in the line, and set sail for Samos. We must except eleven vessels, whose officers, refusing to obey their superiors in command, remained and fought. To commemorate this act of valour, the general council of the Samians ordained that the names of these men, and of their ancestors, should be inscribed on a public column ", which is still to be seen in their forum. The Lesbians, seeing what was done by the Samians, next to whom they were stationed, followed their example, as did also the greater number of the Ionians. XV. Of those who remained, the Chians suffered the most, as well from the efforts which they made, as from their wish not to act dishonourably. They had strengthened the confederacy, as I have before observed, by a fleet of an hundred vessels, each manned with four 11 Public column.]-Various were the uses for which pillars or columns were erected in the earlier ages of antiquity. In the second book of Herodotus, we read that Sesostris erected pillars as military trophies in the countries which he conquered. In the book of Pausanias de Eliacis we find them inscribed with the particulars of the public treaties and alliances. There were some placed round the temple of Æsculapius at Corinth, upon which the names of various diseases were written, with their several remedies. They were also frequently used as monuments for the dead.-Bonaparte has adopted the plan here mentioned at the Hotel des Invalides at Paris, where the names of those soldiers who have distinguished themselves in battle are inscribed in characters of gold.-T. hundred chosen warriors. They observed the treachery of many of the allies, but disdained to imitate their example. With the few of their friends which remained, they repeatedly broke the enemy's line; till, after taking a great number of vessels, and losing many of their own, they retired to their own island. XVI. Their disabled ships being pursued, they retreated to Mycale. The crews here ran their vessels on shore, and leaving them, marched on foot over the continent. Entering the Ephesian territories, they approached the city in the evening, when the women were celebrating the mysteries of Ceres". The Ephesians had heard 12 Mysteries of Ceres.]-Cicero says, Aditus ad sacrarium non est viris; sacra per mulieres et virgines confici solent. See also Ovid: Festa piæ Cereris celebrabant annua matres. The women were carried to Eleusis in covered waggons, which were dragged along very slowly, by way of imitating the carrying of corn in harvest. Some writers have confounded the Eleusinian mysteries with the Thesmophoria, but they were very different. The middle days of the Thesmophoria were observed with peculiar solemnity. They sate all day upon the ground near a statue of Ceres, keeping fast, and lamenting.-The fast continued for four days, in which the women did not admit the company of their husbands. The whole sacred ceremonies lasted eight days. VOL. III. T The nothing concerning them, and seeing a number of armed men in their territories, they suspected them to be robbers, who had violent designs upon their women. They assembled therefore to repel the supposed invaders, and killed them all on the spot. Such was the end of these Chians. XVII. Dionysius the Phocæan, perceiving the Ionian power effectually broken, retreated, after taking three of the enemy's ships. He did not however go to Phocæa, which he well knew must share the common fate of Ionia, but he directed his course immediately to Phoenicia. He here made himself master of many vessels richly laden, and a considerable quantity of silver, with which he, sailed to Sicily: here he exercised a piratical The same jealousy which prevailed in Greece with respect to the intrusion of men at the celebration of the Thesmophoria, was afterwards maintained at Rome in the rites of the Bona Dea. Witness the abhorrence in which the criminality of Clodius in this instance was held by the more respectable part of his countrymen, and the very strong language applied to him by Cicero. This peculiarity is introduced with much humour and effect by Lucian, where speaking of two men, one remarkable for his attachment to boys, and the other to women; "the house of the one," says he, was crowded with beardless youths; of the other, with dancing and singing women;" indeed (ws εv Oɛoμopoctors) as in the Thesmophoria there was not a male to be seen, except perhaps an infant, or an old cook too far advanced in years to excite jealousy. See the edition of Hemsterhusius, vol. ii. 407.-T. life, committing many depredations on the Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians, but not molesting the Greeks. XVIII. The Persians, having thus routed the Ionians, laid close siege to Miletus, both by sea and land. They not only undermined the walls, but applied every species of military machines against it. In the sixth year after the revolt of Aristagoras, they took and plundered the place. By this calamity, the former prediction of the oracle was finally accomplished. XIX. The Argives, having consulted the oracle of Delphi relative to the future fate of their city, received an answer which referred to themselves in part, but which also involved the fortune of the Milesians. Of what concerned the Argives, I shall make mention when I come to speak of that people; what related to the absent Milesians was conceived in these terms: Thou then, Miletus, vers'd in ill too long, train, And others guard our Didymæan fane. 13 13 Long-hair'd.]-From hence we may infer that it was not peculiar to the Greeks to use female attendants for the Thus, as we have described, was the prediction accomplished. The greater part of the Milesians were slain by the Persians, who wear their hair long; their wives and children were carried into slavery; the temple at Didymus 1, and the shrine 14 offices of the bath. The passages in Homer which describe the particulars of a custom so contradictory to modern delicacy and refinement, are too numerous to be specified, and indeed too familiar to be repeated here. I find the following passage in Athenæus, which being less notorious, I insert for the gratification of the English reader. "Homer also makes virgins and women wash strangers, which they did without exciting desire, or being exposed to intemperate passion, being well regulated themselves, and touching those who were virtuous also: such was the custom of antiquity, according to which the daughters of Cocalus washed Minos, who had passed over into Sicily."-See Athenæus, i. 8.-T. 14 Didymus.]-This place was in the territories of Miletus, and celebrated for the temple of the Didymean Apollo. Why Apollo was so named, is thus explained by Macrobius : « Απόλλωνα Διδυμαιον vocant, quod geminam speciem sui numinis præfert ipse illuminando, formandoque lunam. Etenim ex uno fonte lucis gemino sidere spatia diei et noctis illustrat, unde et Romani solem sub nomine et specie Jani, Didymai Apollinis appellatione venerantur." This temple was more anciently denominated the temple of Branchidæ, the oracle of which I have before described. As this title was given Apollo from the circumstance of the sun and moon enlightening the world alternately by day and night, it may not be improper to insert in this place an ænigma on the day and night: Εισι κασιγνηται διτται ὧν ἡ μια τικτει Την ετεραν αυτη δε τεκεσα πυλιν γ' υπο ταυτης These |