RESEARCHES INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY,
RELIGION, ART, AND CUSTOM.

BY

EDWARD B. TYLOR,

AUTHOR OF "RESEARCHES INTO THE EARLY HISTORY OF MANKIND," &c.

"Ce n'est pas dans les possibilités, c'est dans l'homme même qu'il faut étudier l'homme :
il ne s'agit pas d'imaginer ce qu'il auroit pû ou dû faire, mais de regarder ce qu'il fait.”
-DE BROSSES.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

LONDON:

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

1871.

(Rights of Translation and Reproduction reserved.)

Doctrine of Soul's Existence after Death; its main divisions, Transmigration

and Future Life-Transmigration of Souls: re-birth in Human and

Animal Bodies, transference to Plants and Objects-Resurrection of

Body scarcely held in savage religion-Future Life: a general though

not universal doctrine of low races-Continued existence, rather than

Immortality; second death of Soul-Ghost of Dead remains on earth,

especially if corpse unburied; its attachment to bodily remains-Feasts

of the Dead

PAGE

1

CHAPTER XIII.

ANIMISM (continued).

Journey of the Soul to the Land of the Dead-Visits by the Living to the

Regions of Departed Souls-Connexion of such legends with myths of

Sunset the Land of the Dead thus imagined as in the West-Realiza-

tion of current religious ideas, whether of savage or civilized theology,

in narratives of visits to the Regions of Souls-Localization of the Fn-

ture Life Distant earthly region: Earthly Paradise, Isles of the Blest

-Subterranean Hades or Sheol-Sun, Moon, Stars-Heaven-Histori-

cal course of belief as to such localization-Nature of Future Life-

Continuance-theory, apparently original, belongs especially to the lower

races-Transitional theories-Retribution-theory, apparently derived,

belongs especially to the higher races-Doctrine of Moral Retribution

as developed in the higher culture-Survey of Doctrine of Future State,

from savage to civilized stages-Its practical effect on the sentiment

and conduct of Mankind

402

40

CHAPTER XIV.

ANIMISM (continued).

Animism, expanding from the Doctrine of Souls to the wider Doctrine of

Spirits, becomes a complete Philosophy of Natural Religion-Defini-

tion of Spirits similar to and apparently modelled on that of Souls

-Transition-stage: classes of Souls passing into good and evil De-

mons-Manes-Worship-Doctrine of Embodiment of Spirits in human,

animal, vegetable, and inert bodies-Demoniacal Possession and Ob-

session as causes of Disease and Oracle-inspiration-Fetishism-Dis-

ease-spirits embodied-Ghost attached to remains of Corpse-Fetish

produced by a Spirit embodied in, attached to, or operating through,

an Object-Analogues of Fetish-doctrine in Modern Science Stock-and-

Stone-Worship-Idolatry-Survival of Animistic Phraseology in modern

Language Decline of Animistic theory of Nature

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99

CHAPTER XV.

ANIMISM (continued).

-

Spirits regarded as personal causes of Phenomena of the World-Pervading

Spirits as good and evil Demons affecting man-Spirits manifest in

Dreams and Visions: Nightmares; Incubi and Succubi; Vampires;

Visionary Demons-Demons of darkness repelled by fire-Demons other-

wise manifest seen by animals; detected by footprints-Spirits con-

ceived and treated as material - Guardian and Familiar Spirits-

Nature-Spirits; historical course of the doctrine-Spirits of Volcanos,

Whirlpools, Rocks-Water-Worship: Spirits of Wells, Streams, Lakes,

&c.-Tree-Worship: Spirits embodied in or inhabiting Trees; Spirits

of Groves and Forests-Animal-Worship: Animals worshipped, directly,

or as incarnations or representatives of Deities; Totem-Worship; Ser-

pent-Worship-Species-Deities; their relation to Archetypal Ideas

168

CHAPTER XVI.

ANIMISM (continued).

Higher Deities of Polytheism-Human characteristics applied to Deity-

Lords of Spiritual Hierarchy-Polytheism: its course of development

in lower and higher Culture-Principles of its investigation; classifica-

tion of Deities according to central conceptions of their significance and

function-Heaven-god-Rain-god-Thunder-god-Wind-god-Earth-god

-Water-god-Sea-god-Fire-god-Sun-god-Moon-god

224