event was sufficient to excite the of Louis VIII, and of the fanatical fury of their subjects. The French clergy to make the court of Rome resound with their rivalship of Philip Hurepel, the count of Boulogne, and uncle clamours. They accused the queen of continuing to raise of Louis IX, the enmity and distrust of the barons, and the the tenths of the ecclesiastical benefices, granted for five relationship which connected her with Raymond VII, did not years to her husband, without, at the same time, continuing divert her from those projects of aggrandisement which she the war against the heretics, which alone could render this had formed in concert with the cardinal di Sant. Angelo. exaction legitimate. They even obtained an order from France has been indebted to her for the acquisition of a noble Gregory IX, who had succeeded in the pontificate to Hono- province, and forgetting at what a price it was purchased, she rius III, to suspend the payment. The cardinal of Sant. has viewed with indulgence both her policy and her means Angelo, who was entirely devoted to Blanche, found means of success. It would be unjust to attribute to individuals the to revoke the order; but, at the same time, gave the queen errors of their age. Intolerance and persecuting fanaticism to understand, that it was to her interest to continue the war. were virtues in the eyes of Blanche, and she is not responsiShe sent some assistance to Humbert de Beaujeu, who, by ble for the instruction of her doctors. But cupidity, cruelty the help of this reinforcement, was enabled to lay siege to and want of faith in political transactions, were sanctioned by the castle Bécéde, in Lauraguais. The archbishop of Nar- no religious instruction. We are no more able to exculpate bonne, and Fouquet, bishop of Toulouse, whom the Albi- from these vices the great of the middle ages, than those of genses called the bishop of devils, proceeded to this siege. our own days. The frequency of examples cannot justify Pons de Villeneuve, and Olivier de Fermes, who commanded that which conscience reprobates. Yet the picture of the in the castle, not being able to prolong their defence, suc- crimes of former ages does not excite sensations which are ceeded one night in escaping with part of their garrison; the altogether painful; it shows to what a degree ignorance is rest were either knocked on the head, or put to the sword by contrary to morality, and how greatly the increase of knowthe conquerors. Fouquet did, however, save the lives of ledge has been favourable to the progress of virtue. some women and children; and he, in like manner, rescued 1228. At the commencement of the year 1228, Raymond from the hands of the soldiers, though it was that they might count of Toulouse again took the field, flattering himself that perish in the flames, Girard de la Mote, pastor of the heretics he should find the royal party discouraged by the civil wars of Bécéde, and all those who formed his flock. with the barons, and the crusaders weakened by the departure

more terrible.

Thus, the cruelty of the persecutors was not yet satiated; of the most enthusiastic amongst them for the Holy Land. still it frequently displayed itself by punishments, and during Guy de Montfort, brother of the ferocious Simon, was killed all the period on which we are now entering, the repressive at the siege of Vareilles. Raymond afterwards took possessmeasures, adopted by the councils, acquired each year more ion of Castel Sarrazin. In the neighbourhood of that place, he severity, and gave to the inquisition an organization still placed an ambush for a body of troops belonging to Humbert Nevertheless, that fanaticism, which had de Beaujeu, and, having taken a great number of prisoners, armed the first crusaders against the Albigenses, was abated; he abandoned himself to those sentiments of hatred and nobody now regarded Christianity as in danger from the pro- vengeance which the horrors of the war had excited both in his gress of reform, nobody was anxious to save the church from soldiers and himself. The captives were mutilated with an the invasion of thought, and no one longed for the moment odious cruelty; a second advantage caused additional French when he might rejoice at the burning of the heretics, or bathe prisoners to fall into his hands, and a second time he treated himself in their blood. To an outrageous phrensy had suc- them with the same barbarity. Perhaps, also, a mistaken ceeded a calm indifference; yet, toleration had gained nothing policy made him thus brave the laws of humanity. Disby the exchange. Kings, nobles, priests, and people, were couragement had seized the hearts of the Languedocians; their all agreed in thinking, that heretics must be destroyed by constancy had been exhausted by a succession of such comfire and sword. An injurious name, which recalled the bats, and so many sufferings; and Raymond VII thought that Bulgarian origin of the sect, was given to all who had under- he should render them warlike by permitting them to become taken to bring back morals to their purity, faith to its spirit- ferocious. But, on the contrary, those who had degraded uality, and the church to its original simplicity. A cold themselves by taking the character of executioners, ceased to contempt alone was vouchsafed to those beings who had merit, in war, the title of soldiers. His success finished with been animated by such generous sentiments, and had suffered his clemency.

so much affliction, as if they had in them nothing human, Humbert de Beaujeu received but little assistance from nothing capable of feeling, nothing with which the heart of France; the prelates, however, effected for him what the man could sympathise. Their very punishment excited no queen could not then undertake. In the middle of June, the emotion, not even that of hatred, because it no longer re-archbishops of Auch and Bourdeaux arrived at his camp, with quired an effort to crush them. a great number of bishops; they had been preaching the cross

in their respective dioceses, and they brought him a numerous son the daughter of a prince so long proscribed, and so conand fanatical army. Fouquet, bishop of Toulouse, had never stantly excommunicated, Blanche sufficiently manifested that quitted the crusaders, and he exceeded them all in sanguinary she, at least, did not consider him a heretic, that she felt no zeal. He believed himself called to purify, by fire, his episco- horror at being allied to him, and that on the part of the court pal city, and he determined Beaujeu to draw near to Toulouse. of France, the crusade was rather political than religious. Its The affrighted citizens shut themselves up within their walls, real design was to obtain possession of the domains belongabandoning the surrounding country, and flattering themselves ing to the most powerful of the grand vassals, though its still to be able, by lengthening out the war, to weary the pa- ostensible object was the suppression of heresy. tience of the besiegers. It was their own bishop, Fouquet, Toulouse, with all the provinces reserved to Raymond VII, who suggested the method of wounding his people in what were, after his death, to pass to his daughter, and to the he knew to be the most sensible part, and of rendering this children which she might have by her marriage with one of war for ever fatal to their country. By his advice the French the king's brothers. In failure of these, the fiefs were to recaptains conducted, every morning, their troops to the gates vert to the crown, without ever passing to any other children of Toulouse, and then retiring to the mountains, each day by whom Raymond VII might have by a new marriage. On the a different route, they commanded them, through all the space other hand, the remainder of his states, amounting to nearly they passed over, to cut down the corn, tear up the vines, two-thirds of the whole, were to be given up to the king, imdestroy the fruit trees, and burn the houses, so that there re-mediately after the treaty of Paris, to be united to the crown; mained not a vestige of the industry or of the riches of man. that is, the dukedoms Narbonne, Beziers, Agde, Maguelonne, Each day the general traced in this manner a new radius, and Usez and Viviers, as well as all that the count possessed or during three months he uninterruptedly continued, thus me- pretended to possess in Velay, Gévaudan and the lordship of thodically, to ravage all the adjacent country. At the end of Lodève; together with the fief of the marshal of Lévis, in the the campaign, the city was only surrounded by a frightful Touloussain, with the half of the Albigeois. desert, all its richest inhabitants were ruined, and their cour- These were but a small part of the sacrifices to which Rayage no longer enabled them to brave such a merciless war. mond VII was obliged to submit. He promised to pay twenty Some lords had already abandoned them; the two brothers, thousand marks of silver in four years, half for the benefit of Oliver and Bernard de 'Termes, submitted their castles on the the churches, whilst the remainder should be employed in 21st of November, to the archbishop of Narbonne, and to rebuilding the fortifications of the places, which he gave up marshal de Levis, who received it in the name of the king, to his enemies; to restore to all the ecclesiastics the whole of of whom the brothers de Termes engaged to hold all the rest the possessions which had been taken from them during the of their lordship. Nearly at the same time count Raymond war; to rase the walls and fill up the ditches of Toulouse, listened to the propositions of peace which were made by the whilst, at the same time, he should receive a French garrison abbot of Grandselve; on the 10th of December, 1228, he gave into the Narbonnese castle, which served as a citadel to that full powers to this abbot to negociate in his name with the great city; to rase, likewise, the fortifications of thirty others king, the queen mother, and the cardinal di Sant. Angelo, of his cities or fortresses; to deliver eight of them into the engaging to ratify whatever treaty should obtain the consent custody of the king: he also promised never to raise any forof his cousin Thibaud, count of Campagne, whom he took tification in any other place in his states; to dismiss all the for arbitrator of his differences with his cousin the queen. routiers, or those soldiers who made a trade of hiring themThe instructions to the abbot of Grandselve show that Ray-selves to any who wished to enrol them; in a word, to oblige mond VII, overwhelmed with terror as well as his subjects, all his subjects to swear, not only to observe this treaty, but no longer preserved any hope of defending himself. It might also that they would turn their arms against him if he should even be supposed that the victories of his enemies appeared ever depart from it. Even this was not all; Raymond VII to him a judgment from heaven, and that he thought himself was compelled to promise that he would henceforth make war obliged, in conscience, henceforth to share the persecuting against all those who, to this moment, had remained faithful fanaticism against which he so long had struggled. In fact, to him, and especially against the count of Foix; and that he he demanded neither liberty of conscience for his subjects nor would pay to every individual who should arrest a heretic, the preservation of his own sovereignty; he abandoned all two marks for each of his subjects who might be thus carried thoughts of maintaining any longer his independence; he con- before the tribunals. It appears, however, that Raymond felt sented to surrender himself disarmed, and without guarantee, himself so debased by these extorted conditions, that he himinto the hands of his enemies, and to leave to them the dis-self demanded to be retained a prisoner at the Louvre, whilst posal of his heritage. He only desired to covenant for the they were beginning to execute the treaty; and that he subpossession of a small part of his states, to secure to himself mitted to the obligation of serving five years in the Holy not a sovereignty, but a revenue, which should cease with Land, when he should leave his prison, that he might not be his life. the witness of the entire ruin of his country. Nevertheless,

1229. Early in the year 1229 the cardinal legate held two the love of repose, the dread of the humiliations he might provincial councils, one at Sens, the other at Senlis, to pre- have to endure in an army of fanatics, or perhaps some new pare the articles relative to the pacification of Albigeois. He hopes, engaged him afterwards to free himself from this last afterwards repaired to Meaux, where the king, the queen condition.

Blanche, the count Raymond VII, the deputies from Toulouse, The union of part of Albigeois to the domain of the crown, the archbishop of Narbonne, and the principal bishops of his and the submission of all the rest to those fanatical priests province successively arrived. The treaty which had been who had called thither the crusaders, were the forerunners of concerted between the cardinal di Sant. Angelo and the abbot inexpressible calamities to these provinces. But, that which of Grandselve, was afterwards read. It was the most extra-perhaps exceeded all the others, was the permanent estabordinary that any sovereign had ever been required to sign.lishment of the inquisition. This was principally the work Each of its articles, says William de Puy Laurens, contained of the council, assembled at Toulouse, in the month of Noa concession which might alone have sufficed for the ransom vember, 1229, and composed of the archbishops of Narbonne, of the count of Toulouse, had he been made prisoner in a of Bourdeaux, and of Auch, with their suffragans. In the universal rout of all his army. Raymond, nevertheless, did month of the preceding April, an ordonance of Louis IX had not hesitate to give his consent to it. renewed, in the countries which had fallen under his domin

The definitive treaty was signed at Paris the 12th of April, ion, the severest pursuits against the heretics. 1229. By this act, Raymond VII abandoned to the king all The inquisition was not, at this epoch, abandoned solely that he possessed in the kingdom of France, and to the legate to the Dominicans. It was only by a slow progress, during all that he possessed in the kingdom of Arles. After this all the reign of Saint Louis, that it was brought to that comuniversal renunciation, the king, as if by favour, granted him, plete and fearful organization, with which a fanatical party as a fief, for the remainder of his life, a part only of what he desires, at this day, its re-establishment in Spain. The had taken from him, namely, a portion of the dioceses of Tou- council of 1229, composed chiefly of prelates, had sought to louse, of Albigeois and of Quercy, with the entire dioceses render it subordinate to the episcopal power. The bishops of Agenois and of Rouergue. These provinces which the were to depute, into each province a priest, and two or three king restored to him were, moreover, to form the portion of laics, to seek after (having first engaged themselves by oath) his daughter Jane, then nine years of age, whom he named all the heretics and their abettors-"Let them visit carefully," his sole heiress, and whom he engaged to deliver immediately says the first canon, "each house in their parish, and the subinto the hands of Blanche, that she might bring her up under terranean chambers, which any suspicion shall have caused her own eyes, and afterwards marry her to one of her sons, at to be remarked; let them examine all the out-houses, the reher discretion. Blanche destined her for Alphonso the third, treats under the roofs, and all the secret places, which we who was likewise but nine years old. In accepting for her order them, besides, every where to destroy: if they find there

any heretics, or any of their abettors or concealers, let them and the love of life sometimes soften a heart, which canno in the first place provide that they may not escape; then let be affected in any other manner. Let them speak to him also them, with all haste, denounce them to the archbishop, the in an encouraging manner, saying, “Be not afraid to confess bishop, the lord of the place or his bailiffs, that they may be if you have given credit to these men when they said such punished according to their deserts. and such things, because you believed them virtuous. If you

An instruction as to the manner of proceeding against her- heard them willingly, if you assisted them with your proper etics, was composed before the end of the same century, for ty, if you confessed yourself to them, it was because you lovthe use of the inquisitors. Some extracts from this curious ed all whom you believed to be good people, and because you book, published by the fathers Martene and Durand, of the knew nothing ill respecting them. The same might happen congregation of Saint Maur, will give a better understanding to men much wiser than you, who might also be deceived by respecting an institution which henceforward exercised so them. If he begins then to soften, and to grant that he has. great an influence over the church and people of France. "In in some place, heard these teachers speak concerning the this manner," it is said at the beginning, "the inquisitors gospels or the epistles, you must then ask him, cautiously, in proceed in the provinces of Carcassonne and Toulouse. these teachers believed such and such things, for example, if First, the accused or suspected of heresy is cited; when he they denied the existence of purgatory, or the efficacy of prayappears, he is sworn upon the holy Gospels, that he will fully ers for the dead, or if they pretended that a wicked priest. say all that he knows for a truth, respecting the crime of her-bound by sin, cannot absolve others, or what they say about esy or Vaudoisie, as well concerning himself as others, as the sacraments of the church? Afterwards, you must ask well concerning the living as the dead. If he conceals or them, cautiously, whether they regard this doctrine as good denies any thing, he is put in prison, and kept there until he and true, for he who grants this, has thereby confessed his shall have confessed; but if he says the truth, (that is, if he heresy..... Whereas, if you had asked him bluntly whether accuses either others or himself) his confession is diligently he believed the same things, he would not have answered, written down by a notary public.....When a sufficient num- because he would have suspected that you wished to take ber have confessed to make a sermon" (thus they then called, advantage of him and accuse him as a heretic.... These are what we at this day name from a Portuguese word, auto da fe) very subtle foxes, and you can only take them by a crafty "the inquisitors convoke, in a suitable place, some juris- subtilty."

consults, minor-brothers, and preachers, and the ordinaries, We will add here a last instruction given by the inquisitor, (the bishops) without whose counsel, or that of their vicars, the author of this work to his brother, drawn from his personal no person ought to be condemned. When the council is as-experience. "Note," says he, "that the inquisitor ought alsembled, the inquisitors shall submit to it a short extract from ways to suppose a fact, without any proof, and only inquire the confession of each person, but suppressing his name.after the circumstances of the fact. For example, he should They shall say, for example, a certain person, of such a dio- say, How many times hast thou confessed thyself to the hercese, has done what follows, after which the counsellors re-letics? or, in what chamber have the heretics slept in thy ply, "let the inquisitors impose upon him an arbitrary pe- house? or similar things." nance, or let this person be immured, or in fine, let him be "In like manner the inquisitor may, from time to time, delivered to the secular arm." After which they are all cited consult a book, as if he had the life of the heretic written for the following Sunday. On this day, the inquisitors, in there, and all the questions that he was to put to him." the presence of the prelates, the abbots, the bailiffs, and all the people, cause those to be first called who have confessed and persisted in their confession; for, if they retract, they are sent back to prison, and their faults only are recited.

"Likewise, when a heretic confesses himself to him, he ought to impose upon him the duty of accusing his accomplices, otherwise he would not give a sign of true penitence." "Likewise, when a heretic either does not fully confess "They begin with those who are to have arbitrary penan- his errors, or does not accuse his accomplices, you must say ces: to them they give crosses, they impose pilgrimages, to him in order to terrify him, Very well, we see how it is. greater or smaller according to their faults; to those who have Think of thy soul, and fully renounce heresy, for thou art perjured themselves, they give double crosses. All these about to die, and nothing remains but to receive with true having gone out with their crosses, they recite the faults of penitence all that shall happen to thee. And if he then says: those who are to be immured, making them rise, one after Since I must die, I had rather die in my own faith than in that the other, and each remain standing whilst his confession is of the church; then it is certain that his repentance was read. When it is finished, the inquisitor seats himself, and feigned, and he may be delivered up to justice." gives his sentence sitting, first in Latin, then in French. We have thought it our duty to dwell the longer on this Finally they recite the faults of the relapsed, and the sen- new method of procedure against the heretics, and on the tence being pronounced, they are delivered....... Neverthe-instructions given to the judges for the examination of conless, those who are delivered as relapsed, are not to be burn-sciences, because the form which was prescribed to them for ed the same day they are delivered; but, on the contrary, they their interrogatories, was soon after introduced into the crimought to be engaged to confess themselves, and receive the inal procedure, where it produced a revolution in the state of eucharist, if they require it, and if they give signs of true re- France. It was by artifices similar to these, by such moral pentance, for thus wills the lord pope." tortures, that it was endeavoured to extort confessions from

But this was only the external form of procedure. An in- the accused, as soon as the suppression of the judicial comquisitor, of the same period, has given a more detailed in-bats rendered the office of the judge more complicated. The struction to his brethren, respecting the manner of directing priests, as more skilful, as more accustomed by the confessthe interrogatories. This instruction, also, has been printed ional to penetrate into the secrets of conscience, gave the by the same two Benedictine fathers, in a collection of religi- example, and in some measure established the theory of ous writings; it is worthy of being placed entire under the interrogatories. Nevertheless, it appears that at this period eyes of the reader, and it is not without regret, that we con- they had not added torture, properly so called, to their other fine ourselves to giving short extracts from it. means of investigation. There is no mention made of it in

"Even he who is the most profoundly plunged in heresy," either of the instructions for the inquisitors, which we have says the anonymous author, may sometimes be brought under our eyes. Half a century later its use became as freback, by the fear of death, or the hope that he shall be per- quent as it was atrocious, both in the civil and ecclesiastical mitted to live, if he confess sincerely the errors which he has tribunals. The interrogatory of the suspected was not the learned, and if he denounce any others whom he may know only part of the procedure in which the practice of the inquito belong to this sect. If he refuses to do it, let him be shut sition influenced the courts of justice; the inquest by witup in prison, and given to understand, that there are witnesses nesses received from it also a new character. Every thing against him, and that if he be once convicted by witnesses, had been public in the ancient French jurisprudence, both there will be no mercy for him, but he will be delivered to under the Merovingians, where the citizens judged each death. At the same time let his food be lessened, for such other in their malli, and under the first of the Capets, in the fear and suffering will contribute to humble him. Let none baronial courts, where the peers of the accused sate in judg of his accomplices be permitted to approach him, lest they ment upon him. But the monks, on the contrary, surrounded encourage him, or teach him to answer with artifice, and not themselves with thick darkness; all was secret in their into betray any one. Let no other approach him, unless it be, quests; they suppressed the confrontation of witnesses, and from time to time, two adroit believers, who may advise him even concealed, from the accused, the names of those who cautiously, and as if they had compassion upon him, to de- had deposed against them.

liver himself from death, to confess where he has erred, and The heretics supported their doctrines by the authority of upon what points, and who may promise him that if he do the holy Scriptures; the first indication of heresy was, therethis he shall escape being burned. For the fear of death fore, considered to be the citation either of the epistles or the

gospels; secondly, any exhortation against lying; and finally, king's commissioners, his strong castles were opened to any signs of compassion shown to the prisoners of the inqui- them, and the wall of his capital, to the extent of three thousition. The council of Toulouse for the first time decided, sand feet, was thrown down. On his release from captivity, that the reading of the holy books should not be permitted Louis IX received his homage for the fiefs which still reto the people. "We prohibit, says the fourteenth canon, p. mained to him, knighted him on the 3d of June, the day of 430, the laics from having the books of the Old and New Pentecost, and allowed him to return to his country. Testament; unless it be at most that any one wishes to have, As long as the bishop Fouquet lived, the residence of Rayfrom devotion, a psalter, a breviary for the divine offices, cr mond VII at Tolouse was embittered by the ferocity of a the hours of the blessed Mary; but we forbid them, in the prelate, who thought that he could only honour God by sacmost express manner, to have the above books translated rificing human victims, and who had long been obliged to into the vulgar tongue." The following article merits also tear from their lord those whom he demanded to offer upon attention. "We command that whoever shall be accused of his altars. Daily denunciations, and every kind of humiliaheresy or noted with suspicion shall be deprived of the tion, caused the count of Toulouse to live in continual dread assistance of a physician. Likewise when a sick person of new excommunications, and a new crusade. Happily, shall have received the holy cominunion of his priest, it is Fouquet at last died, on Christmas-day, 1231, after an episour will that he be watched with the greatest care to the day copate of twenty-eight years, and Raymond VII then experiof his death or convalescence, that no heretic or one sus-enced a diminution of the severities to which he had hitherto pected of heresy may have access to him." been exposed. He obtained from the court of Rome, first a

The establishment of the inquisition in Languedoc, was rospite, and afterwards a dispensation from proceeding to the not, however, followed by a number of executions propor- Holy Land, according to his engagement; and if he could tioned to the expectations of the orthodox. Many of the succeed in silencing the reproaches of honour and conscience, converted were obliged to wear upon their breast two crosses he might, from that time, enjoy a sort of peace, in the domains of a different colour from their clothes, to quit places sus-which were still spared to him.

pected of heresy, and to establish themselves in cities zeal- Notwithstanding the engagement which count Raymond ous for the catholic faith, where the eyes of all were drawn had entered into, and which he partly executed, to make war upon them by the costume to which they had been con- upon the count of Foix, he continued to interest himself for demned. Others, who were regarded as more culpable, or that ancient ally, and succeeded in obtaining peace for him more suspected, were, in spite of their conversion, imprisoned on the 16th of June, 1229, on conditions analogous to his own. for the remainder of their lives, or, in the language of the But his other ally, the young Trençaval, heir of the viscounties inquisition, were immured. But as for those who were of Beziers and Carcassonne, could obtain no inercy. All his called perfect heretics, or the relapsed, it became very diffi- heritage was already united to the domain of the crown, and cult to find any in the province. It was in vain that the he had no resource but to retire to the court of the king of bishop Fouquet, having converted one of the most celebrated Aragon. On the other hand, two French houses were formed of the sect, William de Soliers, caused him to be reestab-in Albigeois, and preserved their establishment as a monulished, that he might testify his zeal in denouncing his an- ment of the crusade. One was that of Simon de Montfort, cient fellow-religionists. It was in vain that he ordered, by whose nephew Philip, son of Guy, obtained in fief from Louis a most particular favour, that the testimony of this new IX, the lordship of Castres, or that part of Albigeois situated convert should be considered equal to that of one of the faith- on the left of the Tarn; the other was that of Levis, who ful who had never erred. The reformed church had already retained, under the name of mareschall's estate, that portion been destroyed by the preceding massacres; some few indi- of the diocese of Toulouse which was afterwards detached to viduals who were timid, and unstable in their faith, had form the diocese of Mirepoix and Pamiers. alone been able to escape by frequently denying their belief. The pacification of Albigeois, and the submission of RayIt was upon them that the inquisition exercised, hencefor-mond of Toulouse, made also a change in the political state ward, all its severity. Terror became exteme, suspicion of the provinces situated on the left side of the Rhone, or in universal, all teaching of the proscribed doctrine had ceased, the kingdom of Arles. Raymond VII possessed there an the very sight of a book made the people tremble, and igno- extensive domain, designated by the name of Marquisate of rance was for the greater number a salutary guarantee. Provence, out of the fragments of which was afterwards

The reform had arisen from the first advancement in formed the principality of Orange and the countship of Veliterature, from the first application of reason to religions naissin. He had ceded this territory to the pope, and to instruction; by thickening the darkness, by striking the cardinal Romano di Sant. Angelo, in his name, but as it was minds of men with terror, they could not fail to arrest this then suffering under a famine, the legate gave the pope to fermentation, and to bring back their consciences to a blind understand that the charge of it would be burdensome, and submission and to their hereditary belief. that the church would be a gainer by remitting it to queen

By a strange contrast, the university of Toulouse sprung Blanche. Adam de Milly, vicegerent to the king of France, from this persecution. It was founded with the inquisition, in the province of Narbonne, and the seneschal of Beaucaire and by those who wished to inthral the human mind. But were therefore charged with the administration of these proit was the desire of the church, that, in the very place where vinces, till the church should restore the possession to Raythe reprobated doctrines had been taught, there should hence-mond VII. Nevertheless, the cession made to the church by forth be no other teachers than her own, nor any other study this prince, of that part of his domain, is almost the sole but that of the orthodox theology. Consequently the count origin of the pretensions of the court of Rome to the soveof Toulouse was enjoined to maintain in his capital, for ten reignty of the countship of Venaissin. years, at his own expense, professors and masters of theology The queen Blanche had by the treaty of Paris united to the and canon law. But it is impossible at the same time to states of her son a very important province, which for the excite and restrain the human mind. Encouragement given first time placed the domain of the crown of France in comto one science is favourable to others. The school of canon munication with the Mediterranean Sea, on which it displayed law, which was founded at Toulouse and which collected about thirty leagues of coast. This acquisition of fields together a number of young men, showed the necessity of covered with the richest harvests of the South, of cities which establishing also a school of civil law, then another for liter- had been animated by commerce and industry, of a population ature, and the university was thus gradually completed, in which had already developed its understanding and tasted of some respects, in spite of those to whom it owed its founda- liberty, really augmented the royal authority more than any dation. other fief of the same extent in a less favourable climate could

1229. Whilst Raymond VII delivered up his country to have done. It would appear, however, that Blanche hoped its persecutors, he submitted himself on the 12th of April to to conceal from the eyes of the vassals of the crown and from the most humiliating penance. He repaired, with his feet her rivals the importance of these acquisitions, for she neither naked, and with only his shirt and trowsers, to the church of formed a new administration nor appointed new officers to Notre-Dame at Paris; there the cardinal Romano di Sant. govern her conquests. Louis VIII, after taking possession Angelo, met him, and, after administering the discipline upon of Beaucaire and Carcassonne, had intrusted to a seneschal his naked shoulders, conducted him to the foot of the grand the command of each of these cities. Blanche extended their altar, where he declared that, on account of his humility and jurisdiction, so that they might embrace all the countries devotion, he pronounced his absolution; under this condition, which she had obtained from the count of Toulouse. The however, that he should again fall under the preceding ex- remainder of Languedoc which had been left to Raymond communication if he failed to observe the treaty of Paris. VII was not finally united to the crown till the year 1271, Raymond was afterwards confined, for six weeks, in his pri- and the death of count Raymond's daughter.

son of the Louvre, whilst his daughter was delivered to the All kinds of oppression now pressed at once upon the